WO1993008468A1 - Apparatus and method for investigating scale deposition - Google Patents

Apparatus and method for investigating scale deposition Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1993008468A1
WO1993008468A1 PCT/GB1992/001915 GB9201915W WO9308468A1 WO 1993008468 A1 WO1993008468 A1 WO 1993008468A1 GB 9201915 W GB9201915 W GB 9201915W WO 9308468 A1 WO9308468 A1 WO 9308468A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
channel
plate
plates
stack
liquid
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1992/001915
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Peter John Gorrod
Original Assignee
Serck Baker Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Serck Baker Limited filed Critical Serck Baker Limited
Priority to GB9407552A priority Critical patent/GB2275530B/en
Publication of WO1993008468A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993008468A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/18—Water
    • G01N33/1853—Water hardness of water
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
    • G01N11/02—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material
    • G01N11/04—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material through a restricted passage, e.g. tube, aperture
    • G01N11/08—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material through a restricted passage, e.g. tube, aperture by measuring pressure required to produce a known flow
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
    • G01N11/02—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material
    • G01N11/04—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material through a restricted passage, e.g. tube, aperture
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
    • G01N2035/00178—Special arrangements of analysers
    • G01N2035/00326—Analysers with modular structure

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an apparatus and method for testing scale deposit from a flowing liquid.
  • an apparatus for testing scale deposit from a flowing liquid comprises at least one plate having a channel provided therein along which the liquid flows to deposit scale.
  • the channel is of spiral form and is provided in a surface of the plate and is covered by another plate having a smooth surface which abuts the said surface of the plate in which the spiral groove is formed and prevents spillage.
  • a plurality of plates may be provided in a stack the fluid following a zig-zag pattern alternately between the centres and the outer extremities of the plates.
  • a method of testing scale deposit from a flowing liquid comprises causing said liquid to flow along a channel provided in a plate under controlled test conditions and subsequently inspecting the scale deposited during said flow.
  • Figure 1 shows a cross-sectional view through an apparatus for testing scale deposit in accordance with the invention
  • Figure 2 shows a perspective view of a single plate of the apparatus shown in Figure 1.
  • the apparatus comprises a plurality of plates comprising discs 20 stacked inside a high pressure cell 1 into which liquid from which scale will be deposited is fed.
  • the cell includes a heating element 3, by means of which the temperature of the liquid fed to the cell wall may be controlled.
  • the cell comprises a cylindrical shell 4 having an upper aperture filled by means of an upper platen 5 and a lower aperture covered by a lower cover 6 and held in position by a lid 7 having internal screw threads 8 which engage with corresponding screw threads 9 on the lower end of the surface of the shell 4.
  • the upper platen 5 has seals in the form of an elastomeric sleeve 10 and a sealing ring 11 to enable it to be fitted in a leak-proof manner into the upper aperture in the shell 4.
  • the upper platen includes an electric heating element 3 positioned to heat incoming liquids to a required temperature for test purposes.
  • two inlet pipes 12, 13 are shown for pumping liquids A and B using pumps A and B into the cell for testing, the two pipes joining to mix the liquids flowing therein.
  • the lower cover 6 has a seal 14 for sealing engagement with the interior of the shell 4 and is held in position by means of the lid 7. Liquid exits from the cell after test by means of an exit pipe 15 which is positioned on the axis of the cell and passes through central apertures to the lower cover and lid respectively. A sealing plug 16 prevents leakage from the central aperture in the lower cover.
  • each disc has a spiral groove 17 formed in one major surface 27.
  • the other major surface 28 of each disc is smooth.
  • An aperture is provided in each disc passing axially through the depth thereof, at one of the two ends of the groove i.e. at the centre of the disc (as shown at 18 in Figure 2) or adjacent the disc periphery 26.
  • the discs 20 are stacked inside the cell 1 as shown in Figure 1, one above the other, with the grooved surface of one disc facing the ungrooved surface of the adjacent disc and with the apertures aligned so that liquid enters (as shown in Figure 1) the upper disc through a central aperture, flows along the spiral groove formed in its lower surface to the periphery, through the aperture at the periphery of the disc immediately below and positioned at the end of the groove, through the spiral groove in the lower surface of the second disc to the centre and through the central aperture in the 3rd disc below, and so on.
  • liquid under test flows alternately towards and away from the disc peripheries.
  • the configuration e.g. depth, width, cross-sectional area or shape and/or total length of the groove in a disc may be different from that of other discs thus providing for different flow rates, pressure drops and turbulence characteristics in one cell.
  • the discs are stacked above a lower platen 19 (through which the exit pipe 1 extends) so as to be held firmly against one another with the uppermost disc firmly against the upper platen. Leakage is prevented from the peripheries of the discs by means of an elastomeric sleeve 21 stretched over the stack to cover all the disc peripheries, part of the upper platen 5 and part of the lower platen 19.
  • the complete sub-assembly of upper platen, discs, lower platen and elastomeric sleeve is surrounded by a pressurising fluid 22 supplied through the inlet 23 into the side of the shell to provide a near-hydrostatic overburden pressure.
  • This overburden pressure seals the stack of discs together both axially and radially and provides a further means of preventing leakage of fluid from the disc peripheries.
  • the pressure of the liquid flowing through the cell 1 is controlled by a back-pressure control unit and measured using pressure transducers.
  • liquids A and B carrying, either in suspension or in solution, solid matter to be deposited as a scale are pumped through the inlet pipes, and heated by means of the element to the required test temperatures.
  • the liquids are mixed and pass through the stack of discs in zig-zag fashion, alternately towards and away from the peripheries of the discs through the spiral channels and thence out through the exit pipe 15.
  • the flow is halted and the test cell dismantled.
  • the scale deposited in the spiral grooves is examined quantitatively and/or qualitatively e.g. by weighing, visual examination, electron and/or X-ray radiation techniques and/or chemical analysis.
  • the disc forming part of the apparatus of the present invention can be cleaned readily for re-use in a further test.
  • the use of the cell described allows the type and nature of scale to be accurately determined using scanning electron microscopy and/or electron dispersion analysis by X-ray techniques thus enabling a permanent photographic record of the deposited material to be acquired.
  • test apparatus consisting of a long coil of narrow tubing had to be manufactured of heavy stainless steel in order to withstand the relatively high temperatures and pressures of the test.
  • a coil has limitations on delicate laboratory equipment e.g balances, and requires a heating cabinet of significant size in order to reproduce the required reservoir temperatures.
  • An equivalent length of tubing in the device of the present invention takes up a much smaller volume and mass of material and does not require an external heating cabinet.
  • the apparatus of the present invention is much smaller, less expensive and more portable so as to be capable of being used on-site.
  • the diameter of a disc is 38 mm so the overall size of the apparatus is compact.
  • each disc may be formed on both major surfaces with a spiral groove.
  • the form of a groove on one surface must be a mirror image of the groove on the facing surface of the adjacent disc in the stack. Care must be taken when assembling the stack that the facing grooves are in alignment.

