WO1991017170A1 - Multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs - Google Patents
Multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs Download PDFInfo
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- WO1991017170A1 WO1991017170A1 PCT/US1991/002954 US9102954W WO9117170A1 WO 1991017170 A1 WO1991017170 A1 WO 1991017170A1 US 9102954 W US9102954 W US 9102954W WO 9117170 A1 WO9117170 A1 WO 9117170A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
- C07K14/70503—Immunoglobulin superfamily
- C07K14/70514—CD4
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/127—Liposomes
- A61K9/1271—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes, liposomes coated with polymers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/12—Antivirals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
- C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
- C07K14/4702—Regulators; Modulating activity
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
- C07K2319/32—Fusion polypeptide fusions with soluble part of a cell surface receptor, "decoy receptors"
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
- C07K2319/33—Fusion polypeptide fusions for targeting to specific cell types, e.g. tissue specific targeting, targeting of a bacterial subspecies
Definitions
- This invention relates to multimeric and hetero-multi eric gelsolin fusion constructs, compositions containing them and methods using them. More particularly, this invention relates to multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs in which at least two gelsolin fusion polypeptides are bound to vesicles containing polyphosphoinositides. This invention also relates to gelsolin fusion polypeptides wliich comprise gelsolin moieties linked to functional moieties and, in particular, to CD4-gelsolin fusion polypeptides comprising an amino acid seguence for a human CD4 protein linked to a gelsolin moiety.
- biotechnologies have led to novel delivery and carrier systems for pharmaceuticals, vaccines, diagnostics ani other bioactive molecules.
- these systems enhance the properties of the molecules they carry, complement those molecules with characteristics they lack and combine useful characteristics of different molecules.
- serum half-life of bioactive molecules their affinity for target particles and cells, targetability of bioactive molecules, bioactivity, immunogenicity and the ability to administer or deliver several molecules simultaneously.
- scientists are seeking to identify new molecules, including proteins, that they can advantageously develop into these systems.
- Gelsolin is a protein found in mammals and other vertebrates [H.L. Yin and T.P. Stossel, "Control of Cytoplasmic Actin Gel-sol Transformation by Gelsolin, a Calcium-dependent Regulatory Protein", Nature. 281. pp. 583-86 (1979); F.S. Southwick and M.J. DiNubile, "Rabbit Alveolar Macrophages Contain a Ca 2+ - sensitive, 41,000-dalton Protein Which Reversibly Blocks the 'Barbed' Ends of Actin Filaments but Does not Sever Them", J. Biol. Chem.. 261. pp. 14191-95 (1986) ; T. Ankenbauer et al. , "Proteins Regulating
- gelsolin occurs in two forms — a cytoplasmic form and a serum form.
- Gelsolin regulates the activity of actin, a major protein involved in cell structure and movement.
- Actin is a globular protein with a slightly elongated shape that can polymerize into filaments. Polymerization occurs when the "barbed" end of one actin monomer binds non-covalently and reversibly to the "pointed" end of another.
- monomers and short filaments exist in a fluid-like "sol” state until the monomers are activated to polymerize into filaments and the filaments, in turn, are activated to crosslink, producing a firmer "gel” phase that forms part of the cellular cytoskeleton.
- Studies have observed that in the presence of calcium ion, gelsolin prevents the transition of monomers and filaments from gel phase to sol phase.
- Gelsolin acts on actin in three ways. First, it severs the noncovalent bonds between the actin monomers that compose actin filaments ("severing") . Second, it binds to the barbed end of actin filaments and prevents elongation of the filament from that end (“capping") . Third, it binds to actin monomers and promotes the formation of actin filaments by providing a nucleus for polymerization (“nucleation”) . The result is a steady state which favors short actin filaments unable to support the gel phase [P.A. Janmey et al., "Interactions of Gelsolin and Gelsolin-actin Complexes with Actin. Effects of Calcium on Actin Nucleation, Filament Severing, and End Blocking", Biochemistry. 24. pp. 3714-23 (1985)].
- Gelsolin's actin-severing function is stoichiometric: one gelsolin molecule binds to two monomers on the actin filament, breaks the filament, and remains bound to both monomers.
- the binding of gelsolin to one of the monomers is Ca ++ dependent, and chelating agents such as EGTA cause dissociation of gelsolin from only one monomer.
