WO1992004359A2

WO1992004359A2 - Monosaccharides having anti-proliferation and anti-inflammatory activity, compositions and uses thereof

Info

Publication number: WO1992004359A2
Application number: PCT/US1991/006458
Authority: WO
Inventors: Sudershan K. Arora; Roy L. Whistler; Albert V. Thomas
Original assignee: Greenwich Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Priority date: 1990-09-12
Filing date: 1991-09-12
Publication date: 1992-03-19
Also published as: CA2091587A1; IL99454A0; WO1992004359A3; IE913228A1; JPH06503813A; AU8622991A; EP0548226A1

Abstract

Derivatives of simple monosaccharides which exhibit anti-proliferative and/or anti-inflammatory activity and are useful for treating mammals having inflammatory disorders and/or autoimmune disorders. This invention also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds and methods of treating inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorders.

Description

Monosaccharides Having Anti-Proliferation

and Anti-inflammatory Activity, Compositions

and Uses Thereof

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S.

Patent Application serial number 07/581,542 filed

September 12, 1990, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application serial number 07/294,838 filed January 9 , 1989.

Technical Field

The compounds of this invention are derivatives of simple monosaccharides which exhibit anti-proliferation and anti-inflammatory activity and are useful for treating mammals having inflammatory disorders and/cr autoimmune disorders. This invention also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds and methods of treating inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorders.

Background Art

Certain monosaccharides and their derivatives are known to have therapeutic value in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Derivatization of monosaccharides at specific hydroxyl groups may be accomplished by synthetic techniques which are known in the art. For example, it is common to block or protect one or more of the hydroxyl groups leaving one or more hydroxyl groups free to undergo

derivatization, such as formation of an ether group. Various blocking groups and methods are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 2,715,121 and 4,056,322, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Various derivatives of five and six carbon

monosaccharides, as well as synthetic methods, are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. Re. 30,354, Re. 30,379, Re. 32,268, 4,056,322, 4,735,934, 4,738,953, 4,996,195 and 5,010,054. The therapeutic activity of the various

substituted monosaccharides is also disclosed in the above documents. The disclosures of these patents are also

incorporated herein by reference.

A known derivative of α-D-giucose having beneficial therapeutic properties is amiprilose, 1,2-O-isopropylidene 3- O-3'-(N,N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl)-α-D-glucofuranose, and its hydrochloric acid salt, amprilose HCl (THERAFECTIN^®). These two compounds are known to have anti-inflammatory activity and demonstrated utility in managing the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. More generally, these compounds have immunomodulatory activity, and therefore have a therapeutic effect on other autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis, eczema or systemic lupus erythematosus.

Unfortunately, though some derivatives of the

monosaccharides have shown beneficial therapeutic activity, high doses of these derivatives, such as THERAFECTIN®, are often needed to produce effective results. Because therapy for inflammatory or autoimmune disorders is often mid-term or long-term, there is a need to develop more potent, non-toxic compounds which can be orally administered, and thereby promote patient compliance. This invention describes

additional monosaccharide derivatives with increased potency.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide new compounds and compositions which exhibit anti- proliferation and anti-inflammatory activity.

It is also an object of the invention to provide

compounds and compositions which are useful in the treatment of mammals having inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorders.

It is a further object to provide new compounds that exhibit significantly increased potency over available compounds, such as THERAFECTIN®, in order to provide ease of oral administration.

Disclosure of the Invention

To achieve the foregoing objects and in accordance with the purposes of the invention as embodied and broadly

described herein, there is provided monosaaccharides, having the following formulae: A compound of formula I

wherein A is H, methyl or ethyl;

R¹ and R² are H, methyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkenyl or together form an isopropylidene ring;

R³ is H, C₅-C₁₀ alkyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkynyl, benzyl, or C₅-C₁₀ ester; and

R⁴ is H, C₅-C₁₀ alkyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkynyl, benzyl, or C₅-C₁₀ ester;

A compound of formula II

wherein:

X¹ is 0

and R⁵ is C₁₂-C₂₀ alkyl, or C_nH_2nY, wherein n= 1,2,3 or 4 and

Y is selected from cyano, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl,

methylpyrrolidinyl, pipecolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazclidinyl, oxazclyl, oxazolidinyl, isooxazolyl, isoozazolidinyl,

imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, O(CH₂)₃N(CH₃)₂, (C₅-C₁₀) alkoxyj,

CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂N(CH₃)₂, CH₂CE₂N(C₅-C₁₀ alkyl)₂, cr

(C₃-C₇ alkenyl),

or X¹ is NH

and R⁵ is C₂-C₁₀ alkyl, or

C_nH_2nY wherein n= 1,2,3 or 4 and Y is

selected from hydroxy, cyano, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl methylpyrrolidinyl, pipecolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl,

pyrazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl,

isoxazolyl, isoozazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morphclinyl,

O(CH₂)₃N(CH₃)₂, ( C₅ - C₁₀ alkoxy , or phenyl; and R⁶ and R⁷ are hydrogen or form an isopropylidene ring;

A compound of formula III:

wherein X² is O,

R⁸ is C₅-C₁₀ alkyl, or C_nH_2nY, wherein n= 1,2,3, or 4 and

Y is selected from phenyl, cyano, pyrrolyl, methylpyrrolidinyl, pipecolinvl, imidazolyi, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isooxazolyl, isooxazolidinyl,

imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morphclinyl, O(CH₂)₃N(CH₃)₂, (C₅-C₁₀ alkoxy), NH or N(CH₃)₂;

or X² is NH

and R⁸ is H, or C_nH_2nY, wherein n= 1,2,3 or 4 and Y is

selected from OH, cyano, pyrrolyl,

pyrrolidinyl, methylpyrrolidinyl, pipecclinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl,

pyrazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl,

isooxazolyl, isoozazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl,

O(CH₂)₃N(CH₃)₂ or (C₅-C₁₀ alkoxy) or phenyl; or X² is S

and R⁸ is C₅-C₁₀ alkyl, or C_nH_2nY wherein n= 1,2,3 or 4 and Y is

selected from OH, phenyl, cyano, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, methylpyrrolidinyl, pipecolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl,

pyrazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl,

O(CH₂)₃N(CH₃)₂ or (C₅-C₁₀ alkoxy);

and R⁹ and R¹⁰ are hydrogen or form an isopropylidene group; and A compound selected from

(3S) 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-ribo-hexos-3-ulose- 1,4:3,6-difuranose; and

Methyl 3-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl)-β-deoxy-D- glucopyranoside.

Other embodiments in accordance with the present

invention are pharmaceutical compositions containing an effective amount of one or more of the above compounds, and a method of treating an inflammatory disorder and/or an

autoimmune disorder comprising administering an effective amount of a compound described above.

Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Monosaccharides are known to exist in an equilibrium between hemiacetal cyclic structures and an open chain sugar. The preferred cyclic structures are furanoses (5-membered ring structures) and pyranoses (6-membered ring structures). Other ring structures may be formed but are not as

thermodynamically stable and generally rearrange to form the pyranose or furanose structures. When a cyclic hemiacetal is reacted with an alcohol, an acetal is formed.

A glycoside can be defined as a cyclized derivative of a monosaccharide having two ether (O-R groups) substituents on the acetal carbon of the sugar. One of these ether

substituents is the carbocylic ring. The second ether substituent is formed by the reaction with the alcohol and is termed the aglycon. Because of the second ether substituent, the resultant glycoside is stable and does not exist in an equilibrium with its open chain structure. Glycosides having a 5-membered ring are known as furanosides, those with 6- membered ring as pyranosides.

One embodiment of the present invention relates to derivatives of the simple monosaccharide fructose, in

particular to fructofuranosides. Fructofuranosides can be in an α-D or β-D configuration. The fructofuranosides of the present invention, shown below in formula I, encompass both α or β configurations and are substituted at one or more of the free hydroxyl groups, but, preferably, have at least one free hydroxyl group. As discussed above, the techniques to form these derivatives of the present invention are generally known in carbohydrate chemistry.

The fructofuranosides of the present invention are represented by formula (I):

wherein the aglycon, A, is methyl or ethyl, preferably methyl;

R¹ and R² are H, methyl, ethyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkenyl or together form an isopropylidene ring;

R³ is H, C₅-C₁₀ alkyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkynyl, 2-octyne, benzyl, or C₅-C₁₀ ester; and

R⁴ is H, C₅-C₁₀ alkyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkynyl, 2-octyne, benzyl, or C₅-C₁₀ ester.

Preferred fructofuranosides of formula I where A is methyl are shown in Table I.

The compounds included in Table I are:

methyl 1,3-O-isoprcpylidene-6-O-heptyl-^a-D- fructofuranoside (la);

methyl 1,3-di-O-ethyl-6-O-heptyl-^a-D-fructofuranoside

(lb);

methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-heptyl-^a-D- fructofuranoside (Ic);

methyl 1,3-0-isopropylidene-4,6-di-O-(2-octynyl)-^a-D- fructofuranoside (Id);

methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-di-O-(trans,2-octenyl)- ^a-D-fructofuranoside (Ie);

methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-di-O-(dis,2-octenyl) -^a- D-fructofuranoside (If);

methyl 1,6-di-O-(cis,2-octenyl)-^a-D-fructofuranoside

(lg); methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-octanoyl-α-D- fructofuranoside (Ih);

methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O-octanoyl-α-D- fructofuranoside (Ii); and

methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-di-O-octanoyl-α-D- fructofuranoside (Ij).

The present invention also relates to fructofuranoses. These compounds have the same substituents as defined in formula I where A is hydrogen. A particularly preferred compound is: 2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-heptyl-β-D- fructofuranose (Ik).

The following Examples 1-4 illustrate the preparation of representative compounds of formula I according to this invention. The activity of these compounds is illustrated in Example 5.

Example 1

Preparation of methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O-n-heptyl-α-D- fructofuranoside, (la).

Step 1: The preparation of Methyl α-D-fructofuranoside.

This compound was prepared by the method taught by

Cortez-Garcia, R., L. Hough, and A.C. Richardson (Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin 1, pp. 3176-3181, 1981) except that a silica gel column was used, eluted with chloroform- methanol (9:1 to 8:2) to give: methyl α-D-fructofuranoside

23.8%; [α]_D ² ₅ +81.6° (c 1.02, ethanol). {Cortez-Garcia, 22.5%; [α]_D ² ₅ +90° (c 2 , water)} methyl β-O- fructofuranoside 28.2%; [α]_D ² ₅ -47.8° (c 1.23, ethanol).

{Cortez-Garcia, 35%; [α]_D ² ₅ -49° (c 2, methanol)}.

Step 2: The preparation of Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-α- D-fructofuranoside.

Method one: The reaction procedure was described by Cortez-Garcia, except the longer reaction time was used

(three days). The best yield was 50%. [α]_D ² ₅ +40.1° (c 1.79, chloroform). {Cortez-Garcia 33%, [α]_D ² ₅+42.5°

(methanol)}. The compound had physical properties in

agreement with literature values. Method two: A mixture of methyl α-D-fructofuranoside (0.8g, 4.1mmole), dimethoxypropane (5g, 49mmole, 6ml) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.1g, 0.5mmole) in 20ml of DMF was stirred at 25°C for 24 hours. Sodium bicarbonate was added to neutralize the solution. The solvent was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness. Column chromatography {petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (8:2 to 7:3) then chloroform- methanol (9:1)} gave methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-α-D- fructofuranoside (0.38g, 39%).

Step 3: The preparation of Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O- pivaloyl-α-D-fructofuranoside.

Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-α-D-fructofuranoside (1.3g, 5.55mmole) was dissolved in methylene chloride (10ml; and pyridine (7ml). To this solution, pivaloyl chloride (0.68g, 5.68mmole, 0.7ml) was added at 0°C. The solution was stirred and the temperature rose to 25°C. After 18 hours, another 0.1ml of pivaloyl chloride (0.8mmole) was added and stirring was continued for 24 hours. Water was added to the mixture and solvent was evaporated. The residue was extracted with chloroform, washed with water, brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated. Column chromatography {petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (9:1 to 7:3)} gave methyl 1,3-O- isopropylidene-6-O-pivaloyl-α-D-fructofuranoside (1.3g,

83%). [α]_D ² ₅ +30.9° (c 2.34, methylene chloride). ¹H-

N.m.r. (CDCl₃): δ 4.4-3.9 (m, 8H), 3.3 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 1.45, 1.38 (2 s, each 3H, C(CH₃)₂), 1.23 (s, 9H, CO(CH₃)₃) ppm.

Step 4: The preparation of Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- benzyl-6-O-pivaloyl-α-D-fructofuranoside.

Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O-pivaloyl-α-D- fructofuranoside (1.3g, 4.08mmole) was dissolved in DMF

(15ml) and 5.2ml of benzylbromide (7.4g, 43.7mmole) was added. To this solution, a total 5.2g of silver ( l) oxide (22.4mmole) was added in three portions during one hour with stirring. Stirring was continued at 25°C for two days. The silver salt was filtered and washed with DMF and methylene chloride, and solvent was removed under reduced pressure.

The residue was extracted with methylene chloride and the extract was washed with water, brine, dried and concentrated. Column chromatography {petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (50:1)} gave methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-benzyl-6-O-pivaloyl-α- D-fructofuranoside [α]_D ² ₅ +50.7° (c 1.35, chloroform).

1H-N.m.r. (CDCl₃): δ 7.33 (m, 5H, C₆H₅), 4.60 (dd, 2H,

OCH₂Ph), 4.3-4.1 (m, 4H), 3.9 (d, 1H, J 12.1 Hz, H-1), 3.8 (m,1H), 3.7 (d, 1H, J 12.1 Hz, H-1), 3.3 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 1.4- 1.3 (2 s, each 3H, C(CH₃)₂), 1.2 (s, 9H, CO(CH₃)₃) ppm.

Step 5: The preparation of Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O- t-butyldimethylsilyl-α-D-fructofuranoside. To a solution of methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-α-D- fructofuranoside (0.25g, 1.07mmole) in DMF (5ml) was added imidazole (0.16g, 2.3mmole) and t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (0.2g 1.32mmole). The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 48 hours. Water was added and solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography {petroleum ether- ethyl acetate (9:1 to 8:2)} gave methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene- 6-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl-α-D-fructofuranoside (0.26g, 97%), then using chloroform-methanol (100:1) gave starting material methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-α-D-fructofuranoside (70mg).

Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl-a-D- fructofuranoside: [α]_n 25 +21.3° (c 1.01, chloroform).

¹H-N.m.r. (CDCl₃): δ 4.1-3.7 (m. 7H), 3.3 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 2.6

(d, 1H, OH), 1.45-1.35 (2 s, each 3H, C(CH₃)₂), 0.9 (s, 9H, t-Bu), 0.1 (s, 6H, Si(CH₃)₂) ppm.

Step 6: The preparation of Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- benzyl-6-O-t-butyldmethylsilyl-α-D- fructofuranoside.

To a solution of methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O-t- butyldimethylsilyl-α-D-fructofuranoside (0.26g, 0.75mmole) and benzyl bromide (0.15g, 0.9mmole, 0.1ml) in DMF (2ml) was added 80% sodium hydride (25mg, 0.83mmole) slowly. The mixture was stirred at 25°C under nitrogen for 40 minutes. Methanol was added to destroy the excess sodium hydride and solvent was removed under reduced pressure at 25 °C. The residue was extracted with chloroform, washed with water, brine, dried and concentrated. Column chromatograpny {(petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (20:1 to 8:2)} gave methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-benzyl-6-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl-α- D-fructofuranoside (0.28g, 85.6%) and methyl 1,3-O- isopropylidene-4-O-benzyl-α-D-fructofuranoside (10mg, 4%).

Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-0-benzyl-6-O-t- butyldimethylsilyl-α-D-fructofuranoside: [α]_D ² ₅ +48.7° (c

1.58, chloroform). ¹H-N.m.r. (CDCl₃): δ 7.3 (m, 5H, C₆H₅),

4.6 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 4.1-3.7 (m,7H), 3.3 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 1.4-

1.3 (2 s, each 3H, C(CH₃)₂), 0.9 (s, 9H, t-Bu), 0.06 (s, 6H,

Si(CH₃)₂) ppm.

Step 7: The preparation of Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- benzyl-α-D-fructofuranoside.

Method one: Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-benzyl-6-O- pivaloyl-α-D-fructofuranoside was dissolved in methanol

(20ml) and sodium methylate (0.2g) was added and stirred at

25°C for 20 hours. The reaction solution was neutralized with Amberlite IR-120 (H⁺) ion exchange resin, filtered and concentrated. Column chromatography {petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (9:1 to 8:2)} gave methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- benzyl-α-D-fructofuranoside (1.15g, 86.8% yield).

Method two: A solution of methyl 1,3-G-isopropylidene-

4-O-benzyl-6-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl-α-D-fructofuranoside

(0.2g, 0.45mmole) and 1M t-Bu₄NF-THF (0.5mi, 0.5mmoie) in THF

(5ml) was stirred at 25°C for 18 hours. Solvent was removed and the residue was chromatographed {petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (8:2)} to give methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- benzyl-α-D-fructofuranoside (0.14g, 95%).

Method three: To a solution of methyl 1,3-O- isopropylidene-6-O-pivaloyl-α-D-fructofuranoside ( 0.2g,

0.63mmole) and benzyl bromide (0.14g, 0.81mmole, 0.1ml) in

DMF (2ml) was added 80% sodium hydride (27mg. 0.9mmole) slowly. The mixture was stirred at 25°C under nitrogen for

15 minutes. Methanol was added to destroy the excess sodium hydride and solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure at

25°C. The residue was dissolved in methanol (5ml) and sodium methylate (0.1g) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 10 hours and neutralized with Amberlite R-120 (H- ) resin, filtered and concentrated. Column chromatography {petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (9:1 to 8:2)} gave methyl 1,3- O-isopropylidene-4-O-benzyl-α-D-fructofuranoside (0.13g, 64%). [α]_D ² ₅ +83.7° (c 0.98, methylene chloride). ¹H- N.m.r. (CDCl₃): δ 7.3 (m, 5H, C₆H₅), 4.6 (dd, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 4.1 (m, 2H), 3.9-3.8 (m, 4H), 3.6 (dd, 1H), 3.3 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 2.1 (s, 1H, OH), 1.4-1.3 (2s, each 3H, C(CH₃)₂) ppm. Step 8: The preparation of Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- benzyl-6-O-n-heptyl-α-D-fructofuranoside. To a solution of methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-benzyl- α-D-fructofuranoside (1.63g, 5.03mmole) and bromoheptane (4.1g, 23mmole, 3.6ml) in DMF (35ml) was added 80% sodium hydride (0.6g, 20mmole) slowly. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1.5 hours. Methanol was added to destroy the excess sodium hydride and solvent was evaporated. The residue was extracted with chloroform, washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. Column chromatography {petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (9:1)} gave methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-benzyl-6-O-n-heptyl-α-D- fructofuranoside (2g, 94%). [α]_D ² ₅ +51.9° (c 1.29,

methylene chloride). ¹H-N.m.r. (CDCl₃): δ 7.3 (m 5H,

C₆H₅), 4.6 (q, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 4.1 (m, 2H), 3.9 (d, 1H), 3.8 ( d , 1H), 3.6-3.4 (m, 4H), 3.3 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 1.6 9m, 2H,

OCH₂CH₂C₅H₁₁), 1.4-1.3 (2 s, each 3H, C(CH₃)₂), 1.2 (br, 8H), 0.9 (t, 3H, CH₃) ppm.

Step 9: The preparation of Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O- n-heptyl-α-D-fructofuranoside.

Method one: A mixture of methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4- O-benzyl-6-O-n-heptyl-α-D-fructofuranoside (0.13g,

0.3mmole), 10% palladium on activated carbon (26mg) in methanol (5ml) was shaken under hydrogen (25 lbs. per so.

inch) for 8 hours. Catalyst was filtered and solvent was removed. Column chromatography {petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (9:1)} gave methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O-n-heptyl- α-D-fructofuranoside (la) (70mg, 70%).

Method two: A mixture of methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4- O-benzyl-6-O-n-heptyl-α-D-fructofuranoside (0.22g, 0.52mmole), 10% palladium on activated carbon (0.2g, 400mg/ mmole per Bn) and ammonium formate (0.3g) in methanol (10ml) was refluxed for 2 hours. Another 0.25g of ammonium formate was added and refluxed for 3 hours. A final part of 0.2g of ammonium formate was added and refluxing was continued for another 2.5 hours. After cooling, catalyst was filtered and washed with methanol, filtrate was evaporated to dryness. Column chromatography {petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (9:1)} gave methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O-n-heptyl-α-D

fructofuranoside (la) (0.14g, 81%). [α]_D ² ₅ +27.4° (c 1.01, methylene chloride). ¹H-N.m.r. (CDCl₃): δ 4.2-3.9 (m, 5H),

3.4-3.7 (m, 4H), 3.3 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 2.7 (d, 1H), 1.6 (m, 2H),

1.5-1.4 (2 s, each 3H, C(CH-)₂), 1.3 (br S, 8H), 0.9 (t, 3H,

CH₃) ppm. ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 102.0 (C-2), 98.6 (C(CH₃)₂),

85.9, 79.7, 78.7 ( C-3, C-4, C-5), 71.7, 71.5 ( C-6, O-CH₂-

C₆H₁₃), 61.7 (C-1), 48.7 (OCH₃), 31.8, 29.5, 29.1, 27.6,

25.9, 22.6, 19.7 14.1 ppm. m.s.: m/z 333 (M+H), 301 (M+H-

CH₃O-), 260 (M-CH₂OC(CH₃)₂).

Example 2

Preparation of methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-di-O-( 2- octynyl)-α-D-fructofuranoside, (Id).

Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-α-D-fructofuranoside was prepared by the procedure of Cortez-Garcia et al. as

described in Example 1. To a solution of methyl 1,3-O- isopropylidene-α-D-fructofuranoside (0.3 g, 1.28 mmole) and 1-bromo, 2-octyne (0.73g, 3.85 mmole) in DMF (4 mL) was added 80% NaH (0.12g, 4.0 mmole) slowly and the mixture was stirred at 25° under nitrogen for 40 min. Methancl was added to destroy the excess sodium hydride and solvent was removed. The residue was extracted with methylene chloride and this solution washed with water, brine and sodium bicarbonate.

This solution was then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to a residue. This residue was dissolved in eluant and chromatagraphed on a silicagei column using petroleum ether-acetone (24:1) which gave methyl 1,3-O- isopropylidene-4,6-di-O-(2-octynyl)-α-D-fructofuranoside (Id) (0.41 g, 71%) as a colorless oil. The compound was treated with sodium bicarbonate and kept in freezer. The compound was identified by its specific rotation, NMR and mass spectral analysis.

Example 3

Preparation of methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-di-O-(trans,2- octenyl)-α-D-fructofuranoside, (Ie).

The procedure of Example 2 was followed except that 1- bromo-trans-2-octene was substituted for 1-bromo-2-octyne. Methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-di-O-(trans,2-octenyl)-α-D- fructofuranoside was obtained in 70.0% yield as a colorless oil and identified by its specific rotation, NMR and mass spectral analysis.

Example 4

Preparation of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-heptyl-β,D- fructofuranose (Ik);

Step 1: Preparation of 1 ,6-Di-O-trityl-D-fructose.

To a solution of D-fructose (10 g, 55.5 mmole) in pyridine (40 mL) and chloroform (25 mL) was added trityl chloride (35 g, 126.3 mmole) and the mixture was stirred at 25° for 2 days, another 5 g of trityl chloride was added and stirring was continued for 2 days. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was extracted with chloroform, washed with aqueous saturated cupric sulfate solution, brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. Column chromatography [chlorofm-methanol (100:1)] gave 1,6-Di-O- trityl-D-fructose (11 g, 30%). This compound was identified by its specific rotation and by NMR and Mass spectrometry. Step 2: Preparation of 1,6-Di-O-trityl-2,3-O- isopropylidene-β-D-fructosfuranose.

A mixture of 1,6-Di-O-trityl-D-fructose (2 g, 3 mmole), dimethoxypropane (5 mL) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.1 g) in DMF (20 mL) was stirred at 25° for 3 h. sodium bicarbonate was added to neutralize the solution. After removal of the salt and solvent, the residue was extracted with chloroform, washed with water and brine, dried and concentrated. Column chromotagreaphy [petroleum ether-ethyl acetate] gave 1,5-Di- O-trityl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructosfuranose (0.9 g, 42%). This compound was identified by its specific rotation and by NMR and Mass spectrometry.

Step 3: Preparation of 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-4-O-heptyl-1,6- di-O-trityl-β-D-fructofuranose.

1,6-Di-O-trityl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D- fructosfuranose (0.5 g, 0.71 mmole) was dissolved in DMF (10 mL) and sodium hydride (60%, 0.12 g) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 20 min. then 1-bromoheptane (0.62 g, 3.5 mmole) was added and stirred for 1 h. Methanol was added to destroy the excess sodium hydride and solvent was

evaporated. The residue was extracted with chloroform, washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. Column chromatography [petroleum ether- ethyl acetate (100:1)] gave 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-4-O-heptyl- 1,6-di-O-trityl-β-D-fructofuranose, (0.47 g, 82.5%). This compound was identified by its specific rotation and by NMR and Mass spectrometry.