Abstract

Apparatus for testing scale deposited from a flowing liquid e.g. water comprises at least one plate (20) and preferably a stack of plates (20) formed on one or both surfaces with a spiral (or other form) groove (17). The liquid flows into the top plate (20) of the stack from the periphery (26) to the centre (18), down to the next plate (20) where it flows from the centre (18) to the periphery (16), down to the next plate (20) and so on. When the test has finished the stack of plates (20) can be dismantled very readily and the deposited scale tested e.g. by chemical analysis or X-ray or electron radiation techniques. The plates (20) can be cleaned very easily for a further test and the apparatus is very compact so that it can be used readily for testing on site (in the field).

Description

Apparatus and method for Investigating scale deposition
This invention relates to an apparatus and method for testing scale deposit from a flowing liquid.
It is known to test scale deposit causing a liquid or a mixture of a plurality of liquids, e.g. water from various sources to flow through a small bore coiled tube under certain conditions e.g. pressure, temperature, flow rate. The formation and deposit of scale is evaluated by measuring the differential pressure across the tube, and/or measuring the mass increase e.g. in a given time period. However, this provides only limited information and it is often difficult to remove the deposited scale for purposes of qualitative examination e.g. analysis by chemical processes or by electron or X-ray radiation techniques. In addition it is not easy to clean the tube for re¬ use in a further test.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method which substantially overcomes or reduces the above-mentioned disadvantages.
In accordance with a first aspect of the invention an apparatus for testing scale deposit from a flowing liquid comprises at least one plate having a channel provided therein along which the liquid flows to deposit scale.
Preferably the channel is of spiral form and is provided in a surface of the plate and is covered by another plate having a smooth surface which abuts the said surface of the plate in which the spiral groove is formed and prevents spillage. Preferably also a plurality of plates may be provided in a stack the fluid following a zig-zag pattern alternately between the centres and the outer extremities of the plates.
In accordance with a second aspect of the invention a method of testing scale deposit from a flowing liquid comprises causing said liquid to flow along a channel provided in a plate under controlled test conditions and subsequently inspecting the scale deposited during said flow.
One embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:-
Figure 1 shows a cross-sectional view through an apparatus for testing scale deposit in accordance with the invention; and Figure 2 shows a perspective view of a single plate of the apparatus shown in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1 the apparatus comprises a plurality of plates comprising discs 20 stacked inside a high pressure cell 1 into which liquid from which scale will be deposited is fed. The cell includes a heating element 3, by means of which the temperature of the liquid fed to the cell wall may be controlled.
As shown in Figure 1 the cell comprises a cylindrical shell 4 having an upper aperture filled by means of an upper platen 5 and a lower aperture covered by a lower cover 6 and held in position by a lid 7 having internal screw threads 8 which engage with corresponding screw threads 9 on the lower end of the surface of the shell 4.
The upper platen 5 has seals in the form of an elastomeric sleeve 10 and a sealing ring 11 to enable it to be fitted in a leak-proof manner into the upper aperture in the shell 4. The upper platen includes an electric heating element 3 positioned to heat incoming liquids to a required temperature for test purposes. In the embodiment shown in Figure 1 two inlet pipes 12, 13 are shown for pumping liquids A and B using pumps A and B into the cell for testing, the two pipes joining to mix the liquids flowing therein.
The lower cover 6 has a seal 14 for sealing engagement with the interior of the shell 4 and is held in position by means of the lid 7. Liquid exits from the cell after test by means of an exit pipe 15 which is positioned on the axis of the cell and passes through central apertures to the lower cover and lid respectively. A sealing plug 16 prevents leakage from the central aperture in the lower cover.