- PIP phosphatidyl inositol phosphate phospholipids that bind to and regulate the function of gelsolin. They are phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP 2 ) [P.A. Janmey et al., "Polyphosphoinositide Micelles and Polyphosphoinositide-containing Vesicles Dissociate Endogenous Gelsolin-actin Complexes and Promote Actin Assembly from the Fast-growing End of Actin Filaments Blocked by Gelsolin", J. Biol. Chem.. 262, pp. 12228-36 (1987) , P.A.
- PIP forms small vesicles, also called micelles, of about 80 ran in diameter, that contain about one-hundred PIP, molecules. Each PIP, micelle binds about eight gelsolin molecules. PIP forms larger unilamellar (one- layered) vesicles. Aggregation of PIP into large unilamellar or multimellar vesicles in the presence of millimolar concentrations of Mg ++ or nonionic detergents decreases the ability of PIP, to inhibit the actin filament-severing function of gelsolin.
- the cDNA for human plasma gelsolin encodes a protein of 755 amino acids plus a 27 amino acid signal sequence [Kwiatkowski et al., "Plasma and Cytoplasmic Gelsolins Are Encoded by a Single Gene and Contain a Duplicated Actin-binding Domain", Nature. 323, pp. 455- 58 (1986)].
- This cDNA sequence accounts for both the plasma and serum forms of gelsolin, which are the result of alternative transcriptional initiation sites and message processing from a single gene, 70 kb long [D. Kwiatkowski et al., "Genomic Organization and Biosynthesis of Secreted and Cytoplasmic Forms of Gelsolin", J. Cell Biol.. 106. pp.
- the difference between the plasma and cytoplasmic forms is a 25 amino-acid residue extension on plasma gelsolin. This appears to account for the difference in relative molecular weight between the proteins as assessed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) , 93 kD and 90 kD, respectively.
- the amino-terminal half of the protein contains a Ca ++ - insensitive actin-severing function and the carboxy- terminal half has a Ca ++ -sensitive actin binding domain. Within these two tandem repeats are six domains of weaker homology.
- the polypeptide has three actin binding sites. Two monomer binding sites are located between residues 26-139 and 407-756 (probably 661-738) and an actin filament binding site is located between residues 151-406. Amino acid residues 732-738 are potentially important for Ca ++ regulation. Residues 660-738 are important for nucleation. This function probably requires actin binding sites on both halves of the molecule.
- the severing function resides in residues 1-160, possibly between residues 139-160, with critical dependence on the sequence 150-160 (the first eleven residues of domain two) .
- the PIP -regulation of gelsolin's severing activity apparently resides within the first 160 residues. Sequences in domains 2 and 3 appear to hide a cryptic Ca ++ -sensitive domain because when they are removed, the severing function of gelsolin becomes Ca ++ dependent.
- the amino acid sequence of gelsolin exhibits homology with several other actin binding proteins. It is forty-five percent homologous with villin, found in vertebrate brush border microvilli, which also has a Ca ++ -dependent actin severing function. It is thirty-three percent homologous with severin and fragmin [P. Matsudaira and P. Janmey, "Pieces in the Actin-severing Protein Puzzle", Cell. 54. pp. 139-40 (1988)]. These polypeptides also bind PIP and PIP, «
- a multimeric gelsolin fusion construct is a vesicle comprising at least one polyphosphoinosi ide, such as PIP or PIP, to which gelsolin fusion polypeptides are bound.
- Gelsolin fusion polypeptides comprise gelsolin moieties linked to functional moieties which may be pharmaceutical agents, vaccine agents, diagnostic agents or other bioactive molecules.
- Hetero-multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs comprise at least two different functional moieties or gelsolin moieties.
- Gelsolin is a particularly attractive candidate for attachment to lipid vesicles because it binds specifically and with great affinity to polyphosphoinositides.
- Other proteins, related to gelsolin, which also specifically bind polyphosphoinositides may also be employed. Some examples are villin, frag in, severin, profilin, cofilin, Cap42(a) , gCap39, CapZ and destrin.
- Lipocortin (annexin) and DNasel are other molecules that bind polyphosphoinositides. Proteins that specifically bind other lipids may also be used, as well as proteins that bind lipids non-specifically.
- the fusion constructs of this invention advantageously utilize the ability of polyphosphoinositide vesicles to bind multiple copies of gelsolin fusion polypeptides. Consequently, in contrast to monomeric molecules, the bioactive molecules linked to them as functional moieties are characterized by one or more of the following: polyvalency, increased serum half-life, affinity for target particles or cells, greater bioactivity or immunogenicity, and targetability.