Step 4: Preparation of 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-4-O-heptyl-β- D-fructofuranose.

Ammonia (about 100 mL) was passed through a potassium hydroxide tower and cooled into liquid with dry ice to a solution of 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-4-O-heptyl-1,6-di-O-trityl- β-D-fructofuranose (1.35 g, 1.68 mmole) in dry THF (30 mL) cooled with dry ice. The solution was stirred and pieces of lithium was added until the blue color persisted. The

solution was stirred until the reaction was finished (checked with TLC). Ethanol was added to discharge the reaction and ammonia was allowed to evaporate overnight. The the residue, chloroform was added and salt was removed. Column

chromatography [petroleum ether-acetone (8:2)] gave 2,3-O- Isopropylidene-4-O-heptyl-β-D-fructofuranose (Ik) (0.45 g, 84.1%). This compound was identified by its specific

rotation and by NMR and Mass spectrometry. Example 5

Pharmacological Activity of compounds of Formula I.

The pharmacologic assays performed to determine the immunomodulatory effects of the experimental compounds in vitro include the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) and the ConA blastogenesis assay. These assays were used to

determine the inhibitory effects of the compounds of the invention on T lymphocyte activation and proliferation.

Since inflammation at the cellular level is characterized by T lymphocyte recruitment, activation and proliferation, these assays are appropriate to use as screens for novel compounds having therapeutic potential in the treatment of disorders in which inflammatory mechanisms are involved.

The MLR is a classical assay used to measure T ceil function by studying the proliferative response of T cells which are activated in vitro by genetically disparate

stimulator cells. This is accomplished by co-culturing spleen cells from two different strains of mice. Splenic T cell proliferation occurs as a result of cellular activation signals generated by the ongoing cellular interactions.

Specific Method: MLR ASSAY

Balb/c mice were euthanised by cervical dislocation and their spleens removed. Single cell suspensions of the spleens were prepared in culture medium (hepes buffered RPMI- 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2mM glutamine, 500 units penicillin/streptomycin, and 4 x 10^-5 M 2- mercaptoethanol) using a Teflon pestle. The cells were centrifuged at 1500 rpm and the pellets resuspended in ACT (0.15 M tris, 0.14 M ammonium chloride, pH 7.2 ) in order to lyse the red blood cells. After a 5 minute incubation in a 37 C waterbath, the cells were resuspended in culture medium and counted. C57B1/6 spleen cells which were used as

stimulator cells, were also prepared by this method. The stimulator cells were treated with 100 ug/ml of mitomycin c f or 1 hour at 37 C ( to inhibit stimulatory cell

proliferation) and were then washed 5 times in culture medium. The proliferative responses were measured by culturing 2.5 x 10⁵ responder cells with 5 x 10⁵ stimulatory cells in 96 well microtiter plates in the presence or absence of various doses of test compounds or vehicle (DMSO).

Syngeneic control cultures using mitomycin c treated Balb/c spleen cells as stimulator cells were also run. All cultures were run in triplicate.

Solutions of compounds of the present invention in DMSO were prepared at a stock concentration of 120 mM. Dilutions were made in culture medium to the following concentrations: 3, 10, 30, 100, and 300 uM. The vehicle (DMSO) was used as a negative control.

After incubation of for 5 days at 37 C with 5% CO₂, the amount of cell proliferation was measured by adding 20 ul of MTT ( 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) (10 mg/ml in phosphate buffered saline) to each well. Plates were incubated for 4 hours at 37 C, after which 180 ul of 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate in phosphate buffered saline was added. After an overnight incubation, the optical density (OD) of each well was read on a Molecular Devices microplate reader at 570 - 650 nm. The results were

determined by calculating the difference between the means of the allogeneic cultures and the means of the syngenic

cultures for each test article concentration. Differences of the test article groups were compared to the control group and the percent change from the control was determined. Test articles which were found to inhibit proliferation are

presented as -()% of control with inhibitions greater than - 20% of control being considered active.

Mouse Spleen Cell ConA Blastogenesis Assay

It is well known that several plant lectins, when

cultured in vitro with lymphocytes, stimulate cellular

activation and proliferation. Concanavoiin, (ConA)

selectively stimulates the blastogenic response of T

lymphocytes. Therefore, the ConA blastogenesis assay is useful for screening the immunomodulatory and anti- proliferative activities of experimental compounds.

Specific Method: ConA Assay

Six to 8 week old male C57B1/6 mice were purchased from Harlan Sprague Dawley (Indianapolis, IN).

Spleens were removed and were homogenized to obtain a single cell suspension. Erythrocytes were lysed by hypotonic shock. Upon determination of the viability and concentration of the lymphoid cells, they were adjusted to 4 x 10⁶ cells/ml in culture medium (RPMI-1640) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum; 100 ug/ml streptomycin; 100 U/ml penicillin, 0.2 M hepes buffer; 5 x 10^-5 M 2-mercaptoethanol and 2 mM glutamine). Spleen cells were seeded into microtiter plate wells at 2 x 10⁵ cells/0.050 ml/well. To these cultures were added various doses of experimental compounds and ConA at a final concentration of 4 or 1 ug/ml. Control cultures consisted of cells, ConA and culture medium containing the vehicle, DMSO only. In some assays the positive controls cyclosporin A (CSP) and AZT were also run. For the testing of the methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O-n-heptyl-α-D- fructofuranoside compound indomethacin and NDGA were used as controls. All cultures were run in triplicate.

Solutions of compounds of the invention in DMSO were prepared and dilutions were made in culture medium. Assay concentrations were either: 1, 2.5, 10, 25, 100, 300 and 750 ug/ml or 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 2.5, 10, 25 and 100 ug/ml.

Cultures were incubated for 3 days at 37°C in a

humidified atmosphere of 5% of CO₂ in air. For the last 18 hours of culture, 1 uCi of ³H-thymidine was also incubated in each well. The cells were precipitated by a multi-channel harvester. The amount of ³H-thymidine incorporated by the cultures, as a measure of cell proliferation, was measurec in a liquid scintillation counter. The amount of radioactive incorporation is proportional to the amount of cellular proliferation in individual wells. The students T test was used to determine the significance of the difference between experimental and control values.

IL-1 Assay

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a potent immunomodulatory cytokine that has a broad range of pro-inflammatory

activities. IL-1 is known to be produced by activated accessory cells such as macrophages. Accessory cell

production of IL-1 results in the activation and

proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. Therefore, by

inhibiting macrophage activation and production of IL-1- the activation and proliferation of the cellular effectors of inflammation can be modulated. Compounds of the invention were screened for inhibitory activity in a classical IL-1 assay.

Specific Method: IL-1 Assay

Six to 8 week old male C57B1/6 mice were purchased from Harlan Sprague Dawley. Peritoneal macrophages were elicited by the administration to mice of a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 ml of complete Freund's adjuvant. After 48 hours, elicited macrophages were removed frcm the mice by lavage with the use of Hank's balanced salt solution.

Macrophages were washed and seeded into microtiter wells at a density of 2 x 10⁵ cells/well in culture medium (as described in the ConA blastogenesis assay). To the

macrophage cultures were added various doses of the compounds of the invention and 10 ug/ml of the macrophage activator lipopolysaccharide (to stimulate IL-1 production). Control cultures consisted of macrophages, lipopolysaccharide and culture medium containing various doses of DMSO only.

Cultures were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air. Compounds of the invention were prepared in DMSO and diluted to the following concentrations in culture mediums 0.001, 0.01, 1, 2.5, 10, 25 and 100 ug/ml.

The amount of IL-1 produced in the individual wells was determined in a bioassay for IL-1. This involved the removal of thymuses from mice less than 8 weeks of age. Thymocytes were isolated by passing each thymus through a stainless steel mesh screen. Thymocytes were placed in culture at

1.5 x 10⁶ cells/well in RPMI-1640 medium containing 5% fetal bovine serum and 1 ug/ml PHA in micxotiter plates.

Triplicate cultures were cultured with dilutions of

macrophage supernatants in the same medium at 37#C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air.

After 48 hours, wells were pulsed with 0.5 uCi of

3

H-thymidine. After 18 hours cells were harvested and radioactive incorporation (as a measure of cell

proliferation) was quantitated in a liquid scintillation counter. The students t test was used to determine the significance of the difference between experimental and control values.

Results of Screening Assays Performed on Representative of

Formula I.

A summary of the inhibitory effects of compounds (Ib) - (Ij) on T lymphocyte proliferation as measured in the ConA blastogenesis assay is given in Table II. As demonstrated by these data, the fructofuranosides inhibit dose dependent inhibition of ConA stimulated T lymphocyte proliferation with strong inhibition (great than -50% of control) by these compounds of the present invention at 100 ug/ml with the exception of (Ii) which was found to be a less potent

inhibitor of the mitogen induced T lymphocyte proliferative response.

Tables III and IV are specific examples of the

inhibitory effects of compounds of the invention on T

lymphocyte proliferative activity. As seen in Table III, compound (Ik) is inhibitory in a dose dependent manner with significant inhibition of T lymphocyte proliferation observed at concentrations ranging from 1 ug/ml to 100 ug/ml. Table IV demonstrates that compound (Ii) exerts significant, non dose dependent modulation of T lymphocyte proliferation with significant inhibition observed at all dose levels on the 1 ug/ml ConA cultures. The results shown in Table V indicate that methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O-n-heptyl-α-D- fructofuranoside produced a dose-dependent, significant, inhibitory effect upon the ability of normal, splenically- derived, mouse T-cells to proliferate in response to

mitogenic stimulation. There were less T-cells in the treated cultures at the end of the assay in comparison to the untreated control cultures.

a Experimental compounds, cyclosporin (CSP) or AZT were suspended in DMSO (vehicle) diluted into medium. Normal spleen cells were cultured with A or 1 ug/ml Con-A together with various doses of experimental compound. The control contained medium with vehicle only. The effect of these compounds on the blastogenic response of spleen cells was determined by pulsing cells with ³H thymidine after A8 hours of culture and harvesting the cultures 18 hours thereafter.

b Results are expressed as percent change from the response of spleen cells cultured with control NT = Not tested.

a Experimental compounds were suspended in DMSO and diluted into medium. Normal spleen cells were cultured with either A or 1 ug/ml Con-A together with various doses of experimental compound. The control contained medium with DMSO alone. The effect of these compounds on the blastogenic response of the spleen cells was assessed by pulsing the cells with ³H-thymidine after 48 hours of culture and harvesting the spleen cells 18 hours thereafter. Data are expressed as mean cpm of triplicates ± SD.

b The effect of experimental compounds on the blastogenic response of normal splenic T-lymphocytes is expressed as percent change from the response of spleen cells cultured in the presence of control. Significance of the effect of experimental compounds: *, P < 0.001; #, P < 0.01; **, P < 0.005.

a Experimental compounds, cyclosporin (CSP) or AZT were suspended in DMSO and diluted into medium. Normal spleen cells were cultured with either A or 1 ug/ml Con-A together with various doses of experimental compound. The control contained medium with DMSO alone. The effect of these compounds on the blastogenic response of the spleen cells was assessed by pulsing the cells with ³H-thymidine after A8 hours of culture and harvesting the spleen cells 18 hours thereafter. Data are expressed as cpm x 10^-3 of triplicates ± SD.

b The effect of experimental compounds on the blastogenic response of normal splenic T-lymphocytes is expressed as percent change from the response of spleen cells cultured in the presence of control. Significance of the effect of experimental compounds: *, P < 0.001; #, P < 0.01; *, P < 0.05.

a Experimental compounds were suspended and diluted into medium. Normal spleen cells were cultured with either A or 1 ug/ml Con-A together with various doses of experimental compounds. The control contained medium alone. The effect of these compounds on the blastogenic response of the spleen cells was assessed by pulsing the cells with 3H-thymidine after 48 hours of culture and harvesting the spleen cells 18 hours thereafter. Data are expressed as cpm x10^-3 of triplicates 4SD.

b The effect of experimental compounds on the blastogenic response of normal splenic T-lymphocytes is expressed as percent change from the response of spleen cells cultured in the presence of control. Significance of the effect of experimental compounds: *, P<0.05; #P<0.01; **, P<0.0001.

Compounds of formula I were found to also be inhibitory to T lymphocyte activation, and proliferation when assessed for activity in mixed lymphocyte reactions. As is seen in Table VI, when compared to controls, fructofuranosides of formula I exhibit non dose dependent reductions in MLR generated proliferation with strong inhibition defined as greater than -50% of control cultures and moderate inhibition defined as -20% of controls.

