WO1992016106A1 - Control of sea lice in seawater fish - Google Patents
Control of sea lice in seawater fish Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1992016106A1 WO1992016106A1 PCT/GB1992/000470 GB9200470W WO9216106A1 WO 1992016106 A1 WO1992016106 A1 WO 1992016106A1 GB 9200470 W GB9200470 W GB 9200470W WO 9216106 A1 WO9216106 A1 WO 9216106A1
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- Prior art keywords
- fish
- lice
- salmon
- treatment
- cypermethrin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N53/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing cyclopropane carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/275—Nitriles; Isonitriles
Definitions
- This invention relates to the control of sea lice in salmon and other seawater fish such as seabream.
- pyrethroids particularly cypermethrin and alphacypermethrin, can be administered to salmon and other seawater fish in a manner which is highly effective in the control of sea lice in the salmon and other fish while being much less toxic to the fish themselves than dichlorvos.
- the present invention provides the use of a pyrethroid pesticide, preferably cyperraethrin or alpha ⁇ cypermethrin, in the treatment of salmon or other sea fish suffering from sea lice infestation in a seawater environment.
- a pyrethroid pesticide preferably cyperraethrin or alpha ⁇ cypermethrin
- the invention provides use of a pyrethroid pesticide, preferably cypermethrin or alphacyperraethrin, for the manufacture of a composition for treatment of sea lice infestation in salmon or other sea fish in a seawater environment.
- a pyrethroid pesticide preferably cypermethrin or alphacyperraethrin
- cypermethrin is not toxic to the salmon or other seawater fish in the circumstances in which it is used in this invention. This greater tolerance may be due to the presence of seawater rather than freshwater.
- the use of alphacyperraethrin as a component of fish food for oral administration may also be an important factor.
- alphacypermethrin is highly effective when administered orally. Good results at dosage rates equivalent to 0.005rag/litre in water have been found whereas the dosage rate for dichlorvos to give equivalent results is of the order of lmg/litre.
- the active ingredients used according to the present invention are preferably administered to the salmon or other fish in their feed but they could be added as a water or bath treatment to the fish.
- the active ingredient can be used in suspension or emulsified concentrate form or as a solid formulation (e.g. powder or granules) of a particle size typically in the range 10 to 10-3 microns.
- the range of suspension concentrate formulations is suitably 10 - 250 g active ingredient per litre, and powder or granular formulations typically being 1.0 to 2.5% w/w pre-mixes added to finished feed.
- the invention also provides salmon feeds and treatment baths containing an active ingredient accord- ing to the present invention and a method of treatment using such active ingredient.
- the active ingredient is administered orally, for example in feed to achieve a dose range of between 0.05
- the active ingredient when administered orally is taken up by the fish and passes through to the skin where the lice exist as topical ectoparasites. Because of the residual concentration of pyrethroids in the fish it is desirable to leave sufficient time after the last application for the concentration of pyrethroid to have fallen to an acceptable level before killing and consuming the fish.
- the lice were collected from freshly killed salmon. Salmon were killed with a blow to the cranium and were not to be subjected to anaesthesia (e.g. benzocaine.C0 2 ) or any such compounds as they may affect the lice.
- the lice were removed from the salmon with forceps and placed in plastic bags of fresh sea water (FSW) and transported in closed insulated containers immediately to the experimental facility.
- FSW fresh sea water
- the lice were separated into three groups of fifteen into glass 200 nil containers each containing 150 ml of the appropriate working solution to be tested. Concentrations will depend on the solution tested, in addition to a control. Sea water used for the trial was drawn from Loch Ailort, Scotland. Once in the containers the lice are placed into an incubator at 10°C.
- A Alive, ability to swim
- M Moribund, inability to swim, twitching/response to stimulus.
- D Dead, no movement or response to stimulus.
- the solutions were prepared by adding 1 ml of a 10% w/w emulsified concentrate of each of PH006 or PH007 to 24 ml absolute ethyl alcohol and mixing with 975 ml sea water to produce a 100 ml stock solution.
- the stock solutions were diluted 1 to 10 (100 ml stock solution to 900 ml sea water) to produce: 10, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 ppm working solutions
- the lice were separated into groups used in triplicate (PH006, PH007 and a control) and each group consisted of 15 adult females, 15 adult males and 15 preadult 1 females.
- the lice were subjected to a one hour bath treatment using a 0.01 ppm solution (prepared using the method of Example 1) of each of PH006 and PH007 and a control solution as described in Example 1 and then followed by a recovery period in fresh salt water. Temperatures and salinities during the trials were 11.5°C and 18.5 ppt respectively.
- a total of 150 juvenile salmon (Salmon salar) were obtained from Marine Harvest's Inver Ailort hatchery, Loch Ailort, Scotland.