- the present invention also provides gelsolin fusion polypeptides.
- Gelsolin fusion polypeptides comprise gelsolin moieties fused or chemically coupled to a functional moiety.
- this invention provides CD4-gelsolin fusion polypeptides.
- the lipid composition of a vesicle may also be varied to permit the production of vesicles varying in fluidity, size, the number of gelsolin molecules that will bind to it and the rate of degradation in the blood stream.
- multimeric and hetero-multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs are characterized by many uses.
- Recognition molecules such as those containing the antigen binding site of antibodies, viral receptors or cell receptors, are useful as functional moieties to target fusion proteins to particular antigens.
- multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs are useful to block the binding of viruses to cells that results in infection, or the binding of cells to other cells that, for example, characterizes pathologic inflammation. Due to the multivalency of the fusion constructs of this invention, we believe that they possess greater affinity for the target than monovalent molecules.
- the functional moiety is the receptor on human lymphocytes, CD4, which is the target of the HIV virus — the causative agent of AIDS and ARC.
- hetero-multimeric fusion constructs comprise gelsolin fusion polypeptides having combinations of recognition molecules and toxins, anti-retroviral agents or radionuclides, they are useful as therapeutic agents which search out and destroy their target.
- Multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs with recognition molecules are also useful for signal enhancement in diagnostic assays. As large, multimeric molecules, they present many binding sites for reporter molecules, such as horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibodies. Alternatively, they may take the form of hetero-multimeric constructs, possessing both recognition molecules and multiple reporter groups.
- the functional moiety is one or more immunogen from one or more infectious agent, the fusion proteins of this invention are useful in vaccines.
- multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs may be employed as agents with increased bioactivity when the functional group is an enzyme, substrate, or inhibitor.
- This invention also provides multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs that are liposomes whose constituents include polyphosphoinositides and that contain bioactive agents in their interiors.
- This invention further provides DNA sequences that encode gelsolin fusion polypeptides, recombinant DNA molecules comprising them and unicellular host cells transformed with them. And this invention provides methods for producing these fusion polypeptides by culturing such hosts.
- compositions comprising any of the above-identified fusion polypeptides or proteins that are useful as therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic agents.
- Multimeric CD4-gelsolin fusion constructs may be used in diagnosing, preventing and treating AIDS, ARC or HIV infection.
- Figures 1A-1F depict the DNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of human gelsolin as set forth in D.J. Kwiatkowski et al.. Nature, 323, pp. 455-58 (1986).
- the negatively numbered amino acids correspond to the signal sequence, which is absent from the mature polypeptide.
- references to human gelsolin by amino acid sequence or DNA sequence correspond to the coordinate system set forth in this figure.
- Figure 2 depicts the functional regions of human gelsolin amino acid sequence.
- Figures 3A-3D depict the DNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of human CD4 DNA.
- Nucleotides 1-75 are derived from plasmid pl70.2.
- Nucleotides 76-741 are derived from plasmid pCD4-gelsolin.
- Nucleotides 742 to 1377 are derived from pl70.2.
- references to CD4 by amino acid or DNA sequence correspond to the coordinate system of this figure, unless otherwise specified.
- Figure 4 depicts the domain structure of human CD4 protein.
- the numbered amino acids are cysteine residues involved in disulfide bonding according to Figure 3.
- Figure 5 depicts the DNA sequences of the oligomers used in the processes set forth in the examples of this application.
- the gelsolin sequences in this figure are derived from SEQ ID N0:1.
- ACE 144 is SEQ ID NO:3.
- ACE 145 is SEQ ID NO:4.
- T4 AID-133 is SEQ ID NO:5.
- T4AID-134 is SEQ ID NO:6.
- T4AID-137 is SEQ ID NO:7.
- T4AID-176 is SEQ ID NO:8.
- T4AID-176 is SEQ ID NO:9.
- Figure 6 depicts the construction of plasmid pCD4-gelsolin.
- Figures 7A-7B (“ Figure 7") (SEQ ID NO:10) depicts the DNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of pCD4-gelsolin.
- Figure 8 is a restriction map of pCD4-gelsolin.
- Figure 9 depicts the construction of plasmid pDC219.