Further immunomodulatory effects of compounds (la), (Id), and (Ie) were demonstrated by testing for inhibitory effects of these compounds on macrophage IL-1 production. In results given in Table VII, the compounds were observed to inhibit macrophage IL-1 production in a dose dependent manner with significant inventory effects observed in all compounds at concentrations ranging between 2.5 to 100 ug/ml.

In summary, compounds of formula I have been found to have immunomodulatory and anti-proliferative effects which predict that these compounds of the present invention have utility, from a therapeutic standpoint, in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory and/or autoimmune diseases.

a Experimental compounds were suspended in DMSO, diluted in medium and added at the indicated concentrations to mouse spleen cell mixed lymphocyte cultures. Vehicle control cultures contained medium plus the assay concentration of DMSO. The effect of the experimental compounds on the spleened T cell proliferat ive responses to both allogeneic and syngeneic (background proliferation) stimulators. T cell prol if erative responses were determined after 5 days of culture by MTT reduction analysis with mean optical density (O.D.) corresponding to the amount of cellular proliferation in triplicate wells.

b Pesults are expressed as percentage change from the T cell prolifel ive response in vehicle control cultures.

a Experimental compounds were suspended in DMSO and diluted into medium They were then added to peritoneal cxudate cells (PEC together with 10 ug/ml LPS. After 24 hr. culture supernatants were collected and then added for the subsequent 48 hr . to thymocytes and 1 ug/ml PHA. Thymocytes are used as indicators for I L-l which selectively stimulates their growth. The effect of these compounds on thymocytes was measured by pulsing the cells with ³H-thymidine and harvesting the cells 18 hours thereafter. Data shown is mean cpm of triplicates ± SD. Shown in parenthesis is the percent effect of adding drug to PEC when compared to effect of PEC cultured without drug.

b Significance of the effect of drug: *, P<0.001; *P<0.01; *, P<0.05.

A second embodiment of this invention are derivatives of glucose and allose. Glucose and allose are six carbon monosaccharides which differ from each other by the

configuration of the 3-carbon in the sugar. More

particularly, these compounds include mono-substituted ether derivatives of α-D or β-O glucofuranoses and α-D or β-D allofuranoses as well as analogs thereof. The generic formulae II and III, below, encompasses both α or β

configurations. The compounds are substituted at the 3- or 6-position of the monosaccharide. The analogs of these compounds are those where the oxygen at the 3- or 6-positon has been replaced by an amino group or by sulfur.

As will be apparent from the following discussion, the compounds of this embodiment can be broadly classified into two groups: fully blocked mono-substituted compounds, i.e., those having two isopropylidene protecting groups, and partially blocked mono-substituted compounds, i.e., those having only one isopropylidene protecting group. Applicants have found that fully blocked and partially blocked

derivatives of glucofuranose and allofuranose are effective in the treatment of autoimmune and/or inflammatory disorders.

The 3-substituted derivatives of glucofuranose and allofuranose are shown by the following general formula II:

wherein:

X¹ is 0

and R⁵ is C₁₂-C₂₀ alkyl, or C_nH_2n Y, wherein n= 1,2,3 or 4 and

Y is

selected from cyano, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, methylpyrrolidinyl, pipecolinvl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl,

oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isooxazolyl, isooxazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, O(CH₂)₃N(CH₃)₂, (C₅- C₁₀ alkoxy),

CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂N(CH₃)₂, CH₂CH₂N(C₅-C₁₀ alkyl)₂, or

(C₃-C₇ alkenyl;

or X¹ is NH

and R⁵ is C₂-C₁₀ alkyl, or

C_nH_2nY wherein n= 1,2,3 or 4 and Y is

pyrazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl,

isoxazolyl, isoozazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl,

O(CH₂)₃N(CH₃)₂, (C₅- C₁₀ alkoxy), and phenyl; and R⁶ and R⁷ are hydrogen or form an isopropylidene ring.

Selective removal of the protecting group at the 5,6- position by the following general procedure yields partially blocked compounds of formula II where R⁶ and R⁷ are hydrogen. Preferred compounds of formula II are:

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-n-dodecyl-α-D-glucofuranose (lla); 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-n-pentadecyI-α-D-glucofuranose

(llb);

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-n-octodecyl-α-D-glucofuranose

(llc);

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(phenylpropyl)-α-D-glucofuranose (lld);

1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(morpholinylpropyl)-α-D- glucofuranose (lle);

1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-n-propoxy-n-heptyl-α-D- glucofuranose (llf);

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-3'-n-propoxy-n-heptyl-α-D- glucofuranose (Ilg);

1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-2'-(ethylpyrrolidyl,-α-D- glucofuranose (Ilh); 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-2'-(ethylpyrrolidyl)-α-D- glucofuranose (lli);

1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(propan-1'-ol)-α-D-glucofuranose

(llj);

1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amino-1'-(3'-hydroxy-n- propyl)-α-D-glucofuranose (Ilk);

1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylamine-n-propyl)- α-D-allofuranose (III);

1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(phenylpropyl)-α-D- allofuranose (Ilm);

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-N-3'(N',N'-dimethylamino-n- propyl-α-D-allofuranose (Iln);

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amino-3-n-heptyl-α-D- ailofuranose (llo);

1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amino-3'-(propan-1-ol)-α-D- glucofuranose (llp);

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-N-3'-(phenylpropyl)-α-D- allofuranose (Ilq);

1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amino-n-heptyl-α-D- giucofuranose ( llr); and

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amino-n-3'-(phenylpropyl)-α- D-glucofuranose (IIs).

Representative examples of the above-mentioned compounds of formula II were prepared by one of the following

procedures in Examples 6-11. The pharmacological activity of the compounds of formula II is illustrated in Example 12.

Example 6

General Procedure for the Selective Hydrolysis of 5,6- positions.

The fully blocked monosaccharide (1.0g) is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (1 ml) and to this was added dropwise a perchloric acid solution (30%, 1 ml), with stirring, at

0-5°C. The reaction is monitored by TLC and GC . The normal reaction time varies from 20 minutes to 1 hour. After tne completion of the reaction, it is neutralized with a

saturated solution of potassium carbonate to a pH of 9.0. The solid salt formed is filtered through Celite and washed well with tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) in several portions. The combined filtrate is subjected to rotary evaporation and the residue obtained is purified by flash chromatography using silica gel and appropriate solvents. The yield of the final products varies from 75-98%.

Example 7

Preparation of 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-n-dodecyl-α- D-glucofuranose and 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-n-dodecyl-α-D- glucofuranose, (lla).

Step 1: 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-n-dodecyl-α-D- glucofuranose (R⁵=C₁₂H₂₅).

A mixture of 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-α-D- glucofuranose (5.2 g; 0.02 mol) and dry powdered sodium hydroxide (3 equivalents) was heated together at 120-130° in an oil bath. This reaction was conducted under diminished pressure so as to get rid of water formed during the

reaction. This reaction takes about 30-45 minutes depending upon the batch size. The vacuum line was then disconnecteα and 1-bromododecane (1.2 eq.) was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 30 minutes to 2 hours. The reaction flask was then cooled, dichloromethane (100 ml) was added and the mixture was filtered through Celite and washed with 100 ml more of the solvent. Solvent was removed using rotary evaporator and the residue purified by flash chromatography using ether: hexane (10:90).

Step 2: Hydrolysis according to the general procedure

described in Example 6 gave the partially blocked compound 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-n-dodecyl-α-D- glucofuranose, (lla).

Example 8

Preparation of 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'(n- propoxyheptyl)-α-D-glucofuranose, (Ilf) and 1,2-O- Isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(n-propoxy-heptyl)-α-D-glucofuranose,

( llg ) . Step 1: Preparation of 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropyiidene-3-O- 3'(n-propoxyheptyl)-α-D-glucofuranose

(R⁵ = -(CH₂)₃OC₇H₁₅)

1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-propanol-α-D- glucofuranose was prepared by reacting 1,2:5,6-di-O- isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose with sodium hydroxide

(equivalents) at 120 - 130°C under vacuum. After 30 minutes, the vacuum line was disconnected and 1-bromopropanol (3 eq) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at the same temperature for 45 minutes. The flask was then cooled and ether added (100 mL). The solution was filtered through Celite, washed with 100 mL more of ether and the solvent removed. The residue was purified by flash chromatrography using 10% ether in hexane to afford the title compound in 84% yield.

A mixture of 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'- propanol-α-D-glucofuranose(0.02 mole) and cry powdered sodium hydroxide (3 equivalents) was heated at 120-130° under vacuum. When the evolution of water had ceased, the vacuum line was disconnected and heptyl bromide (1.2 eq.) was added in one portion and the mixture heated at the same temperature for 1 hour. The reaction flask was cooled and ether (100 ml) was added. The solution was filtered through Celite and washed with 100 ml of ether. The combined solvents were subjected to rotary evaporation to remove the ether and then purified by flash chromatography using 5% ether in hexane. 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3' (n-propoxyheptyl)-α-D- glucofuranose was obtained and characterized by NMR and mass spectral analysis.

Step 2: Hydrolysis according to the general procedure

described in Example 6 gave the partially blocked compound 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(n- propoxyheptyl)-α-D-glucofuranose.

Example 9

Preparation of 1 , 2-O-Isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amin or substituted amino-α-D-glucofuranoses . Step 1: Preparation of 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-3-deoxy- 3-azido-α-D-glucofuranose:

A mixture of 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-3-tosyl-α-D- allofuranose (prepared as described in Methods in

Carbohydrate Chemistry, vol. 6, p. 197 (20g) and sodium azide (2.5-equivalents) in anhydrous DMF (100 ml) was heated at 80°C for 3 hours. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC and GC. When the reaction was complete, DMF was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was extracted with ether (150 ml), and washed with water (2x25 ml),

saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (2x20 ml) and then with brine (1x25 ml). The organic layer was dried over

MgSO₄, filtered and solvent was removed using a rotary evaporator. This compound (95% yield) was found to be sufficiently pure by TLC and GC and hence was used in the next step.

Step 2: Preparation of 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-3-deoxy- 3-amino-α-D-glucofuranose.

The azido compound (5g) obtained in step 1 was reduced catalytically using H₂, Palladium-charcoal (10%, 50 mg) and methanol (100 ml) in a Parr-hydrogenator at a pressure of 35 psi for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was then filtered using Celite, washed with methanol (100 ml) and the solvent removed using a rotary evaporator. The residue obtained showed a single homogenous spot on TLC and complete

disappearance of azido group peak by IR. The yield of the pure compound was 95%.

Step 3: Hydrolysis according to the general procedure

described in Example 6 gave the partially blocked compound 1,2-di-O-isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amino- α-D-glucofuranose.

Step 4: Preparation of 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-deoxy- 3-amino-n-heptyl-α-D-glucofuranose.

3-Deoxy-3-amino compound obtained in step 3 was heated with 1-bromoheptane at 70-80°C in the ratio of 1:2.2 for 3-4 hours. The progress of the reaction was followed bv TLC and GC. After the completion of the reaction, the product was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate, brine and then the organic layer dried over anhydrous MgSO₄. The removal of the solven: gave the crude compound which was purified by flash

chromatography. Other amino substituents can be synthesized by the same procedure using an appropriate alkyl halide compound. The alkyl halide itself can be further

functionalized.

Step 5: Hydrolysis according to the general procedure

described in Example 6 gave the partially blocked compound 1,2-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amino-n- heptyl-α-D-glucofuranose, (llr).

Example 10

Preparation of 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-substituted α-D-allofuranoses and 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-substituted α-D-allofuranose.

Step 1: 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α,D-allofuranose was treated with dry powdered sodium hydroxide and a suitable alkyl halide or substituted alkyl halide in the same manner and ratio as described for the glucofuranose derivative in Example 7, step 1.

Step 2: Hydrolysis according to the general procedure

described in Example 6 gave the partially blocked compounds.

Example 11

Preparation of 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amino-n- heptyl-α-D-allofuranose and 1,2-O-Isopropropylidene-3-deoxy-

3-amino-n-heptyl-α-D-allofuranose, (llo).

Step 1: Preparation of 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-deoxy- 3-amino-n-heptyl α-D-allofuranose.

1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-ribo-hexofuranose-3- ulose (prepared according to the literature procedure

"Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Vol. VI pp. 125, and heptylamine, in the ratio of 1:2, were mixed and heated at 50-80°C for 30 minutes to 2 hours under diminished pressure. When the evolution of water had ceased (the progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC and GC), the vacuum line was disconnected. The product was dissolved in anhydrous THF and added dropwise to a stirred suspension of lithium aluminum hydride (LAH, 2 equivalents) in anhydrous THF. The reaction was carried out at 5-10°C with rigorous stirring and was complete in 2 to 3 hours. The excess LAH was then decomposed by careful addition of water and 15% sodium hydroxide

solution (1 ml of each per gram of LAH used). The reaction mixture was then filtered through Celite, washed with THF and solvent removed. The residue was dissolved in ethylacetate, washed with water, dried and solvent removed. It was

purified by flash chromatography using appropriate solvents. Other amino substituted compounds can be prepared by

substituting other appropriate amine compounds for

heptylamine in this procedure.