- the fish were transferred to fibreglass tanks (measuring 145 cm x 145 cm) with a water depth of 30 cm and given a 24 hour acclimatisation period. All tanks were supplied with flow-through sea water and were aerated. These fish were maintained as stock and used for the trials listed below.
- Example 1 The lice were collected from harvested fish as above. The lice were given a 2 hour acclimatisation period at the sea water facility prior to being released and allowed to infect salmon.
- Salmon were infected with lice by anaesthetizing the fish (0.075% benzocaine solution) and soaking them in a small mesh lined container with large numbers of lice. The fish were removed from the infection bath when a minimum of 10 lice could be seen attached to them. All fish were placed into a single tank (as above) and allowed 24 hours to recover.
- Concentrations tested for bath treatments were: 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 ppm of PH006 and of PH007 in addition to two control groups (containing absolute alcohol but no active ingredient) .
- the pre treatment control was enumerated for lice before the beginning of the experiment to establish the parasite load 24 hours following infection.
- the second or treatment control was enumerated along with the experimental groups (48 hours after infection) for parasite load to determine the number of lice lost due to handling or to poor water quality.
- Mean numbers of parasite per fish for the different groups were compared with a students t-test. Temperatures and salinities during treatments were 11°C and 17.5 ppt respectively.
- the same protocols were used as in the previous trial using bath treatment concentrations of 0.001, 0.005 and 0.01 ppm.
- the lice used for the trial were collected from the McConnell Salmon's Laga Bay site, Loch Sunart. Eight fish were used in the pre treatment group, nine fish were used in the treatment control and seven fish were used in each of the experimental groups. Temperatures and salinities during the trials were 11°C and 22.5-24.0 ppt (27.0 ppt at the lice collection site) .
- Example 3 Three groups of eight fish taken from the same stock as for Example 3 were placed into three separated tanks and given three 1 hour treatments with compounds PH006 and PH007 at 0.5 ppm at 24 hour intervals. The first treatment was in 105 x 105 cm tanks. For the second and third treatment fish were moved to 145 cm square tanks. The same treatment protocols were used as in the in vivo trials of Example 3.
- Results for this trial are summarized in Figure 6.
- In the PH006 one fish died after the third treatment.
- Ir the PH007 group one fish died after each of the first two treatments. Although very few fish were lost in each of the treatments, they were notably stressed by the treatment displaying a repeated recovery behavioural pattern. During treatment fish would become lethargic until the tank was flushed and filled with FSW.
- compound PH007 was found to be marginally more toxic than compound PH006 to both lice and salmon in vivo. Both compounds showed good efficacy in removing lice from salmon at a concentration of 0.005 ppm. Compound PH006 was the most efficacious since salmon could tolerate repeated doses at 100 times the dose rate required to remove all the lice from infected fish. Low salinities of the sea water at the facility may have stressed the lice as indicated by a slight decrease in the number of lice between the two control groups in the first experiment than in the second where salinities were higher. It was interesting to note that higher salinities during Trial 2 of Example 3, which should have reduced the en- vironraental stress on the lice, did not reduce the toxicity of the compounds.
- Trial 1 Two separate trials were run and are referred to as Trial 1 and Trial 2.
- Atlantic salmon smolts were obtained from Marine Aquaculture's loch Fyne grow-out site and transferred to holding tanks at the Sea Life Centre. Fish were held for 4 weeks during which time they were offered pelleted salmon feed ad libitum. Prior to each of the trials, fish were divided into several groups of thirteen (depending on the concentrations tested) and infected with sea lice collected at the errera fisheries grow-out site near Oban. Techniques used for collecting lice are those outlined in previous Examples. To infect fish, approximately 225-300 lice were added to each of the experimental tanks, where the volume had been temporarily reduced to 200 litres, and allowed to stand static for four hours, after which water supplies were reinstated.
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Abstract
Pyrethroid pesticide, particularly cypermethrin or alphacypermethrin, are used in the treatment of seawater fish suffering from sea lice infestation.
Description
CONTROL OF SEA LICE IN SEA ATER PISH
Technical Field
This invention relates to the control of sea lice in salmon and other seawater fish such as seabream.
Background Art
It is known commercially to treat salmon suffering from infestation with sea lice (Lepeophtheiris salmonis) by the use of the insecticide dichlorvos. However dichlorvos is generally only effective against mature lice and is considered not to affect juvenile sea lice. Furthermore great care has to be taken with the dichlorvos dosage as the insecticide is fatal to fish at only 8 times the recommended dose for sea lice treatment. Further there are indications that resistance to dichlorvos is developing in sea lice. It is therefore desirable to find alternative agents for treating sea lice on salmon and other fish especially materials for which the dose recommended can be very much less than the fatal (LD 5o) dose.