Inside the cell 1 is located a stack of discs 20 one of which is shown in detail in Figure 2. Each disc has a spiral groove 17 formed in one major surface 27. The other major surface 28 of each disc is smooth. An aperture is provided in each disc passing axially through the depth thereof, at one of the two ends of the groove i.e. at the centre of the disc (as shown at 18 in Figure 2) or adjacent the disc periphery 26. The discs 20 are stacked inside the cell 1 as shown in Figure 1, one above the other, with the grooved surface of one disc facing the ungrooved surface of the adjacent disc and with the apertures aligned so that liquid enters (as shown in Figure 1) the upper disc through a central aperture, flows along the spiral groove formed in its lower surface to the periphery, through the aperture at the periphery of the disc immediately below and positioned at the end of the groove, through the spiral groove in the lower surface of the second disc to the centre and through the central aperture in the 3rd disc below, and so on. Thus liquid under test flows alternately towards and away from the disc peripheries. The configuration e.g. depth, width, cross-sectional area or shape and/or total length of the groove in a disc may be different from that of other discs thus providing for different flow rates, pressure drops and turbulence characteristics in one cell.
As can be seen in Figure 1 the discs are stacked above a lower platen 19 (through which the exit pipe 1 extends) so as to be held firmly against one another with the uppermost disc firmly against the upper platen. Leakage is prevented from the peripheries of the discs by means of an elastomeric sleeve 21 stretched over the stack to cover all the disc peripheries, part of the upper platen 5 and part of the lower platen 19.
The complete sub-assembly of upper platen, discs, lower platen and elastomeric sleeve is surrounded by a pressurising fluid 22 supplied through the inlet 23 into the side of the shell to provide a near-hydrostatic overburden pressure. This overburden pressure seals the stack of discs together both axially and radially and provides a further means of preventing leakage of fluid from the disc peripheries.
The pressure of the liquid flowing through the cell 1 is controlled by a back-pressure control unit and measured using pressure transducers.
In use of the apparatus described liquids A and B carrying, either in suspension or in solution, solid matter to be deposited as a scale are pumped through the inlet pipes, and heated by means of the element to the required test temperatures. The liquids are mixed and pass through the stack of discs in zig-zag fashion, alternately towards and away from the peripheries of the discs through the spiral channels and thence out through the exit pipe 15. After a predetermined period of time and/or a given volume or mass of liquid has passed through the cell, the flow is halted and the test cell dismantled. The scale deposited in the spiral grooves is examined quantitatively and/or qualitatively e.g. by weighing, visual examination, electron and/or X-ray radiation techniques and/or chemical analysis.
It is an advantage that the disc forming part of the apparatus of the present invention can be cleaned readily for re-use in a further test. As well as evaluating scale formation by measuring differential pressure build-up across the cell, and the mass increase due to scale formation/deposit, the use of the cell described allows the type and nature of scale to be accurately determined using scanning electron microscopy and/or electron dispersion analysis by X-ray techniques thus enabling a permanent photographic record of the deposited material to be acquired.
It is also to be noted that previously-known test apparatus consisting of a long coil of narrow tubing had to be manufactured of heavy stainless steel in order to withstand the relatively high temperatures and pressures of the test. Such a coil has limitations on delicate laboratory equipment e.g balances, and requires a heating cabinet of significant size in order to reproduce the required reservoir temperatures. An equivalent length of tubing in the device of the present invention takes up a much smaller volume and mass of material and does not require an external heating cabinet.
Further, previous test systems are relatively large, expensive and laboratory-based. The apparatus of the present invention is much smaller, less expensive and more portable so as to be capable of being used on-site. Typically, the diameter of a disc is 38 mm so the overall size of the apparatus is compact.
Although discs having spiral grooves have been described, it is possible by suitable machining and/or etching techniques to provide grooves of other forms.
In a modification each disc may be formed on both major surfaces with a spiral groove. The form of a groove on one surface must be a mirror image of the groove on the facing surface of the adjacent disc in the stack. Care must be taken when assembling the stack that the facing grooves are in alignment.