Step 2: Hydrolysis according to the general procedure

described in Example 6 gave the partially blocked compound 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amino-n- heptyl-α-D-allofuranose, (llq).

Example 12

Pharmacological Activity of Compounds of Formula II.

Compounds were tested for immunomodulatory, anti- proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities in screening assays which measure T-cell proliferation, activation and macrophage IL-1 production as described in Example 5.

Compounds of the present invention were also tested for effects on fibroblast proliferation and production of pro- inflammatory mediators.

Since the early 1970's it has been known that important mediators of the inflammatory process are the leukotrienes and prostaglandins which are synthesized by tissue cells and macrophages at the site of inflammation (Flower et al.,

"Analgesics-antipyretics and Anti-inflammatory Agents; Drugs Employed in the Treatment of Gout," The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, New York, 1985). In inflammatory disorders damage to mammalian cells occurs by physical trauma or the combination of an antigen with antibody and this is thought to initiate the the biosynthesis of these mediators of inflammation, which are, in turn, responsible for the

physiological and visible signs of inflammation. This correlates with the recruitment, activation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes to the localized area of inflammation. In psoriasis, there is an increase in the formation of

arachidonic acid in the psoriatic skin that results in mildly increased production of prostaglandins, and a several-fold increase in the concentration of leukotrienes, principally LTB₄. LTB. is the principal biological mediator which is responsible for the promotion of the inflammatory process that exacerbates the disease (Anderson, T.F., "New Reasons for Using Time-Honored Empiric Therapy," Consultant, 1985. In the autoimmune diseases with arthritic components, proliferating synovial fibroblasts are responsible for the production of inflammation mediators . The data below

demonstrates that the compounds of the present invention have pharmacological activity in reducing fibrcblast production of LTB₄ and PGE₂, which have an effect in regulating the

activity of the infiltrating T-lymphocytes, and are

antiproliferative agents in skin fibroblast cultures.

Moreover, this activity indicates that physiologically acceptable doses of these claimed compounds can be used, either topically or svstemically, to inhibit T-cell and human fibroblast proliferation.

Assays were conducted to demonstrate the ability of the compounds of the present invention to modulate the

proliferation of BUD-8 human skin fibroblasts and to modulate the production of PGE₂ and LTB₄.

Specific Method: Fibrblast Assay

The human skin cell fibroblast line, BUD-8 was obtained prior to each assay from the American Type Culture

Collection. This is a fibroblast-like cell line which was originally derived from the normal skin of a 56 year old white female.

BUD-8 cell cultures were expanded for use in 25 cm² flasks at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air. At approximately 4-5 five day intervals, or when confluence was reached, the cells were passaged. This was accomplished by detaching the cells with a Teflon scraper, washing and reseeding the cells at a lower density into fresh tissue culture flasks.

The effect of the compound of the present invention on the proliferative capacity of human BUD-8 skin fibroblasts was measured with the use of a ³H-thymidine incorporation assay using culture conditions which were similar to those used for a Con-A blastogenesis assay, described previously.

Cultured skin cells were detached from the surface of tissue culture flasks mechanically with a Teflon scraper. The cells were washed, resuspended in incubation medium and the

viabilities were determined. These cells were then plated in triplicate at a density of 2X10³ cells/0.1 ml/microtiter well for the proliferation assay and a density or 1X10⁴ cells/

0.1ml/microtiter well for the assays to quantitate PGE₂ and

LTB₄. To these cells was added incubation medium containing indomethacin to inhibit prostaglandin production, or

nordihydroguaiaretic. acid (NDGA) to inhibit leukotriene production (positive controls).

After 18 hours of culture, samples of the BUD-8 skin cell supernatants were collected from one set of microtiter plates and frozen until assayed for PGE₂ or for LTB₄ content using the radioimmunoassays described below.

After 3 days of culture, 1 uCi ³H-thymidine was added in a 50 ul volume to each culture well of the microtiter plates. Eighteen hours later, each of the BUD-8 cultures was examined morphologically for evidence of compound-induced toxicity such as cell rounding or granularity. The thymidine-pulsed cells were then precipitated and the amount of ³H-thymidine incorporated was counted in a liσuid scintillation counter. The concentrations of the compounds of the invention which were used in these assays were:

Group 1. 0 ug/ml Group 5: 100 ug/ml

Group 2: 1 ug/ml Group 6: 300 ug/ml

Group 3: 10 ug/ml Group 7: 750 ug/ml

Group 4: 25 ug/ml

The incubation medium used for culturing the BUD-8 cells was RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 ug/ml streptomycin, 100 U/ml penicillin, 0.2 M Hepes buffer solution, 5x10^-5 M 2-mercaptoethanol and 2 mM glutamine.

A radioimmunoassay (New England Nuclear) was used to quantitate PGE₂ levels in BUD-8 skin cell culture

supernatants. Briefly, into each polypropylene tube were mixed 0.1 ml anti-PGE₂, 0.1 ml ¹²⁵1-PGE₂ and 0.1 ml PGE₂ standard or PGE₂ containing sample. The BUD-8 skin culture supernatants were diluted 1 : 2 prior to addition to the radioimmunoassay. Tubes were refrigerated overnight. A polyethylene glycol solution (16%, 6,000 m.w.) was then added to precipitate immune complexes and the radioactivity in the precipitate was counted in a gamma counter.

Levels of LTB. in aliquots of BUD-8 skin cell cultures supernatants were quantitated by radioimmunoassay (New

England Nuclear). Briefly, into each polyproplyene tube were mixed 0.1 ml anti-LTB₄, 0.1. ml ³H-LTB₄, and 0.1 ml LTB₄ standard or LTB. containing sample. The BUD-8 skin cell culture supernatants were used directly in the

radioimmunoassay. Tubes were refrigerated overnight. A charcoal solution (0.5 ml of 0.5% charcoal Norit A) was added and each tube was centrifuged. The radioactivity in the supernatant was then counted in a liquid scintillation counter.

The Student's t test was used to determine the

significance of the difference between values for T- lymphocytes or skin cells cultured in the presence of

experimental compounds versus in control medium alone.

The inhibitory effects of compounds (lla), (Ilg), and (Ilk) on the T lymphocyte blastogenic response to ConA are illustrated in Table VIII. These compounds were found to exhibit non-dose dependent inhibition of T lymphocyte

proliferation with all compounds tested being strongly inhibitory (greater than -50% of control response) at the 100 ug/ml concentration of compound. A specific example of a compound of the present invention mediated modulation of the T lymphocyte proliferative response to ConA is given in Table IX. Statistically significant inhibition of T cell

proliferation was exerted by compound (Hg) at concentrations ranging between 100 and 750 ug/ml.

Further immunomodulatory effects of these compounds were demonstrated in the MLR assay (Table X). Strong non-dose dependent inhibition (greater than -50% of control) was observed at several concentrations of compounds (llg) and (lla). This indicates that the compounds inhibit T

lymphocyte function in activated cultures.

.

a Experimental compounds, cyclosporin (CSP) or AZT were suspended in DMSO (vehicle) diluted into medium. Normal spleen cells were cultured with 4 or 1 ugg/ml Con-A together with various doses of experimental compound. The control contained medium with vehicle only. The effect of these compounds on the blastogenic response of spleen cells was determined by pulsing the cells with ³H-thymidine after 48 hours of culture and harvesting the culture 18 hours thereafter.

b Results are expressed as percent change from the response of spleen cells cultured with control. NT = not

tested

a Experimental compounds were first suspended in DMSO or ethanol, then diluted into medium and added at various concentrations to normal spleen cells and either 4 or 1 ug/ml Con-A. Control cultures contained comparable concent i at ions of DMSO or ethanol. The effect of these compounds on the blastogenic response of the spleen cells was assessed by pulsing the cells with ³-H-thymidine after 48 hours of cultre and harvesting the spleen cells 18 hours thereafter. Data are expressed as cpm of triplicates l SD.

b The effect of experimental compounds on the blastogenic response of normal splenic T-lymphocytes is expressed as percent change from the response of spleen cells cultured in the absence of experimental compounds.

Significance of the effect of experimental compounds: *, P < 0.05; #, P < 0.01; **, P < 0.001.

a Experimental compounds were suspended in DMSO, diluted in medium and added at the indicated concentrations to mouse spleen cell mixed lymphocyte cultures. Vehicle control cultures contained medium plus the assay concentration of DMSO. The effect of the experimental compounds on the spleened T cell proliferative responses to both allogeneic and syngeneic (background proliferation) stimulators. T cell prol iferat ive responses were determined after 5 days of culture by MTT reduction analysis with mean optical density (O.D.) corresponding to the amount of cellular proliferation in triplicate wells.

b Results mp expressed as percentage change from the T cell proliferative response in vehicle control cultures.

Mouse peritoneal macrophage IL-1 production was also found to be inhibited by compounds of the present invention as described in Table XI. Compound (llg) exerted dose dependent inhibition of macrophage IL-1 production with significant decreases in IL-1 activity observed at 10, 25 and 100 ug/ml of compound. Since IL-1 is a potent stimulator of B and T lymphocytes, both of which are active in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, these data are indicative of the extensive immunomodulatory effects of the compounds of the present invention. Because uncontrolled fibroblast

proliferation and biosynthetic activity are hallmarks of inflammatory diseases in which joint damage is observed fsuch as rheumatoid arthritis), compounds of the present invention were tested for activity in fibroblast cultures. Studies were performed to determine the anti-proliferative effects of the compounds, and these effects were correlated with levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators PGE₂ and LTB₄ in the fibroblast cultures.

Compounds of the present invention were also tested fcr potential effects on fibroblast proliferative and

biosynthetic activity. Compound (llg) was observed to exert non dose dependent anti-proliferative effects on Bud-6 skin cell fibroblasts with significant anti-proliferative activity seen at 100, 25 and 10 ug/ml of compound (Table XII).

Evidence of cell toxicity was observed at the two highest concentrations of compound tested.

This anti-proliferative effect correlated well with significant non dose dependent inhibitory effects on

fibroblast production of pro-inflammatory mediators. LTB₄ levels were significantly decreased in Bud 8 skin cell

cultures at concentrations of 1-100 ug/ml of compound (llg) (Table XIII). Cell toxicity was again observed in cultures which included 300 and 750 ug/ml of the compound. Non dose dependent inhibitory effects on fibroblast PGE₂ production are exhibited in Table XIV where concentrations of 1, 10 and 25 ug/ml of compound are seen to correlate with significant decreases in PGE₂ levels in Bud 8 skin cell fibroblasts cultures. Compound induced cell toxicity was observed only at the highest dose level tested.

Since uScontrolled fibroblast proliferation and activation are dominant features in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, these data strongly suggest the potential for the use of the compounds of the present invention as therapeutic agents for the treatment of these diseases.

.

a Experimental compounds, cyclosporin (CSP) or AZT were suspended in DMSO and diluted into medium. They were then added to peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) together with 10 ug/ml LPS. After 24 hr. culture supernatants were collected and added for the subsequent 48 hr. to thymocytes and 1 ug/ml PHA. Thymocytes are used as indicators for IL-1 which selectively stimulates their growth. The effect of these compounds on thymocytes was measured by pulsing the cells with ³H-thymidine and harvesting the cells 18 hours thereafter. Data shown is menu cpm of triplicates 1 SD. Shown in parenthesis is the percent effect of adding drug to PEC when compared to effect of PEC cultured without drug.

b Signiticance of the effect of drug: *, P<0.001; *P<0.01; *, P<0.05.

a Experimental compounds were first suspended in DMSO or ethanol, then diluted into medium and added at various concentraations to numan BUD-8 sκιn ceil πbroblasts. Control cultures contained comparable concentrations of

DMSO or ethanol. The effect of these compounds on the proliferation of the BUD-8 skin cells was assessed by pulsing the cells with ³H-thymidine after 72 hours of culture and harvesting the BUD-8 cells 18 hours thereafter. Data are expressed as cpm of triplicates ± SD.

b The effect of experimental compounds on the proliferation of BUD-8 cells is expressed as per cent change from the amount of ³H-thymidine incorporated in the absence of experimental compounds. Significance of the effect of experimental compounds: *, P<0.05 ; #, P<0.01 ;** , P<0.001.

c Evidence of toxicity of compound on BUD-8 cells on the basis of either cell, rounding or granularity.

a Experimental compounds were first suspended in DMSO or ethanol, then diluted into medium and added at various concentrations to human BUD-8 skin cell fibroblasts. The effect of these compounds on BUD-8 cell production of LTB₄ was assessed by radioimmunoassay. All values are the results of triplicate determinations. Data are expressed as pg LTB₄ in 100 ul supernatant ± SD. In parentheses is the calculated pg LTB₄ secreted per 10⁵ cells.

b The effect of experimental compountls on the amount of LTB₄ in the supernatants of BUD-8 skin cells is expressed as per cent change from the amount of LTB₄ of cells cultured in the absence of experimental comprunds. Significance of the effect of experimental compounds: *, P<0.05; #, P<0.01; **, P<0.001.

c Evidence of toxicity of compound on BUD-8 cells on the basis of either cell rounding or granularity.

a Experimental compounds were first suspended in DMSO or ethanol, then diluted into medium and added at various concentrations to human BUD-8 skin cell fibroblasts. The effect of these compounds on BUD-8 cell production of PGE₂ was assessed by radioimmunoassay. All values are the results of triplicate determinations. Data are expressed as pg PGE₂ in 50 ul supernatant ± SD. In parentheses is the calculated pg PGE₂ ecreted per 10⁵ cells.

b The effect of experimental compounds on the amount of PGE₂ in the supernatants of BUD-8 skin cells is expressed as per cent change from the amount of PGE₂ of cells cultured in the absence of experimental compounds. Significance of the effect of experimental compounds: *, P<0.05;/, P<0.01;**, P<0.001.