It is known to use the pyrethroid pesticides cyper- methrin and its related compound alphacypermethrin for both the control of pests in crops and against ectoparasites in cattle and sheep including scab, lice and ked in sheep (see The Pesticide Manual, 7th Edition, page 3690 ed C R Worthing, The British Crop Protection Council) . Cyperraethrin and alphacyperraethrin are thus used in crop sprays or cattle and sheep dips or sprays. However they and other pyrethroids have not been proposed for use in treating fish. Although it is stated in the Pesticide Manual that the LD 5o (96 hours) for brown trout is 2.0-2.8 microgram per litre (mcg/1), such tests are only to check that fish are not at risk from normal agricultural usage. Further data on the toxicity of cyperraethrin to fish is to be found in "Environmental Health Criteria 82: Cypermethrin", published by World Health Organisation, Geneva 1989 as part of IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety. This
suramarises work on the toxicity of cypermethrin and reports in Table 8 that for technical cypermethrin, dispensed in ethanol, at 10°C the LD 5o (96 hours) for atlantic salmon having a weight of 5.3g is 2-2.4 microgram active ingredient/litre. Because of these figures it has been considered that cypermethrin is too toxic for use on fish.
However, we have found that pyrethroids, particularly cypermethrin and alphacypermethrin, can be administered to salmon and other seawater fish in a manner which is highly effective in the control of sea lice in the salmon and other fish while being much less toxic to the fish themselves than dichlorvos.
Summary of the Invention
Accordingly the present invention provides the use of a pyrethroid pesticide, preferably cyperraethrin or alpha¬ cypermethrin, in the treatment of salmon or other sea fish suffering from sea lice infestation in a seawater environment.
Further the invention provides use of a pyrethroid pesticide, preferably cypermethrin or alphacyperraethrin, for the manufacture of a composition for treatment of sea lice infestation in salmon or other sea fish in a seawater environment.
It is not fully understood why cypermethrin is not toxic to the salmon or other seawater fish in the circumstances in which it is used in this invention. This greater tolerance may be due to the presence of seawater rather than freshwater. The use of alphacyperraethrin as a component of fish food for oral administration may also be an important factor. Certainly, it is particularly surprising that alphacypermethrin is highly effective when administered orally. Good results at dosage rates equivalent to 0.005rag/litre in water have been found whereas the dosage rate for dichlorvos to give equivalent results is of the order of lmg/litre.
The active ingredients used according to the present invention are preferably administered to the salmon or other fish in their feed but they could be added as a water or bath treatment to the fish.
The active ingredient can be used in suspension or emulsified concentrate form or as a solid formulation (e.g. powder or granules) of a particle size typically in the range 10 to 10-3 microns. The range of suspension concentrate formulations is suitably 10 - 250 g active ingredient per litre, and powder or granular formulations typically being 1.0 to 2.5% w/w pre-mixes added to finished feed.
Accordingly the invention also provides salmon feeds and treatment baths containing an active ingredient accord- ing to the present invention and a method of treatment using such active ingredient.
Suitably the active ingredient is administered orally, for example in feed to achieve a dose range of between 0.05
- 5.0 mg/kg fish/daily preferably 0.8-1.5 mg/kg, more preferably about 1.0 mg/kg for salmon, and is added to baths at a range between 0.001 and 0.5 ppm.
It is believed that the active ingredient when administered orally is taken up by the fish and passes through to the skin where the lice exist as topical ectoparasites. Because of the residual concentration of pyrethroids in the fish it is desirable to leave sufficient time after the last application for the concentration of pyrethroid to have fallen to an acceptable level before killing and consuming the fish.
Brief DescriOtion of the Drawinσs
The invention is further illustrated by way of example with reference to the following Examples and the accompanying drawings, in which Figures 1 to 8 are graphs illustrating the Examples.
•R-g-afn- its-ei illustrating the Invention
Example 1
In vitro acute toxicity at different concentrations to sea lice Sea lice for these trials were collected from Marine Harvest's Strontian site, Loch Sunart, Scotland.
The lice were collected from freshly killed salmon. Salmon were killed with a blow to the cranium and were not to be subjected to anaesthesia (e.g. benzocaine.C02) or any such compounds as they may affect the lice. The lice were removed from the salmon with forceps and placed in plastic bags of fresh sea water (FSW) and transported in closed insulated containers immediately to the experimental facility.
The lice were separated into three groups of fifteen into glass 200 nil containers each containing 150 ml of the appropriate working solution to be tested. Concentrations will depend on the solution tested, in addition to a control. Sea water used for the trial was drawn from Loch Ailort, Scotland. Once in the containers the lice are placed into an incubator at 10°C.