Claims

CLAIMS :
1. An apparatus for testing scale deposit from a flowing liquid characterised by comprising at least one plate (20) having a channel (12) provided therein along which the liquid flows to deposit scale.
2. An apparatus according to Claim 1 characterised in that the channel (17) is of spiral form.
3. Apparatus according to Claim 1 or Claim 2 characterised in that the channel (17) is provided in a surface (27) of the plate (20) and is covered by another plate (20) having a smooth surface (28) which abuts the said surface of the plate in which the channel is formed and prevents spillage.
4. Apparatus according to either Claim 1 or Claim 2 characterised in that the channel (17) is provided in a surface (27) of the plate (20) and is covered by another plate (20) having a complementary channel (17) which is a mirror image of the channel (17) provided in said one plate (20) and prevents spillage.
5. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims characterised in that a plurality of plates (20) is provided in a stack, the liquid flowing in a zig-zag pattern alternately between the centres and the outer extremities of the plates (20).
6. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims characterised in that a plurality of plates (20) is provided in a stack and the configuration of a channel (17) in one plate (20) is different from the configuration of a channel (17) in another plate (20), thereby causing different flow rates.
7. An apparatus according to Claim 5 or 6, characterised in that an elastomeric sleeve (21) is positioned about the stack, of plates (20) and is pressurised so as to seal the stack of plates (20) together.
8. An apparatus according to Claim 7 characterised in that a pressurising fluid (22) is provided to pressurise the elastomeric sleeve (21).
9. An apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims characterised by comprising heating means (3) to heat the liquid entering the channel (17).
10. A method of testing scale deposit from a flowing liquid characterised by comprising causing said liquid to flow along a channel (17) provided in a plate (20) under controlled test conditions and subsequently inspecting the scale deposited during said flow.
PCT/GB1992/001915 1991-10-19 1992-10-19 Apparatus and method for investigating scale deposition WO1993008468A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9407552A GB2275530B (en) 1991-10-19 1992-10-19 Apparatus and method for testing scale deposit