The fully blocked 6-substituted derivatives of

glucofuranose and allofuranose are shown by the following general formula III:

wherein X² is O,

R⁸ is C₈-C₂₀ alkyl, or C_nH_2nY, wherein n= 1,2,3, or 4 and

Y is selected from phenyl, cyano, pyrrolyl, methylpyrrolidinyl, pipecolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isooxazolyl, isoozazoiidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, O(CH₂)₃N(CH₃)₂, (C₅-C₁₀ alkoxy), NH or

N(CH₃)₂;

or X² is NH

and R⁸ is H, or C_nH_2nY, wherein n= 1,2,3 or 4 and Y is

selected from OH, cyano, pyrrolyl,

pyrrolidinyl, methylpyrrolidinyl, pipecolinyl, imidazolyi, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl,

pyrazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl,

isooxazolyl, isoozazoiidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl,

O(CH₂)₃N(C_H3)₂ or (C₅-C₁₀ alkoxy) or phenyl; or X² is S

and R⁸ is C₅-C₁₀ alkyl, or C_nH_2nY wherein n= 1,2,3 or 4 and Y is

pyrazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazciidinyl,

isooxazolyl, isooxazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl,

O(CH₂)₃N(CH₃)₂ or ( C₅-C₁₀ alkoxy); and R⁹ and R¹⁰ are hydrogen or form an isopropylidene group.

Selective removal of the protecting group at the 3,5-positio is achieved by the general procedure described in Example 6 to yield partially blocked compounds of formula III where R⁹ and R¹⁰ are hydrogen. Preferred compounds of formula III are:

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-heptyl-α-D-glucofuranose (Illa); 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-nonyl-α-D-glucofuranose (Illb);

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-dodecyl-α-D-glucofuranose (IIIc); 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-pentadecyl-α-D-glucofuranose

( llld);

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-3'-(phenylpropyl)-α-D-glucofuranose ( llle);

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl)- α-D-glucofuranose (Illf);

1,2:3,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-6-O-methoxyoctyl-α-D- glucofuranose (Illg);

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-propionitrile-α-D-glucofuranose (Illh);

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-[2'-aminoethyl- 2"-(N'-methylpyrrolidyl)-α-D-glucofuranose (Illi);

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-3'- (phenylpropyl)-α-D-glucofuranose (Illj);

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-N-(N'- propylpipecolinyl)-α-D-glucofuranose (Illk);

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-ethoxyethanol- α-D-glucofuranose (IIIl);

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-3'-(propan-1'-ol)-α-D- glucofuranose (Illm);

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-n-heptyl-α-D- glucofuranose (Illn);

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-n-heptyl-α-D-glucofuranose (IIIo);

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-2'-(ethyl-N"- pyrrolidyl)-α-D-glucofuranose (lllp);

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-2'-{ethyipyrrclidyl)- α-D-glucofuranose (Illq); 1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-3'-(N',N'- dimethyl-amino-isobutyl)-α-D-glucofuranose (Illr);

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-3'-(propan-1'-ol)- α-D-glucofuranose (Ills); and

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-3'-(phenylpropyl)-α-D- glucofuranose (lllt).

Synthetic procedures for representative compounds according to this embodiment are shown in the Examples which follow. The activity of selected compounds is shown in

Example 17.

Example 13

Preparation of 1,2:3,5-di-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-n- heptyl-α-D-glucofuranose and 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- thio-n-heptyl-α-D-glucofuranose, (IIIo).

Step 1: The preparation of 1,2:3,5-di-O-isopropylidene-6- deoxy-6-thio-α-D-glucofuranose has been described in U.S. Patent No. 4,996,195, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.

Step 2: The preparation of 1,2:3,5-di-O-isopropylidene-6- deoxy-6-thio-n-heptyl-α,D-glucofuranose:

A mixture of 1,2:3,5-di-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio- α-D-glucofuranose (2.76g; 0.01 mol) and dry, powdered sodium hydroxide (1.20g) were mixed together and heated at 90°- 95°C, in an oil bath, under diminished pressure (0.1mm Hg). When the formation of water bubbles in the flask ceased (40 minutes), the vacuum line was disconnected and 1-bromoheptane (2.15g, 0.012 mol) was added. The mixture was heated at the same temperature for 45 minutes (the progress of the reaction as followed by TLC) and then the flask was cooled to ambient temperature. Dichloromethane (75mL) was added and stirred well. The resultant mixture was filtered and the residue was washed with 75mL more dichloromethane in small portions. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by flash chromatography using ether:hexane = 30:70. The yield of the pure compound was 3.33g (89.2%). NMR (CDCI₃): δ 6.01 (d, 1H, H₁), 4.59 (d, 1H, H₂), 1.34 (m, 12H) 0.89 (t, 3H,

CH₂CH₃). CIMS: 375 (M + 1).

Step 3: One gram of 1,2:3,5-di-O-isopropyiidene-6-deoxy-6- thio-n-heptyl-α-D-glucofuranose was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (lmℓ) and hydrochloric acid (3M, lmL) was dropwise-added, over a period of 10 minutes, at 0-10°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1.5 hours, and then neutralized with saturated potassium carbonate solution to pH = 9.0. The mixture was extracted with ethylacetate (100mL) and the solvent removed using a rotary evaporator. Evaporation of the solvent gave the crude product which was purified by flash chromatography using Et-0:hexane = 60:40. The yield of the pure compound was 0.77g (86.2%). NMR (CDCl₃): δ 5.96 (d, 1H, H₁), 4.54 (d, 1H, H₂). 0.87 (t, 3H, CH₂CH₃). CIMS: 335 (M + 1), 277 (M - C₄H₉).

Example 14

Preparation of 1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isoproρylidene-6-O-n-nonyl-α-D- giucofuranose and 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-n-nonyl-α-

D-glucofuranose, (Illb).

Step 1: 1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-n-nonyl-α-D- glucofuranose (R₈ = C₉H₁₈).

The synthesis of 1,2:3,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-α-D- glucofuranose (as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,996,195) was achieved by reacting pivaloyl chloride with 1,2-O- isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose at the 6-position, followed by cyclization of 3 and 5-positions with dimethoxypropane and finally hydrolysis of 6-pivaloyl ester. This compound was treated with dry powdered sodium hydroxide and nonylbromide by exactly the same procedure as described in Example 7, step 1. Step 2: Hydrolysis according to. the general procedure described in Example 6 gave the partially blocked compound 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-n-nonyl-α-D- glucofuranose, (Illb).

Example 15

Preparation of 1,2:3,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino- α-D-glucofuranose and 1,2-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino- α-D-glucofuranose.

Step 1: Preparation of 1,2:3,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy- 6-amino-α-D-glucofuranose.

A mixture of 1,2:3,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-6-tosyl-α-D- glucofuranose (prepared as described in U.S. Patent No.

4,996,195) (10g) and sodium azide (2.5 equivalents) in dry dimethylformamide (100 ml) was heated at 80-90°C for 2 hours. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC and GC .

After the completion of the reaction, the DMF was removed under diminished pressure. The residue was dissolved in ether (150 ml), washed with water (1 x 50 ml), sodium

bicarbonate solution (1 x 50 ml), the organic layer dried (MgSO₄) and the solvent removed. The product 1,2:3,5-di-O- isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-azido-α-D-glucofuranose so formed was found to be > 98% pure by GC, TLC and NMR. 1,2:3,5-di-O- isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-azido-α-D-glucofuranose was then reduced catalytically with hydrogen using Pd/C by a procedure analgous to that described in Example 9, Step 2. The yield of the pure product, 1,2:3,5-di-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- amino-α-D-glucofuranose was 96%.

Step 2: Hydrolysis according to the general procedure

described in Example 6 gave the partially blocked compound 1,2-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-α-D- glucofuranose.

Example 16

The general procedure for the preparation of 6-deoxy-5-amino or 6-amino substituted glucofuranose was to react 1,2:3,5-di- O-isopropyiidene-6-tosyl-α-D-glucofuranose with an

appropriately substituted amine (2.2 equivalents), for example 3-phenyl-1-propylamine (IIIj), at 80-90°C for 2-3 hours. The progress of the reaction was followed by TLC and GC. After the completion of the reaction, the product was dissolved in ethylacetate (100 ml), washed with a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (2x20 ml), brine (1x20 ml), dried (MgSO₄) and solvent removed. The 1,2:3,5-Di-O- isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-3'-(phenylpropyl)-α-D- glucofuranose was then purified by flash chromatography using the appropriate solvent system.

Step 2: Hydrolysis according to the general procedure

described in Example 6 gave the partially blocked compound 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-3'- (phenylpropyl)-α-D-glucofuranose.

Example 17

Pharmacological Activity of Compounds of Formula III.

Compounds of formula III were tested for

immunomodulatory and anti-proliferative effects. Results of these studies are described in the data tables below.

Compounds (llle), (Illi), (Illn) and (lllp) were found to inhibit the mouse spleen cell blastogenic response in a dose dependent manner, with strong antiproliferative effect (greater than -50% of control) with all compounds tested (Table XV).

A specific example of the inhibitory effects on the ConA mediated blastogenic response of mouse T lymphocytes is given in Table XVI. Compound (lllp) significantly decreased the proliferative response of splenic T lymphocytes at

concentrations ranging from 10 to 750 ug/ml. Additional immunomodulatory effects of the compounds of the present invention were observed in MLR cultures (Table XVII) where compounds (llld), (llle) and (llli) were demonstrated to exert strong non dose dependent inhibition of T lymphocyte proliferation. Compound (llld) was found to exhibit strong inhibitorv effects on the MLR at concentrations ranging from 10 to 300 uM whereas compounds (llle) and (llld) were active at the highest dose levels only.

Results of the testing of compounds of the present invention for modulatory effects on mouse peritoneal

macrophage production are presented in Table XVIII. IL-1 activity was demonstrated to be significantly lowered in cultures containing 2.5, 10, and 100 ug/ml of compound

(llli). Compound (llle) was significantly inhibitory to IL-1 activity at 2.5, 10, 25 and 100 ug/ml. Both compounds appeared to exert inhibitory effects en IL-1 activity in non dose dependent manner.

r

b Results aie expressed as percent change from the response of spleen cells cultured with control. NT = not

tested.

a Experimental compounds were first suspended in DMSO or ethanol, then diluted into medium and added at various concent rait ons to normal spleen cells and either 4 or 1 ug/ml Con-A. Control cultures contained comparable concentrations of DMSO or ethanol. The effect of these compounds on the blastogenic response of the spleen cells was assessed by pulsing the cells with ³H-thymidine after 48 hours of culture and harvesting the spleen cells 18 hours thereafter. Data are expressed as cpm of triplicates 1 SD.

b The effect of experimental compounds on the blastogenic response of normal splenic T-lymphocytes is expressed ns percent change from the response of spleen cells cultured in the absence of experimental compounds. Significance of the effect of experimental compounds: *, P < 0.05; #, P < 0.01; **, P < 0.001.

a Experimental compounds were suspended in DMSO, diluted in medium and added at the indicated concentrations to mouse spleen cells mixed lymphocyte cultures. Vehicle control cultures contained medium plus the assay concentration of DMSO. The effect of the experimental compounds on the spleened T cell proliferative responses to both allogeneic and syngeneic (background proliferation) stimulators. T cell proliferative responses were determined after 5 days of culture by MTT reduction analysis with mean optical density (O.D.) corresponding to the amount of cellular proliferation in triplicate wells.

b Results are expressed as percentage change fiom the T cell proliferative response in vehicle control cultures.

a Experimental compounds, cyclosporin (CSP) or AZT were suspended in DMSO and diluted into medium. They were

then added to peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) together with 10 ug/ml LPS. After 24 hr. culture supernatants

were collected and added for the subsequent 48 hr. to thymocytes and 1 ug/ml PHA. Thymocytes are used as

indicators for IL-1 which selectively stimilates their growth. The effect of these compounds on thymocytes wa s measured by pulsing the cells with ³H-t hymidine and harvesting the cells 18 hours thereafter. Data shown is

mean cpm of triplicates 1 SD. Shown in parenthesis is the percent effect of adding drug to PEC when compared

to effect of PEC cultured without drug.

b Significance of the effect of drug: *, P<0.001; *P<0.01; *, P<0.05.