- Figures 10A-10F depict the DNA sequence of p218-8.
- Figure 11 depicts the construction of plasmid p ⁇ P I80cys.
- Figures 12A-12I depict the DNA sequence of pBG39l.
- Figures 13A-13H depict the DNA sequence of pEX46.
- Human plasma gelsolin refers to a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence depicted in Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO:l) from amino acids -27 to +755. It should be understood that polypeptide expression often involves post-translational modifications such as cleavage of the signal sequence, intramolecular disulfide bonding, glycosylation and the like.
- the use of the term, human plasma gelsolin contemplates such modifications to the amino acid sequence of Figure 1 (SEQ ID N0:1).
- the term also includes gelsolin obtained from natural, recombinant or synthetic sources.
- Multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs and “hetero-multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs” each comprise gelsolin fusion polypeptides bound to a vesicle of aggregated phospholipids.
- a "gelsolin fusion polypeptide” comprises a gelsolin moiety bound to a functional moiety.
- “Functional moieties” may be polypeptides ("polypeptide moieties”) or chemical compounds ("chemical moieties”) . Throughout this application, specific gelsolin fusion polypeptides are referred to by the name of the functional moiety. For example, we call a gelsolin fusion polypeptide having CD4 as the functional moiety, CD4-gelsolin fusion polypeptide.
- Hetero-multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs comprise at least two different functional moieties or gelsolin moieties.
- gelsolin fusion polypeptides may be produced by chemical crosslinking or genetic fusion. Genetic fusion involves creating a hybrid DNA sequence in which the DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide is fused to the 5' end or 3' end of a DNA sequence encoding the gelsolin moiety. Upon expression in an appropriate host, this hybrid DNA sequence produces a gelsolin fusion polypeptide in which the polypeptide moiety is fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the gelsolin moiety.
- a "gelsolin moiety” as used herein is gelsolin or a fragment thereof that specifically binds to a polyphosphoinositide.
- the gelsolin moiety will be derived from human plasma gelsolin.
- a gelsolin moiety preferably includes amino acids +150 to +160 of Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO:l).
- the polypeptide containing amino acids +150 to +169 of Figure 1 (SEQ ID N0:1) has the ability to bind PIP .
- gelsolin derived from non-human vertebrates may also be useful according to this invention.
- the structure of gelsolin is highly conserved in evolution and gelsolin from non-human mammals may not be immunogenic in humans.
- LBPs Lipid binding proteins
- These proteins, or fragments of them that bind to particular lipids, are useful as LBP moieties (similarly to gelsolin moieties) to produce LBP fusion polypeptides that bind to vesicles containing the particular lipid. This creates multimeric or hetero-multimeric LBP fusion constructs.
- Gelsolin-related proteins that specifically bind polyphosphoinositides include villin, severin, fragmin, profilin, cofilin, Cap42(a) , gCap39, CapZ and destrin [E.
- LBPs that specifically bind polyphosphoinositides are lipocortin [K. Machoczek et al. , "Lipocortin I and Lipocortin II Inhibit Phosphoinositide and Polyphosphoinositide-specific
- Protein kinase C is also an LBP which binds to some phospholipids.
- DNA sequences encoding gelsolin moieties are derived from DNA sequences encoding gelsolin. Several methods are available to obtain these DNA sequences. First, one can chemically synthesize the gelsolin gene or a degenerate version of it using a commercially available chemical synthesizer.
- Figure l (SEQ ID NO:l) sets forth a DNA sequence for gelsolin. The coding region encompasses nucleotides +1 to +2360.
- a cDNA sequence encoding gelsolin by screening a cDNA library.
- Many screening methods are known to the art. For example, colonies may be screened by nucleic acid hybridization with oligonucleotide probes. Probes may be prepared by chemically synthesizing an oligonucleotide having part of the known DNA sequence of gelsolin.
- cDNA libraries may be constructed in expression vectors, such as ⁇ gtll, and the colonies screened with anti-gelsolin antibodies.
- DNA sequence encoding the gelsolin moiety may then be fused to a DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide moiety.
- DNA sequences for the polypeptide moieties useful in this invention are available from many sources. These include DNA sequences described in the literature and DNA sequences for particular polypeptides obtained by any of the conventional molecular cloning techniques.