After 1 hour the mortality of the lice was recorded and the solution changed with FSW. Mortality of lice was recorded according to the following scale:
A = Alive, ability to swim
M = Moribund, inability to swim, twitching/response to stimulus. D = Dead, no movement or response to stimulus.
After observations on the lice after 1 hour have been made samples are placed back into the incubator and mor¬ tality was recorded at hourly intervals until approximately 30% of the controls were dead or moribund, both being
considered as respondent to the test and grouped together for analysis.
Solutions of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 ppm of cyper¬ methrin (PH006) and alphacypermethrin (PH007) in sea water were freshly prepared and used immediately in this test.
The solutions were prepared by adding 1 ml of a 10% w/w emulsified concentrate of each of PH006 or PH007 to 24 ml absolute ethyl alcohol and mixing with 975 ml sea water to produce a 100 ml stock solution. The stock solutions were diluted 1 to 10 (100 ml stock solution to 900 ml sea water) to produce: 10, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 ppm working solutions
Temperatures and salinities during the trials were 11.5°C and 16-18 ppt (parts per thousand). It was noted that the salinity of the water from the harvest site was 12.5 ppt at the time of lice collection.
It was found that 30% or more of the controls were dead within 8 hours. The results for the response of the lice after 1 hour after treatment are shown in Figure 1 and Figures 2 and .3 summarize the acute toxicities for the individual compounds over time.
In vitro toxicity test to different stages of sea lice
Sea lice for these trials were selected from McConnell Salmon's Laga Bay site, Loch Sunart, Scotland using the method described in Example 1.
The lice were separated into groups used in triplicate (PH006, PH007 and a control) and each group consisted of 15 adult females, 15 adult males and 15 preadult 1 females.
The lice were subjected to a one hour bath treatment
using a 0.01 ppm solution (prepared using the method of Example 1) of each of PH006 and PH007 and a control solution as described in Example 1 and then followed by a recovery period in fresh salt water. Temperatures and salinities during the trials were 11.5°C and 18.5 ppt respectively.
As in Example 1 responses to the treatment were recorded at hourly intervals until 30% or more of the control samples were either dead or moribund.
The results are summarized in Figure 4. In all groups male survival was poorest followed by preadult 1 females. Compound PH007 was found to be marginally more toxic than compound PH006. Both compounds were found to have sig¬ nificant toxicity to the smaller stages of lice.
Exam- i PI
In vivo toxicity to sea lice
Two trials were conducted to assess the toxicities of PH006 and PH007 to sea lice in vivo.
A total of 150 juvenile salmon (Salmon salar) were obtained from Marine Harvest's Inver Ailort hatchery, Loch Ailort, Scotland. The fish were transferred to fibreglass tanks (measuring 145 cm x 145 cm) with a water depth of 30 cm and given a 24 hour acclimatisation period. All tanks were supplied with flow-through sea water and were aerated. These fish were maintained as stock and used for the trials listed below.
rial i
Adult and pre adult (male and female) sea lice were collected from Marine Harvest's Strontian site, as in
Example 1. The lice were collected from harvested fish as above. The lice were given a 2 hour acclimatisation period at the sea water facility prior to being released and
allowed to infect salmon.
Salmon were infected with lice by anaesthetizing the fish (0.075% benzocaine solution) and soaking them in a small mesh lined container with large numbers of lice. The fish were removed from the infection bath when a minimum of 10 lice could be seen attached to them. All fish were placed into a single tank (as above) and allowed 24 hours to recover.
Concentrations tested for bath treatments were: 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 ppm of PH006 and of PH007 in addition to two control groups (containing absolute alcohol but no active ingredient) .
Individual groups of fish were randomly selected and placed into separate tanks (105 cm x 105 cm with adjustable depth) supplied with flow-through sea water and an ap¬ propriate amount of compound stock solution (either 100 ppm stock solution prepared by adding 100 ml of 10% w/w concentrate to 100 ml absolute alcohol or 1000 ppm stock solution prepared by adding 1 ml of 10% w/w concentrate to 99 ml absolute alcohol) added to achieve the desired treatment concentration. During treatments, water supply to the tanks was shut off and a constant volume maintained. Aeration was used during all treatments. Treatments were one hour in duration after which the water in the tanks was flushed out and sea water supplies reinstated. Two control groups were used, a pre treatment control and a treatment control. Nine fish were used in the pre treatment group and eight fish were used, per group, for the remaining groups. The pre treatment control was enumerated for lice before the beginning of the experiment to establish the parasite load 24 hours following infection. The second or treatment control was enumerated along with the experimental groups (48 hours after infection) for parasite load to determine the number of lice lost due to handling or to poor water quality. Mean numbers of parasite per fish for the different groups were compared with a students t-test.