The compounds of the present invention also include the following monosaccharides:

- (3S) 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-ribo-hexos-3-ulose- 1,4:3,6-difuranose; and

- Methyl 3-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl)-6-deoxy- D-glucopyranoside .

Example 18

Preparation of 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-a-D-ribo-hexos-3-ulose- 1,4:3,6-difuranose, (IV).

Two grams of 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-ribo- hexofuranos-3-ulose were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (2mL) and cooled to 0 - 5°C. Aqueous perchloric acid (2mL, 30%) was added dropwise with stirring over a period of 10 minutes. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. When the hydrolysis was complete (40 minutes), the solution was neutralized with a saturated solution of potassium carbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate. Removal of the solvent gave a crude product which was purified by medium pressure column chromatography using silica gel "G" (10-40μ) and eluting with ether:hexane = 50:50. The yield of the white

crystalline material was 1.48g (87.6%), m.p. 81-82° C.

IR (KBr): 3390cm^-1 (broad OH), No > C = O (stretching). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 6 5.97 (d, 1H), 4.51 - 4.41 (m, 4H), 4.26 (m, 1H), 3.78 (m, 1H), 3.07 (d, 1H), 1.58 (d, 3H), 1.40

(s, 3H).¹³C NMR (CDCI₃, APT) : δ 113.99, 110.93 (C-3 and C-9), 106.98, 84.04, 82.78, 71.07 (C-1, C-2, C-4, C-5), 73.56 (C-6), 27.22, 27.18 (C-8, C-9). CIMS: 219 (M + 1).

Example 19

Pharmacological Activity of 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-α-D-ribo- hexos-3-ulose-1,4:3,6-difuranose, (IV).

Compund IV was teated in the Bud-8 skin cell fibroblasts assays as described in Example 12. As can been seen from Tables XIX, XX and XXI below, the compounds of the invention produced significant, non dose dependent decreases in the Bud-8 skin cell fibroblast proliferation in those cultures that contained 1, 10, 25 and 100 ug/ml, respectively, when compared to the control cultures that did not contain the compounds of the invention. Cytotoxicity was not observed at these concentrations of the test compound. Cytotoxic effects were observed in the highest concentrations tested (300 ug/ml and 750 ug/ml). These anti-proliferative effects correlates with decreases in Bud-8 skin cell fibroblast production of PGE₂ and LTB. (Tables XX and XXI) where significantly

decrease of levels of both pro-inflammatory mediators are seen at several non-toxic doses of compound IV.

a Experimental compounds were first suspended and diluted in medium, then added at various concentrations to

human BUD-8 skin cell fibroblasts. The effect of these compounds on the proliferation of the BUD-8 skin cells was assessed by pulsing the cells with ³H-thymidine after 72 hours of culture and harvesting the BUD-8 cells 18 hours thereafter. Data are expressed as cpm of triplicates ±SD.

b The effect of experimental compounds on the proliferation of BUD-8 cells is expressed as percent change from the amount of ³H-thymidine incorporated in the absence of experimental compounds. Significance of the effect of experimental compounds: *, P<0.05; #, P<0.01, **, P<0.00.

A simultaneous decrease in levels of PGE2 and LTB₄, as quantified in the cell culture medium was also seen in Table XX and Table XXI.

a Expeiimental compounds were diluted into medium and then added at various concentrations to human BUD-8 skin cell fibroblasts. The effect of these compounds on their PGE production was assessed by radioimmunoassay. All values are the results of triplicate determinations. Data are expressed as pg PGE₂ in 50 ul supernatant ±SD.

In parentheses is the calculated pg PGEo production per 10⁵ cells.

b The ef f ect of experimental compounds on the amount of PGE₂ in the supernatants of BUD-8 skin cells is expressed as percent change from the amount of PGE₂ of cells cultured in the absence of experimental compounds. Significance of the effect of experimental compounds:*, P<0.05; #, P<0.01, **, P<0.001.

a Experimental compounds were diluted directly into medium and then added at various concentrations to human BUD- 8 skin cell fibroblasts. The effect of these compounds on their LTB₄ production was assessed by

radioimmunoassay. All values are the results of triplicate determinations. Data are expressed as pg LTB₄ in 100 ul supernatant ISD. In parentheses is the calculated pg LTB₄ secretes per 10⁵ cells.

b The effect of experimental compounds on the amount of LTBΛ. in the supernatants of BUD-8 skin cells is expressed as per cent change from the amount of LTB₄ of cells cultured in the absence of experimental compounds.

Significance of the effect of experimental compounds: *, P<0.01; **, P<0.001.

Example 20

Preparation of Methyl 3-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl)- 6-deoxy-D-glucopyranoside (V).

Step 1: The preparation of 1,2-O-isogropylidene-3-O-3' -

(N',N'-dimethylaminopropyl)-6-O-p-toluenesulfonyl- ^a-D-glucofuranose, (1).

Ten grams of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(N',N'- dimethylaminopropyl)-^a-D-glucofuranose were dissolved in 30mL of anhydrous pyridine and cooled to 5°C in an ice-water bath. p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (6.25 g, 1 eq), dissolved in 20mL of pyridine, was added to the stirred solution over a period of 30 minutes. The reaction was then allowed to attain ambient temperature over a period of 1 hour. After a total reaction time of 3 hours, the solvents were removed under vacuum, and the residue was dissolved in

dichloromethane (200mL), and the organic phase washed with 25mL of saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The combined organic phase was washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated to give 14.3 g (95%) of the tosylate as a glassy material, that solidified on trituration with ether. CIMS: 460 (M + 1)

Step 2: The preparation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-6-decxy-3- O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylaminopropyl)-^a-D- glucofuranose, (2).

Ten grams of 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(N',N'- dimethylaminopropyl)-6-O-p-toluenesulfonyl-^a-D-glucofuranose (1) were dissolved in 60m^P of freshly distilled

tetrahydrofuran and the mixture was gradually added to a stirred suspension of 1.7 g (2 eq) of lithium aluminum

hydride in 50mL of THF. After the addition was complete, the mixture was refluxed for 2 hours. It was then cooled in an ice bath and the excess lithium aluminum hydride was quenched by the addition of 2m^P of water, followed by 5m^P of 15% sodium hydroxide solution. The mixture was filtered through Celire and the filtrate was evaporated to give 5.91 g (94%) of the 1,2-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-3-0-3'-(N',N' dimethylaminopropyl)-^a-D-glucofuranose (2) product which was used without purification for the next step. CIMS: 290 (M + 1) NMR (CDCl₃): ^w 5.92 (d, 1H, H₁), 4.55 (d, 1H, H₂), 3.95 (m, 2H, H₃ and H₄), 3.83 (m, 1H, H5), 3.48 (m, 2H, OCH₂), 2.28 (s, 3H, CH₃), 1.48 and 1.32 (s, 3H each,

C(CH₃)₂).

Step 3: The preparation of 6-Deoxy-3-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylaminopropyl)-D-glucopyranose, (3).

Three grams of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(N',N'- dimethylaminopropyl)-6-deoxy-^a-D-glucofuranose (2) was dissolved in 10mL of tetrahydrofuran and 5m^P of 3 N

hydrochloric acid was added. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours at 50°C, cooled and neutralized with 20% sodium

hydroxide solution. The solvents were removed under vacuum and the residue was extracted with hot ethyl acetate. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated to give 2.2 g (85.4%) of the free sugar. The 6-Deoxy-3-O-3'- (N',N'-dimethylaminopropyl)-D-glucopyranose (3) was used directly for the next step.

Step 4: The preparation of methyl 3-O-3'-(N',N'- dimethylaminopropyl)-6-deoxy-D-glucopyranoside, (V).

The 6-Deoxy-3-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylaminopropyl)-D- glucopyranose (3) (1.8 g) was dissolved in 10mL of anhydrous methanol containing approximately 5% of anhydrous hydrogen chloride by weight. After 2.5 hours at ambient temperature, the methanol was evaporated, the residue was neutralized with saturated potassium carbonate and extracted several times with dichloromethane. The combined extract was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated to give the crude product, which was purified by flash chromatograph (100% ethyl

acetate, then 20% methanol in ethyl acetate) to give 1.64 g (86.5%) of the methyl 3-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl)- 6-deoxy-D-glucopyranoside compound. The ¹H NMR showed the presence of a mixture of ^a and ^b-isomers in the ratio of 6:4. CIMS: 264 (M + 1) Examole 21

Pharmacological Activity of Methyl 3-O-3'-(N',N'- dimethylamino-n-propyl)-6-deoxy-D-glucopyranoside, (V).

Methyl 3-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl)-6-deoxy-D- glucopyranoside of this invention has demonstrated inhibitor effects on the proliferation of GS-109-V-20 human skin cell fibroblasts.

A compound that inhibits fibroblast proliferation has the potential to be utilized as a dermatological drug used to treat chronic dermatorse, such as psoriasis and autoimmune disorders which result in joint inflammation, such as

rheumatoid arthritis. Also, an anti-proliferative effect may well be observed with other tissues, such as those that line the blood vessels, or joints, the uncontrolled proliferation of which produce disease, thereby broadening the scope of potential applications.

Specific Method: Fibroblast Assay

The effect of methyl 3-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylamino-n- propyl)-6-deoxy-D-glucopyranoside on the proliferative capacity of human GS-109-V-20 skin fibroblasts was measured

3

with the use of H-thymidine incorporation assay. Cultured skin cells were detached from the surface of tissue culture flasks mechanically with a Teflon scraper. The cells were washed, resuspended in incubation medium and the viabilities determined. These cells were then plated in triplicate at a density of 1X10³ cells/0.1ml/microtmter well. To these cells was added 0.1m^P incubation medium containing the methyl 3-O-

3'-(N',N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl)-6-deoxy-D-glucopyranoside compound.

After 3 days of culture, 1#uCi ³H-thymidine was added in

50ul volume to each culture well of the microtiter plates.

Eighteen hours later, each of the GS-109-V-20 cultures was examined morphologically for evidence of drug-induced

toxicity such as cell rounding or granularity. The ³H- thymidine-pulsed cells were then precipitated and the amount of ³H-thymidine incorporation was counted on a liquid

scintillation counter.

Methyl 3-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl)-6-deoxy-D- glucopyranoside was suspended directly into the medium by extensive sonication, without being filter-sterilized. A range of doses of this compound was used to measure effects of this compound upon GS-109-V-20 cell proliferation. The following doses were used:

Group 1: 0 ug/ml Group 7: 10 ug/ml

Group 2: 0.001 ug/ml Group 8: 25 ug/ml

Group 3: 0.01 ug/ml Group 9: 100 ug/ml

Group 4 : 0.1 ug/ml Control Groups:

Group 5: 1 ug/ml Control: 2X10^-6 M Indomethacin Group 6: 2.5 ug/ml Control: 2X10^-6 M NDGA

Specific Method: Incubation Medium

The incubation medium used for culturing the GS-109-V-20 cells was RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 ug/ml streptomycin, 100 U/ml penicillin, 0.2 M Hepes buffer solution, 5x10^-5 M 2-mercaptoethanol and 2 mM

glutamine.

Specific Method: Human Skin Cells

The human skin cell fibroblast line, GS-109-V-20, was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. This is a fibroblast-like cell line which was originally derived from the skin of an 18 year old Caucasian male with Gardner's syndrome, an autosomal dominant condition which predisposes to carcinoma and multiple polyps of the colon (American Type Culture Collection, Catalogue of Cell Lines and Hybridomas, 6th Ed., 150, 1988). These cells were selected for use because they are considered to exist in an initiated state, as opposed to being normal or transformed, and have a more extensive population doubling time and survival period in culture than do normal fibroblasts. In this regard, they would more closely reflect the biological characteristics of psoriatic or rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts which also proliferate more extensively than do normal fibroblasts, but not as extensively as immortalized transformed tumor cells. The number of GS-109-V-20 cells was expanded for use in the described assays by culture in 25 cm² flasks at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air. At approximately 4-5 day intervals, or when confluence was reached, the cells were passaged. This was accomplished by detaching the cells by trypsinization, washing and reseeding the cells at a lower density into fresh tissue culture flasks.