- a wide array of polypeptides are useful to produce the gelsolin fusion polypeptides of this invention. Those most useful include polypeptides that are advantageously administered in multimeric form. For example, viral receptors, cell receptors or cell ligands are useful because they typically bind to particles or cells exhibiting many copies of the receptor.
- Fusion constructs containing these fusion polypeptides are useful in therapies that involve the inhibition of viral-cell or cell-cell binding.
- Useful viral-cell receptors include ICAMl, a rhinovirus receptor; the polio virus receptor [J. M. White and D.R. Littman, "Viral Receptors of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily", Cell. 56, pp. 725-28 (1989)] and, most preferably, CD4, the HIV receptor.
- Cell-cell receptors or ligands include members of the vascular cell adhesion molecule family, such as ICAMl, ELAMl, VCAMl and VCAMlb and their lymphocyte counterparts (ligands) LFA1, CDX and VLA4. These molecules are involved in pathologic inflammation [M.P.
- ELAMs Endothelial Cell- leukocyte Adhesion Molecules
- MILAs Molecules Involved in Leukocyte Adhesion
- Other lymphocyte associated antigens such as LFA2 (CD2) and LFA3 (both members of the CD11/CD18 family) and PAGEM are also useful.
- Bacterial immunogens, parasitic immunogens and viral immunogens may be used as polypeptide moieties to produce multimeric or hetero-multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs useful as vaccines.
- Bacterial sources of these immunogens include those responsible for bacterial pneumonia and r ⁇ eumocystis pneumonia.
- Parasitic sources include malarial parasites, such as Plasmodium.
- Viral sources include poxviruses, e.g., cowpox virus and orf virus; herpes viruses, e.g., herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, B-virus, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus; adenoviruses, e.g., mastadenovirus; papovaviruses, e.g., papillomaviruses, and polyomaviruses such as BK and JC virus; parvoviruses, e.g., adeno-associated virus; reoviruses, e.g., reoviruses 1, 2 and 3; orbiviruses, e.g., Colorado tick fever; rotaviruses, e.g., human rotaviruses; alphaviruses, e.g., Eastern encephalitis virus and Venezuelan encephalitis virus; rubiviruses, e.g
- Immunoglobulins or fragment thereof that bind to a target molecule may also be employed as functional moieties.
- Immunoglobulin molecules are bivalent, but multimeric immunoglobulin-gelsolin fusion constructs, which are multivalent, may demonstrate increased affinity or avidity for the target.
- Investigators have also made use of single domain antibodies (dAbs) [E.S. Ward et al., "Binding Activities of a Repertoire of Single Immunoglobulin Variable Domains Secreted from Escherichia coli". Nature. 341 pp. 544-46 (1989)].
- dAbs single domain antibodies
- multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs may be produced in which the functional moiety is an enzyme, enzyme substrate or enzyme inhibitor.
- the functional moiety is an enzyme, enzyme substrate or enzyme inhibitor.
- tissue plasminogen activator would have greater clot-dissolving catalytic activity than its onovalent counterpart.
- hirudin would demonstrate greater anti-coagulant activity than hirudin alone.
- polypeptides such as cytokines, including the various IFN- ⁇ 's, particularly ⁇ 2, ⁇ 5, c ⁇ 8,
- IFN- ⁇ and IFN- 7 the various interleukins, including IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7 and IL-8 and the tumor necrosis factors, TNF- ⁇ , and ⁇ .
- functional moieties include monocyte colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) , granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) , granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) , erythropoietin, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) , and human and animal hormones, including growth hormones and insulin.
- M-CSF monocyte colony stimulating factor
- G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor
- GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
- PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
- human and animal hormones including growth hormones and insulin.
- multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs comprise CD4-gelsolin fusion polypeptides.
- CD4 is the receptor on those white blood cells, T-lymphocytes, which recognizes HIV, the causative agent of AIDS and ARC [P.J. Maddon et al., "The T4 Gene Encodes the AIDS Virus Receptor and Is Expressed in the Immune System and the Brain", Cell. 47. pp. 333-48 (1986)].
- CD4 recognizes the HIV viral surface protein, gpl20 and gpl60.
- the functional moiety is a polypeptide moiety comprising full length CD4 or a fragment thereof, preferably soluble CD4.
- Use of the term, CD4, in this specification may refer to full length CD4 or fragments of CD4, unless specified.