Temperatures and salinities during treatments were 11°C and 17.5 ppt respectively.
After 24 hours, fish were enumerated for mortalities and sacrificed with a blow to the cranium; weighed, and the number of lice per fish was recorded. Feed was withheld from the fish throughout the entire experiment.
A total of 65 fish were used for the trial with a mean weight of 457.01 gms (std. dev. = 83.04). None of the fish died during any of the treatments, except one fish in the PH007 0.01 ppm group which had jumped out of its holding tank overnight. In the PH007 0.01 ppm group, some of the fish showed signs of stress for a couple of hours after treatment (see Example 4 for characterisation of stress behaviours) . The mean number of lice per fish in the pre treatment control group was 26.78 (std. dev. = 15.79). The mean number of lice per fish in the treatment control group was 14.88 (std. dev. = 7.10). The means were found not to be significantly different (alpha *■= 0.05; t statistic = 1.96). In the three PH006 treatments only one louse was found (0.01 ppm treatment). There were no live lice found in any of the PH007 treatments.
Trial 2
The same protocols were used as in the previous trial using bath treatment concentrations of 0.001, 0.005 and 0.01 ppm. The lice used for the trial were collected from the McConnell Salmon's Laga Bay site, Loch Sunart. Eight fish were used in the pre treatment group, nine fish were used in the treatment control and seven fish were used in each of the experimental groups. Temperatures and salinities during the trials were 11°C and 22.5-24.0 ppt (27.0 ppt at the lice collection site) .
A total of fifty nine fish were used for the trial with a mean weight of 483.83 gms (std. dev. = 68.21). None of the fish died during any of the treatments except one fish
in the PH007 0.005 group which had jumped out of its holding tank overnight. In the PH007 0.01 ppm group, some of the fish showed signs of stress for a couple of hours after treatment (see Example 4 for a characterisation of stress behaviours) . The mean number of lice per fish in the pre treatment control group was 26.88 (std. dev. = 11.38). The mean number of lice per fish in the treatment control group was 26.67 (std. dev. = 8.5). The means between the two control groups were not different (alpha = 0.05; t statis- tic = 0.043). Lice were only found in the 0.01 ppm treat¬ ment groups with a mean number of lice per fish of 2.14 (std. dev. = 1.86) for PH006 and 1.14 (std. dev. = 0.89) for PH007. The results for this trial are summarized in Figure 5.
Acute tς>xigi.tγ to Salwp
Three groups of eight fish taken from the same stock as for Example 3 were placed into three separated tanks and given three 1 hour treatments with compounds PH006 and PH007 at 0.5 ppm at 24 hour intervals. The first treatment was in 105 x 105 cm tanks. For the second and third treatment fish were moved to 145 cm square tanks. The same treatment protocols were used as in the in vivo trials of Example 3.
Results for this trial are summarized in Figure 6. The mean weights for the fish used in the trial were not recorded but are estimated at 469.77 gms as calculated from the combined weights (n = 124) of fish from the first two trials of Example 3 which represent 84% of the stock fish which were used for all. three trials. No control fish were lost during the entire experiment. In the PH006 one fish died after the third treatment. Ir the PH007 group one fish died after each of the first two treatments. Although very few fish were lost in each of the treatments, they were notably stressed by the treatment displaying a repeated recovery behavioural pattern. During treatment fish would
become lethargic until the tank was flushed and filled with FSW. Immediately after treatment and during the period when tanks were filling, fish displayed a marked loss of co¬ ordination with occasional convulsive fits as marked by sideways shaking of the head. Alternatively, fish would lie on the bottom of the tank slowly ventilating or would swim slowly with mouths wide open. In several instances several fish were observed lying on the bottom of the tanks motionless, slowly ventilating, for several hours eventually recovering by the next day. The control fish did not display any of these behaviours.
Consistent with in vitro tests, compound PH007 was found to be marginally more toxic than compound PH006 to both lice and salmon in vivo. Both compounds showed good efficacy in removing lice from salmon at a concentration of 0.005 ppm. Compound PH006 was the most efficacious since salmon could tolerate repeated doses at 100 times the dose rate required to remove all the lice from infected fish. Low salinities of the sea water at the facility may have stressed the lice as indicated by a slight decrease in the number of lice between the two control groups in the first experiment than in the second where salinities were higher. It was interesting to note that higher salinities during Trial 2 of Example 3, which should have reduced the en- vironraental stress on the lice, did not reduce the toxicity of the compounds.
T-Mrpmple 5
Two separate trials were run and are referred to as Trial 1 and Trial 2.