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB919122238A GB9122238D0 (en) 1991-10-19 1991-10-19 Apparatus and method for testing scale deposit
GB9122238.0 1991-10-19

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1993008468A1 true WO1993008468A1 (en) 1993-04-29

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GB (2) GB9122238D0 (en)
WO (1) WO1993008468A1 (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995027200A1 (en) * 1994-04-05 1995-10-12 Maitron Chemiefreie Wasserbehandlung G.M.B.H. Device for determining deposition rates
WO1996032629A1 (en) * 1995-04-13 1996-10-17 Institut Francais Du Petrole Apparatus for dynamically measuring the changing properties of a fluid
WO2006097321A1 (en) * 2005-03-17 2006-09-21 Ashland Licensing And Intellectual Property Llc. Method for determining and controlling the formation of deposits in a water system
CN106596334A (en) * 2016-12-08 2017-04-26 哈尔滨工业大学 Tensile shear rheometer and method for testing rheological properties of alloy solid-liquid two-phase region by using tensile shear rheometer

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4142402A (en) * 1978-03-06 1979-03-06 Betz Laboratories, Inc. Deposition test coupon
US4546621A (en) * 1984-04-13 1985-10-15 General Dynamics, Pomona Division Cryogenic detector post
DE3504694A1 (en) * 1985-02-12 1986-08-14 Knecht Filterwerke Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Exhaust filter for internal combustion engines
DE3933798A1 (en) * 1989-10-10 1990-07-26 Dietrich Dr Rer Nat Frahne Testing water treatment systems for reducing scale formation - by pumping the water through a capillary in temp. controlled medium and observing blockage formation
USRE33346E (en) * 1980-10-30 1990-09-25 Drew Chemical Corporation Process and apparatus for testing fluids for fouling

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4339945A (en) * 1980-10-30 1982-07-20 Drew Chemical Corporation Process and apparatus for testing fluids for fouling

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4142402A (en) * 1978-03-06 1979-03-06 Betz Laboratories, Inc. Deposition test coupon
USRE33346E (en) * 1980-10-30 1990-09-25 Drew Chemical Corporation Process and apparatus for testing fluids for fouling
US4546621A (en) * 1984-04-13 1985-10-15 General Dynamics, Pomona Division Cryogenic detector post
DE3504694A1 (en) * 1985-02-12 1986-08-14 Knecht Filterwerke Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Exhaust filter for internal combustion engines
DE3933798A1 (en) * 1989-10-10 1990-07-26 Dietrich Dr Rer Nat Frahne Testing water treatment systems for reducing scale formation - by pumping the water through a capillary in temp. controlled medium and observing blockage formation

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995027200A1 (en) * 1994-04-05 1995-10-12 Maitron Chemiefreie Wasserbehandlung G.M.B.H. Device for determining deposition rates
WO1996032629A1 (en) * 1995-04-13 1996-10-17 Institut Francais Du Petrole Apparatus for dynamically measuring the changing properties of a fluid
FR2733056A1 (en) * 1995-04-13 1996-10-18 Inst Francais Du Petrole APPARATUS FOR DYNAMICALLY MEASURING THE PROPERTIES OF AN EVOLVING FLUID
WO2006097321A1 (en) * 2005-03-17 2006-09-21 Ashland Licensing And Intellectual Property Llc. Method for determining and controlling the formation of deposits in a water system
JP2008533319A (en) * 2005-03-17 2008-08-21 アシュランド・ライセンシング・アンド・インテレクチュアル・プロパティー・エルエルシー Method for measuring and regulating sediment formation in white water systems
CN106596334A (en) * 2016-12-08 2017-04-26 哈尔滨工业大学 Tensile shear rheometer and method for testing rheological properties of alloy solid-liquid two-phase region by using tensile shear rheometer
CN106596334B (en) * 2016-12-08 2019-08-02 哈尔滨工业大学 A method of utilizing high-temerature creep instrument beta alloy solid-liquid two-phase region rheological properties

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB9407552D0 (en) 1994-06-29
GB9122238D0 (en) 1991-12-04
GB2275530B (en) 1995-03-29
GB2275530A (en) 1994-08-31

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