- a DNA sequence encoding full length human CD4 polypeptide and its deduced amino acid sequence is set forth in Figure 3 (SEQ ID NO:2). (See also P.J. Maddon et al., "The Isolation and Nucleotide Sequence of a cDNA Encoding the T Cell Surface Protein T4: A New Member of the Immunoglobulin Gene Family", Cell. 42. pp. 93-104 (1985).) Based upon its deduced primary structure, the CD4 polypeptide is divided into functional domains as follows: Amino Acid Coordinates
- the first immunoglobulin-related domain can be further resolved into a variable-related (V) region and joint- related (J) region, beginning at about amino acid +95 [S.J. Clark et al., "Peptide and Nucleotide Sequences of Rat CD4 (W3/25) Antigen: Evidence for Derivation from a Structure with Four Immunoglobulin-related Domains", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. f USA. 84. pp. 1649-53 (1987) ] .
- Soluble CD4 proteins have been constructed by truncating the full length CD4 protein at amino acid +375, to eliminate the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Such proteins have been produced by recombinant DNA techniques and are referred to as recombinant soluble CD4 (rsCD4) [R.A. Fisher et al., "HIV Infection Is Blocked In Vitro by Recombinant Soluble CD4", Nature, 331. pp. 76-78 (1988); Fisher et al. , PCT patent application WO 89/01940 (incorporated herein by reference)].
- soluble CD4 proteins advantageously interfere with the CD4 + lymphocyte/HIV interaction by blocking or competitive binding mechanisms which inhibit HIV infection of cells expressing the CD4 protein.
- the first immunoglobulin- related domain is sufficient to bind gpl20 and gpl60.
- soluble CD4 proteins are useful as antiviral therapeutics to inhibit HIV binding to CD4 + lymphocytes and virally induced syncytia formation.
- the CD4 polypeptides useful in this invention include all CD4 polypeptides which bind to or otherwise inhibit gpl20 and gpl60. These include fragments of CD4 lacking the transmembrane domain, amino acids +371 to +391 of Figure 3 (SEQ ID NO:2). Such fragments may be truncated forms of CD4 or be fusion proteins in which the fourth immunoglobulin-related domain is joined directly to the hydrophilic cytoplasmic domain.
- CD4(X) M a CD4 polypeptide which includes amino acids +1 to +X of Figure 3 (SEQ ID NO:2), and optionally including an N-terminal methionine or f-methionine, as "CD4(X) M .
- CD4(XCys) When a CD4 polypeptide is engineered to include a carboxy-terminal cysteine, we shall refer to the polypeptide as "CD4(XCys)".
- a soluble CD4 protein containing the first immunoglobulin-like domain preferably will contain at least amino acids +1 to +84 and at most amino acids +1 to +129. Most preferably, a soluble CD4 protein comprises amino acids +1 to +111 [CD4(111)].
- a soluble CD4 protein containing the first two immunoglobulin- like domains preferably will include at least amino acids +1 to +159 and at most amino acids +1 to +302. More preferably, a soluble CD4 protein will include at least amino acids +1 to +175 and at most amino acids +1 to +190.
- a soluble CD4 protein will include amino acids +1 to +181 [CD4(181)], amino acids +1 to +183 [CD4(183)], or amino acids +1 to +187 [CD4(187)].
- a soluble CD4 protein which includes the first four im unoglobulin-like domains preferably will include at least amino acids +1 to +345 [CD4(345)] and at most amino acids +1 to +375 [CD4(375)]. Any of these molecules may optionally include the CD4 signal sequence, amino acids -23 to -1 of Figure 3 (SEQ ID NO:2) . Also, these molecules may have a modified methionine residue preceding amino acid, +1.
- Soluble CD4 proteins useful in the fusion polypeptides and methods of this invention may be produced in a variety of ways. According to the coordinate system in Figure 3 (SEQ ID NO:2), the amino terminal amino acid of mature CD4 protein isolated from T cells is lysine, encoded at nucleotides 136 to 139 of Figure 3 (SEQ ID NO:2) . [D.R. Littman et al., "Corrected CD4 Sequence", Cell. 55. p. 541 (1988).]
- Soluble CD4 proteins also include those in which amino acid +1 is asparagine, +62 is arginine and +229 is phenylalanine. Therefore, when we refer to CD4, we intend to include amino acid sequences including any or all of these substitutions.
- Soluble CD4 polypeptides may be produced by conventional recombinant techniques involving oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis and restriction digestion, followed by insertion of linkers, or by digesting full-length CD4 protein with enzymes.