Atlantic salmon smolts were obtained from Marine Aquaculture's loch Fyne grow-out site and transferred to holding tanks at the Sea Life Centre. Fish were held for 4 weeks during which time they were offered pelleted salmon feed ad libitum. Prior to each of the trials, fish were divided into several groups of thirteen (depending on the
concentrations tested) and infected with sea lice collected at the errera fisheries grow-out site near Oban. Techniques used for collecting lice are those outlined in previous Examples. To infect fish, approximately 225-300 lice were added to each of the experimental tanks, where the volume had been temporarily reduced to 200 litres, and allowed to stand static for four hours, after which water supplies were reinstated.
Twenty four hours following infection, three fish were removed from each of the groups, sacrificed, weighed and enumerated for lice. Based on the average weight of the fish, fish were fed a medicated diet containing compound PH007 at dose rates of: 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 (Trial l)and 0.1. 0.5 and 1.0 (Trial 2) mg/kg for three consecutive days. Separate control groups were used for each of the trials. The compound was incorporated into the feed in a precooled (<40°C) 5% gelatin solution added to the feed at a rate of lml/12.5g of feed. Fish were fed the medicated feed at a rate of 1.5% body weight/day for three days and then fed unmedicated feed ad libitum for the remainder of the experimental period. The compound used for the experimental groups (ref PH/RDL/007B) was a 5% w/w fine beige powder. Controls were given doses, corresponding to the highest doses used in the experimental groups, with a placebo (ref PH/RDL/007A) which was also a fine beige powder.
Fish were sampled for lice 4, 7 and 14 days following the last medicated feed treatment. To enumerate fish for lice, fish were sedated in a mild benzocaine solution (2 ml 10%, in acetone, per 1 litre FSW) and the number of pre/adult stages of lice recorded. On the third and last sampling fish were sacrificed, weight and number of lice recorded and then destroyed.
Results
Temperatures and salinities throughout the experimental period were 12.0 ± 1.00C and 31 - 36 ppt. The mean weights
and lice burdens (number lice/fish) in both trials for the pre treatment counts are given in Tables 1 and 2. Mean numbers of lice following treatments for each of the experimental groups for Trials 1 and 2 are given in Figures 7 and 8 respectively.
There were no fish mortalities in either of the trials throughout the experiment and no unusual behaviours or reactions were noted in any of the fish. However, fish were notably agitated following infection as indicated by a significant increase in jumping and flashing activity in the
tanks. It is likely that lice were knocked off fish as they came- into contact with objects such as screening material covering the tanks and the standpipes.
Table 1. Trial 1 - Mean weights and lice burdens in pretreatment samples (N=three fish in each group) .
Table 2. Trial 2 - Mean weights and lice burdens in pretreatment samples (N=three fish, in each group) .
Although these results are based on artificial
PH007 has potential as an orally administered sea lice chemotherapeutant. Overall reductions in the number of lice present, as seen in the differences between pretreatment and the successive control samples were probably caused by the high activity of the fish following infection. Maximum efficacy was achieved with four days from treatment with no further, significant, reduction in lice numbers 1 or 2 weeks following treatment. However, the dose rate of 1.0 mg/kg may not necessarily be indicative of a true therapeutic dose due to the small sample sizes of the groups and the artificial system used. In addition, the variable feeding response in the experimental system may explain the difference in efficacy between Trial 1 & 2 in the 0.1 mg/kg groups. However, reduced efficacy in the second experiment may have, in part been due to slightly lower water temperatures. Overall it was established that the compound achieved good efficacy without any ill effects to the treated fish.
A number of other pyrethroid pesticides have been tested in accordance with the invention and the following table gives the % mortality in sea lice following l hour bath treatments in-vitro with 6 different pyrethroid compounds each administered at 2 different concentrations.
Hours post Treatment COMPOUND 1 6
Negative control
Solvent (ABS) control
Cypermethrin 0.1 ppm Cypermethrin 0.01 ppm Deltametrin 0.1 ppm Deltametrin 0.01 ppm
Resraethrin 0.6 ppm Resmethrin 0.06 ppm
Permethrin 0.5 ppm Perraethrin 0.05 ppm
Cyhalothrin 0.2 ppm Cyhalothrin 0.02 ppm
Claims
1. Use of a pyrethroid pesticide for the manufacture of a composition for the treatment of sea lice infestation in seawater fish in a seawater environment.
2. Use according to claim 1 wherein the pyrethroid pesticide is cypermethrin or alphacypermethrin.
3. Use according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the composition containing the insecticide is a composition to be administered orally.
4. Use according to any of claims 1 to 3 wherein the seawater fish is salmon.
5. Use according to claim 2 or any claim dependent thereon wherein the composition containing the cypermethrin or alphacypermethrin is to be administered orally at a dosage rate of 0.1 to 5 (preferably 0.5 to 5) rag/kg of fish body weight.