Statistical Analysis of Data

The Student's t test was used to determine the

significance of the difference between values for skin cells cultured in the presence of experimental compounds versus in control medium alone.

The difference between the proliferative abilities of the skin cells cultured in the presence of methyl 3-O-3'- (N',N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl)-6-deoxy-D-glucopyranoside of the present invention versus that observed with the control cultures, can be seen in the data presented in Table XXII below.

A significant inhibitory effect was observed in a non- dose-dependent manner for cultures receiving the methyl 3-O- 3'-(N',N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl)-6-deoxy-D-glucopyranoside. It is important to note that the inhibition occurred to the same degree, irrespective of the concentration employed without evidence of cytotoxicity, and may suggest that this compound exerts these effects through novel mechanisms.

a Experimental compounds were suspended and diluted into medium. Human GS-109-V-20 skin cell fibroblasts were cultured with vaiious doses of experimental compounds. The control contained medium alone. The effect of these compounds on the proliferation of the GS-109-V-20 skin cellls was assessed by pulsing the cells with ³H- thymidine after 72 hours of culture and harvesting the GS-109-V-20 cells 18 hours thereafter. Data are expressed as cpm of triplicates ±SD.

The effect of experimental compounds on the proliferation of GS-109-V-20 cells is expressed as per cent change from the amount of ³H-thymidine incorporated in the presence of control. Significance of the effect of experimental compounds: *, P<0.05; #, P<0.01, ** , P<0.001.

The compounds of the present invention as shown by formulae I, II, III, IV and V are useful for treating mammals with inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid, arthritis,

ostearthritis, scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus. The proliferative activities of these compounds broaden the potential scope of their application as therapeutic agents for the treatment of uncontrolled proliferation of particular cell types. Due to their valuable pharmacological

properties, the compounds of the present invention or their physiologically acceptable salts are particularly suitable for use as active compounds in pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of, for example, chronic inflammatory rheumatic disorders.

The compounds can either be administered alone in the form of microcapsules, in mixtures with one another or in combination with acceptable pharmaceutical carriers. The invention, thus, also relates to pharmaceutical compositions which comprise an effective amount of at least one compound of the present invention with or without a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. If appropriate, compounds containing an amino functionality may be in the form of an acid-addition salt. Preferred acid addition salts are hydrochloric acid salts.

The present invention also encompasses a method of treating animals or humans suffering from inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorders which comprises administering to an animal or person an effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the invention or an acid-addition salt thereof, with or without a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compositions according to the invention can be administered orally, topically, rectally, internally, or, if desired, parenterally. Oral administration is preferred.

Suitable solid or liquid galenical formulations, for example are granules, powders, coated tablets, microcapsules, suppositories, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, drops or injectable solutions. Preparations having a protracted release of the active compound may also be used. These formulations can also contain additives such as excipients, disintegrants, binders, coating agents, swelling agents, glidants, or lubricants, flavors, sweeteners or solubilizers. Frequently used additives are, for example, magnesium

carbonate, titanium dioxide, lactose, mannitol and other sugars, talc, lactoalbumin, gelatin, starch, cellulose and its derivatives, animal and vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols, polysorbates and solvents, such as sterile water and monohydric or polyhydric alcohols, i.e. glycerol.

The pharmaceutical compositions are preferably produced and administered in dosage units, each unit containing as active component a certain dose of at least one compound of the present invention and/or at least one of its

physiologically acceptable acid-addition salts. The dose can range from about 1 to 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, preferably 10 - 200 mg. In the case of in vitro

testing, the effective amount to achieve a 50% inhibition of the cultured cells range from about 1 - 200 ug/ml of culture medium, preferably 10 - 100 ug/ml.

Claims

1. A fructofuranose compound of formula (I):

wherein A is H, methyl or ethyl;

R¹ and R² are H, methyl, ethyl C₅-C₁₀ alkenyl or together form an isopropylidene ring;

R is H, C₅-C₁₀ alkyl, C₅-C₁₀alkenyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkynyl, 2-octyne, benzyl, or C₅-C₁₀ ester; and

R is H, C₅-C₁₀ alkyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₅-C₁₀ alkynyl, 2-octyne, benzyl, or C₅-C₁₀ ester.

2. A fructofuranose of formula (I) as claimed in claim

1, wherein A is methyl;

R¹ and R² are each ethyl, cis-2-octane, or together form an isopropylidene ring;

R³ is H, C₇H₁₅, cis-2-octene, trans-2-octene, 2- octyne, or octanoyl; and

R⁴ is H, C₇H₁₅, cis-2-octene, trans-2-octene, 2- octyne, or octanoyl.

3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 and a pharmaceurically acceptable carrier.

4. A method of treating an animal or human suffering from an inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorder comprising administering thereto an effective amount of the compound according to claim 1.

5. A compound according to claim 1 selected from

methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O-heptyl-^a-D- fructofuranoside;

methyl 1,3-di-O-ethyl-6-O-heptyl-^a-D- fructofuranoside;

methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-heptyl-^a-D- fructofuranoside;

methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-di-O-(2-octynyl - ^a-D-fructofuranoside; methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-di-O-(trans,2- octenyl)-^a-D-fructofuranoside;

methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-di-O-(cis,2- octenyl)-^a-D-fructofuranoside;

methyl 1,6-di-O-(cis,2-octenyl)-^a-D- fructofuranoside;

methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4-0-octanoyl-^a-D- fructofuranoside;

methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-6-0-octanoyl-^a-D- fructofuranoside;

methyl 1,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-di-0-octanoyl-^a-D- fructofuranoside; and

2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-heptyl-^b,D- fructofuranose.

6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

7. A method of treating an animal or human suffering from an inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorder comprising administering thereto an effective amount of the compound according to claim 5.

8. A compound of formula II

wherein:

X¹ is O

and R⁵ is C₁₂-C₂₀ alkyl, or C_nH_{2 n} Y, wherein n= 1,2,3 or 4 and

Y is

selected from cyano, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, methylpyrrolidinyl, pipecolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl,

oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isooxazolyl,

isoozazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, O(CH₂ )₃N(CH₃ )₂, (C₅-

C₁₀ alkoxy), CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂N(CH₃)₂, CH₂CH₂ N(C₅-

C₁₀ alkyl)₂, or (C₃-C₆ al kenyl),

or X¹ is NH

and R⁵ is C₂-C₁₀ alkyl, or

C_nH_2nY wherein n= 1,2,3 or 4 and Y is

pyrazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl,

isoxazolyl, isoozazoiidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl,

O(CH₂)₃N(CH₃)₂, (C₅- C₁₀ alkoxy), or phenyl; and R⁶ and R⁷ are hydrogen or form an isopropylidene ring.

9. A compound of claim 8 wherein R⁶ and R⁷ together form an isopropylidene ring.

10. A compound of claim 9 wherein said compound is a glucofuranose.

11. A compound of claim 9 wherein said compound is an allofuranose.

12. A compound of claim 8 wherein R⁶ and R⁷ each

hydrogen.

13. A compound of claim 12 wherein said compound is a glucofuranose.

14. A compound of claim 12 wherein said compound is an allofuranose.

15. A compound according to claim 9 selected from

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-n-dodecyl-^a-D- glucofuranose;

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-n-pentadecyl-^a-D- glucofuranose;

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-0-n-octodecyl-^a-D- glucofuranose;

1 ,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(phenylpropyl)-^a-D- glucofuranose;

1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'- (morpholinylpropyl)-^a-D-glucofuranose; 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-n-propoxy-n- heptyl-^a-D-glucofuranose;

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-3'-n-propoxy-n-heptyl-^a- D-glucofuranose;

1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-2'- (ethylpyrrolidyl)-^a-D-glucofuranose;

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-2'-(ethylpyrrolidyl)-^a-D glucofuranose;

1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(propan-1'-ol)-^a-D- glucofuranose;

1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amino-(3'- hydroxy-n-propyl)-^a-D-glucofuranose;

1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylamine-n propyl)-^a-D-allofuranose;

1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(phenylpropyl)- ^a-D-allofuranose;

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-N-3' (N',N'- dimethylamino-n-propyl-^a-D-allofuranose;

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-N-3'-(phenylpropyl) ^a-D-allofuranose;

1,2-O-lsopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amino-heptyl-^a-D- allofuranose;

1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amino-2'-(propan-1' ol)-^a-D-glucofuranose;

1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amino-n-heptyl-^a-D glucofuranose; and

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-deoxy-3-amino-3'- (phenylpropyl)-^a-D-glucofuranose.

16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 9 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

17. A method of treating an animal or human suffering from an inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorder comprising administering thereto an effective amount of the compound according to claim 9.

18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 15 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

19. A method of treating an animal, or human suffering from an inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorder comprising administering thereto an effective amount of the compound according to claim 15.

20. A compound of formula III:

wherein X² is O,

R⁸ is C₈-C₂₀ alkyl, or C_nH_2nY, wherein n= 1,2,3, or

4 and

Y is selected from phenyl, cyano, pyrrolyl, methylpyrrolidinyl, pipecolinyl, imidazolyl, perazolyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl,

oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isooxazolyl,

isoozazoiidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, O(CH₂)₃N(CH₃)₂, (C₅- C₁₀ alkoxy), NH or N(CH₃)₂;

or X² is NH

and R⁸ is H, or C_nH_2nY, wherein n= 1,2,3 or 4 and Y is

selected from OH, cyano, pyrrolyl,

pyrrolidinyl, methylpyrrolidinyl, pipecolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl,

pyrazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl,

O(CH₂)₃N(CH₃)₂ or (C₅-C₁₀ alkoxy) or phenyl; or X² is S

and R⁸ is C₅-C₁₀ alkyl, or C_nH_2nY wherein n= 1,2,3 or 4 and Y is

selected from OH, phenyl, cyano, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, methylpyrrolidinyl, pipecolinyl, imidazolyi, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isooxazolyl, isooxaaolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl,

O(CH₂)₃N(CH₃)₂ or (C₅-C₁₀ alkoxy);

and R⁹ and R¹⁰ are hydrogen or form an isopropylidene group.

21. A compound of claim 20 wherein said compound is a glucofuranose.

22. A compound of claim 20 wherein said compound is an allofuranose.

23. A compound according to claim 13 selected from

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-heptyl-^a-D-glucofuranose;

,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-nonyl-^a-D-glucofuranose;

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-dodecyl-^a-D- glucofuranose;

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-pentadecyl-^a-D- glucofuranose;

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-3'-(phenylpropyl)-^a-D- glucofuranose;

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylamino-n- propyl)-^a-D-glucofuranose;

1,2:3,5-Di-O-isoprcpylidene-6-O-methoxyoctyl-^a-D- glucofuranose;

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-0-propionitrile-^a-D- glucofuranose;

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-[2'- aminoethyl-2"-(N'-methylpyrrolidyl)-^a-D-glucofuranose;

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-3'- (phenylpropyl)-^a-D-glucofuranose;

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-N-(N'- propylpipecolinyl)-^a-D-glucofuranose;

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino- ethoxyethanol-^a-D-glucofuranose;

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-3'-(propan-1'- ol)-^a-D-glucofuranose;

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-n- heptyl-^a-D-glucofuranose; 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-n-heptyl-^a-D- glucofuranose;

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-2'- (ethylpyrrolidyl)-^a-D-glucofuranose;

1,2-0-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-2'- (ethylpyrrolidyl)-^a-D-glucofuranose;

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-3'- (N',N'-dimethyl-amino-isobutyl)-^a-D-glucofuranose;

1,2:3,5-Di-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-3'- (propan-1'-ol)-^a-D-glucofuranose; and

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-thio-3'- (phenylpropyl)-^a-D-glucofuranose.

24. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 20 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

25. A method of treating an animal or human suffering from an inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorder comprising administer g thereto an effective amount of the compound according to claim 20.

26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 23 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

27. A method of treating an animal or human suffering from an inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorder comprising administering thereto an effective amount of the compound according to claim 23.

28. A compound selected from

(3S) 1,2-O-isopropylidene-^a-D-ribo-hexos-3-ulose- 1,4:3,6-difuranose; and

Methyl 3-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylamino-n-propyl)-6- deoxy-D-glucopyranoside.

29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 28 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

30. A method of treating an animal or human suffering from an inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorder comprising administering thereto an effective amount of the compound according to claim 28.