- Soluble CD4 proteins include those produced by recombinant techniques according to the processes set forth in copending, commonly assigned United States patent applications Serial No. 094,322, filed September 4, 1987 and Serial No. 141,649, filed January 7, 1988, and PCT patent application Serial No. PCT/US88/02940, filed September 1, 1988, and published as PCT patent application WO 89/01940, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
- Microorganisms and recombinant DNA molecules characterized by DNA sequences coding for soluble CD4 proteins are exemplified by cultures described in PCT patent application WO 89/01940. They were deposited in the In Vitro International, Inc. culture collection, in Linthicum, Maryland, USA on September 2, 1987 and identified as:
- EC100 E.coli JM83/pEC100 - IVI 10146 BG377: E.coli MC1061/pBG377 - IVI 10147 BG380: E.coli MC1061/pBG380 - IVI 10148 BG381: E.coli MC1061/pBG381 - IVI 10149.
- Such microorganisms and recombinant DNA molecules are also exemplified by cultures deposited in the In Vitro International, Inc. culture collection on January 6, 1988 and identified as:
- E.coli A89/pBG211-ll - IVI 10183 214-10 E.coli A89/pBG214-10 - IVI 10184 215-7 : E.coli A89/pBG215-7 - IVI 10185.
- Multimeric CD4-gelsolin fusion constructs comprising CD4-gelsolin fusion polypeptides may be used in pharmaceutical compositions and methods to treat humans having AIDS, ARC, HIV infection, or antibodies to HIV. Accordingly, they may be used to lessen the immuno-compromising effects of HIV infection or to prevent the incidence and spread of HIV infection. In addition, these fusion proteins and methods may be used for treating AIDS-like diseases caused by retroviruses, such as simian immunodeficiency viruses, in mammals, including humans.
- DNA sequences encoding gelsolin fusion polypeptides are useful for producing multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs. The preferred process for using these DNA sequences involves expressing the gelsolin fusion polypeptide in an appropriate host, isolating the polypeptide, and binding it to a vesicle comprising a polyphosphoinositide.
- the DNA sequence should be operatively linked to an expression control sequence in an appropriate expression vector and employed in that expression vector to transform an appropriate unicellular host.
- Such operative linking of a DNA sequence of this invention to an expression control sequence includes the provision of a translational start signal in the correct reading frame upstream of the DNA sequence. If a particular DNA sequence being expressed does not begin with an ATG, the start signal will result in an additional amino acid — methionine (or f-methionine in bacteria) — being located at the N-terminus of the product.
- methionyl-containing product may be employed directly in the compositions and methods of this invention, it is usually more desirable to remove the methionine before use.
- Methods are known to those of skill in the art to remove such N-terminal methionines from polypeptides expressed with them. For example, certain hosts and fermentation conditions permit removal of substantially all of the N-terminal methionine in vivo. Expression in other hosts requires in vitro removal of the N-terminal methionine.
- a wide variety of host/expression vector combinations may be employed in expressing the DNA sequences of this invention.
- Useful expression vectors may consist of segments of chromosomal, non-chromosomal and synthetic DNA sequences, such as various known derivatives of SV40 and known bacterial plasmids, e.g., plasmids from E.coli including colEl, pCRl, pBR322, pMB9 and their derivatives, wider host range plasmids, e.g., RP4, phage DNAs, e.g., the numerous derivatives of phage A, e.g., NM989, and other DNA phages, e.g., M13 and filamentous single stranded DNA phages, yeast plasmids, such as the 2 ⁇ plasmid or derivatives thereof, and vectors derived from combinations of plasmids and phage DNAs, such as plasmids which have been modified to employ phage DNA or other expression
- any of a wide variety of expression control sequences sequences that control the expression of a DNA sequence when operatively linked to it — may be used in these vectors to express the DNA sequences of this invention.
- useful expression control sequences include, for example, the early and late promoters of SV40 or adenovirus, the lac system, the trp system, the TAC or TRC system, the major operator and promoter regions of phage ⁇ , the control regions of fd coat protein, the promoter for 3- phosphoglycerate kinase or other glycolytic enzymes, the promoters of acid phosphatase, e.g., Pho5, the promoters of the yeast ⁇ -mating factors, the polyhedron promoter of the baculovirus system and other sequences known to control the expression of genes of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses, and various combinations thereof.