6. Use of a pyrethroid pesticide in the treatment of salmon suffering from sea lice infestation.
7. Use according to claim 6 wherein the pyrethroid pesticide is cypermethrin or alphacypermethrin.
8. Use according to claim 6 or 7 wherein the pyreth¬ roid pesticide is administered in the salmon feed, or in the water, or in a treatment bath for the salmon.
9. A method of controlling sea lice infestation in salmon which method comprises treating the salmon with a pyrethroid pesticide.
10. A method according to claim 9 wherein the pyreth¬ roid pesticide is cypermethrin or alphacypermethrin.
11. A method according to claim 9 or 10 wherein the pyrethroid pesticide is administered in the salmon feed, or in the water, or in a treatment bath for the salraon.
12. A food composition for seafish, characterised in that in addition to food ingredients it contains a pyrethroid pesticide.
13. A food composition according to claim 12 characterised in that it contains cypermethrin or alphacyperraethhrin as the pyrethroid pesticide.
14. A food composition according to claim 12 or 13, characterised in that it contains the pyrethroid pesticide in an amount to provide a dosage of 0.1 to 5 (preferably 0.5 to 5) mg pyrethroid per kg body weight of seafish.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002106295A CA2106295C (en) | 1991-03-18 | 1992-03-16 | Control of sea lice in seawater fish |
GB9319141A GB2270261B (en) | 1991-03-18 | 1993-09-09 | Control of sea lice in seawater fish |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB919105694A GB9105694D0 (en) | 1991-03-18 | 1991-03-18 | Control of sea lice in salmon |
GB9105694.5 | 1991-03-18 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1992016106A1 true WO1992016106A1 (en) | 1992-10-01 |
Family
ID=10691753
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB1992/000470 WO1992016106A1 (en) | 1991-03-18 | 1992-03-16 | Control of sea lice in seawater fish |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AU (1) | AU1373592A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2106295C (en) |
GB (2) | GB9105694D0 (en) |
IE (1) | IE66043B1 (en) |
IS (1) | IS3821A (en) |
NO (1) | NO933187D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1992016106A1 (en) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1996008157A1 (en) * | 1993-09-24 | 1996-03-21 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Method for continuous gum base manufacturing |
WO1996008138A2 (en) * | 1994-09-12 | 1996-03-21 | Grampian Pharmaceuticals Limited | Control of sea lice in fish |
WO1996041536A1 (en) * | 1995-06-13 | 1996-12-27 | Nutreco Aquaculture Research Centre A/S | Agent for combating parasites in farmed fish |
WO2001007047A2 (en) * | 1999-07-23 | 2001-02-01 | Bioparken As | Control of crustacean infestation of aquatic animals |
WO2003043414A1 (en) * | 2001-11-16 | 2003-05-30 | Australian Water Management Pty Ltd | A method of treating a target species of fish within a general fish population |
GB2462992A (en) * | 2007-07-16 | 2010-03-03 | Nettforsk As | Method of combating sea lice |
GB2500381A (en) * | 2012-03-19 | 2013-09-25 | Marine Harvest Scotland Ltd | The combination of pyrethroid and hydrogen peroxide for control of ectoparasite infestation in fish |
CN103558299A (en) * | 2013-08-07 | 2014-02-05 | 公安部物证鉴定中心 | Pyrethroid pesticide inspection method for treating biological detection material by using gel permeation chromatography |
NO338812B1 (en) * | 2013-09-27 | 2016-10-24 | Lutra As | System for bathing fish infected with an external fish parasite and method for using potassium chloride as a treatment agent in the system |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2371053A (en) * | 2001-01-13 | 2002-07-17 | David R Harper | Microbiological control of sea lice |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2016447A (en) * | 1978-03-17 | 1979-09-26 | Uclaf R | Cyclopropane carboxylic acid esters containing a polyhalogenated substituent |
FR2579867A1 (en) * | 1985-04-03 | 1986-10-10 | Roussel Uclaf | |
EP0407343A2 (en) * | 1989-07-07 | 1991-01-09 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Method for controlling sea lice |
-
1991
- 1991-03-18 GB GB919105694A patent/GB9105694D0/en active Pending
-
1992
- 1992-03-16 IE IE920837A patent/IE66043B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-03-16 IS IS3821A patent/IS3821A/en unknown
- 1992-03-16 WO PCT/GB1992/000470 patent/WO1992016106A1/en active Application Filing
- 1992-03-16 AU AU13735/92A patent/AU1373592A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-03-16 CA CA002106295A patent/CA2106295C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1993
- 1993-09-07 NO NO933187A patent/NO933187D0/en unknown
- 1993-09-09 GB GB9319141A patent/GB2270261B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2016447A (en) * | 1978-03-17 | 1979-09-26 | Uclaf R | Cyclopropane carboxylic acid esters containing a polyhalogenated substituent |
FR2579867A1 (en) * | 1985-04-03 | 1986-10-10 | Roussel Uclaf | |
EP0407343A2 (en) * | 1989-07-07 | 1991-01-09 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Method for controlling sea lice |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Vol. 109, No. 25, 1988, Columbus, Ohio, US, Abstract No. 223466F, R.R. STEFENSON, "Testing Insecticides for Use in Rice/Fish Cultivation". * |
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Vol. 115, No. 3, 1990, Columbus, Ohio, US, Abstract No. 21669H, R. CUSACK et al., "A Study of Dichlorvos, a Therapeutic Agent for the Treatment of Salmonids Infected with Sea Lice". * |
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Vol. 94, No. 15, 1980, Columbus, Ohio, US, Abstract No. 115556U, D. McLEESE, "Lethality of Permerthrin, Cypermethrin and Fenvalerate to Salmon, Lobster and Shrimp". * |
K. NAUMANN, "Chemistry of Plant Protection. Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides: Structures and Properties", 1990, SPRINGER-VERLAG, BERLIN, DE, "Action of Pyrethroid on Aquatic Organisms", pages 119-123. * |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1996008157A1 (en) * | 1993-09-24 | 1996-03-21 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Method for continuous gum base manufacturing |
WO1996008138A2 (en) * | 1994-09-12 | 1996-03-21 | Grampian Pharmaceuticals Limited | Control of sea lice in fish |
WO1996008138A3 (en) * | 1994-09-12 | 1996-05-30 | Grampian Pharm Ltd | Control of sea lice in fish |
EP0894434A2 (en) * | 1994-09-12 | 1999-02-03 | Grampian Pharmaceuticals Limited | Control of sea lice in fish |
EP0894434A3 (en) * | 1994-09-12 | 1999-03-24 | Grampian Pharmaceuticals Limited | Control of sea lice in fish |
WO1996041536A1 (en) * | 1995-06-13 | 1996-12-27 | Nutreco Aquaculture Research Centre A/S | Agent for combating parasites in farmed fish |
WO2001007047A2 (en) * | 1999-07-23 | 2001-02-01 | Bioparken As | Control of crustacean infestation of aquatic animals |
WO2001007047A3 (en) * | 1999-07-23 | 2001-12-20 | Bioparken As | Control of crustacean infestation of aquatic animals |
WO2003043414A1 (en) * | 2001-11-16 | 2003-05-30 | Australian Water Management Pty Ltd | A method of treating a target species of fish within a general fish population |
GB2462992A (en) * | 2007-07-16 | 2010-03-03 | Nettforsk As | Method of combating sea lice |
WO2009010755A3 (en) * | 2007-07-16 | 2010-03-04 | Nettforsk As | Method of combating sea lice |
JP2010533693A (en) * | 2007-07-16 | 2010-10-28 | ネットフォルスク エーエス | How to remove fungus |
GB2462992B (en) * | 2007-07-16 | 2011-06-15 | Nettforsk As | Method of combating sea lice |
AU2008277412B2 (en) * | 2007-07-16 | 2014-01-23 | Nettforsk As | Method of combating sea lice |
US9538758B2 (en) | 2007-07-16 | 2017-01-10 | Nettforsk As | Method of combatting sea lice |
GB2500381A (en) * | 2012-03-19 | 2013-09-25 | Marine Harvest Scotland Ltd | The combination of pyrethroid and hydrogen peroxide for control of ectoparasite infestation in fish |
CN103558299A (en) * | 2013-08-07 | 2014-02-05 | 公安部物证鉴定中心 | Pyrethroid pesticide inspection method for treating biological detection material by using gel permeation chromatography |
NO338812B1 (en) * | 2013-09-27 | 2016-10-24 | Lutra As | System for bathing fish infected with an external fish parasite and method for using potassium chloride as a treatment agent in the system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB2270261B (en) | 1994-12-14 |
GB9319141D0 (en) | 1993-12-22 |
AU1373592A (en) | 1992-10-21 |
CA2106295A1 (en) | 1992-09-19 |
NO933187D0 (en) | 1993-09-07 |
IE66043B1 (en) | 1995-12-13 |
CA2106295C (en) | 1999-11-02 |
IE920837A1 (en) | 1992-09-23 |
GB2270261A (en) | 1994-03-09 |
GB9105694D0 (en) | 1991-05-01 |
IS3821A (en) | 1992-09-19 |
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