- a wide variety of unicellular host cells are also useful in expressing the DNA sequences of this invention.
- These hosts include well known eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts, such as strains of E.coli, Pseudomonas. Bacillus. Streptomyces. fungi, such as yeasts, and animal cells, such as CHO and mouse cells, African green monkey cells, such as COS-1, COS-7, BSC 1, BSC 40, and BMT 10, insect cells, and human cells and plant cells in tissue culture.
- animal cell expression we prefer CHO cells and COS-7 cells. It should of course be understood that not all vectors and expression control sequences will function equally well to express the DNA sequences of this invention. Neither will all hosts function equally well with the same expression system.
- Unicellular hosts should be selected by consideration of their compatibility with the chosen vector, the toxicity of the product coded for on expression by the DNA sequences of this invention to them, their secretion characteristics, their ability to fold proteins correctly, their fermentation requirements, and the ease of purification of the products coded on expression by the DNA sequences of this invention.
- vector/expression control system/host combinations that will express the DNA sequences of this invention on fermentation or in large scale animal culture, e.g., CHO cells or COS-7 cells.
- a plasmid comprising a DNA sequence encoding a CD4-gelsolin fusion polypeptide operatively linked to a AP promoter expression control sequence is expressed in E.coli to produce a CD4-gelsolin fusion polypeptide.
- polypeptides and proteins produced on expression of the DNA sequences of this invention may be isolated from fermentation or animal cell cultures and purified using any of a variety of conventional methods.
- One of skill in the art may select the most appropriate isolation and purification techniques without departing from the scope of this invention.
- Another method useful for producing gelsolin fusion polypeptides, in addition to genetic fusion and chemical synthesis is by chemically coupling the functional moiety to the gelsolin moiety. This method is useful for both chemical moieties and polypeptide moieties.
- the preferable strategy is to identify or create sites on the polypeptide moiety through which it may be selectively linked to the gelsolin moiety without destroying the activity of the polypeptide moiety.
- Glycoproteins such as CD4, have limited numbers of sugars that are useful as cross- linking sites. The sugars may be oxidized to aldehydes and an aldehyde then reacted with an amine group on the gelsolin moiety to create an aldehyde-amine linkage.
- CD4 has two functional glycosylation sites at amino acids +269 to +271 and +298 to +300 (see SEQ ID NO:3). These are outside the gpl20 binding region, which is within the first 113 amino acids of the protein [B.H. Chao et al., "A 113- amino Acid Fragment of CD4 Produced in Escherichia coli Blocks Human Immunodeficiency Virus-induced Cell Fusion", J. Biol. Chem.. 264. pp. 5812-17 (1989)].
- CD4 may be genetically engineered to eliminate one of the glycosylation sites. This would increase selectivity during linkage.
- Protein chemists have also developed specific chemistries for covalently coupling polypeptides through thiol groups.
- a polypeptide moiety having a free thiol may be linked to a gelsolin moiety containing a cysteine either by direct formation of a disulfide bond or indirectly through a ho o- bifunctional crosslinker.
- a homo- bifunctional crosslinker is bismaleimidohexane (BMH) which has thiol-reactive maleimide groups and forms covalent bonds with free thiols.
- BMH bismaleimidohexane
- Peptide synthesizers (Example II, Section 2) are useful for in these constructions. If the polypeptide moiety does not have a free thiol group, such a group may be introduced. For example, the polypeptide may be bound to a thiol- containing amine. More particularly, an oxidized sugar on the polypeptide moiety may be reacted with the amine as described above.
- cysteine may be introduced into the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide moiety by site- directed mutagenesis.
- the polypeptide moiety and the gelsolin moiety may be crosslinked through hetero- bifunctional crosslinking agents. These are chosen so that one of the functional groups binds to a group on the polypeptide moiety and the other binds to the thiol on the gelsolin moiety.
- a succinimide group could bind to an amine group on the polypeptide moiety and a thiol-reactive group, such as a maleimide or an activated thiol could bind to a cysteine on the gelsolin moiety.
- Multimeric and hetero-multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs may be produced by binding gelsolin fusion polypeptides to phospholipids aggregated into a vesicle.
- the vesicle must comprise at least one phospholipid that binds to gelsolin, but may contain others as well.
- the phosphatidylinositols, PIP and PIP 2 are preferable components of the vesicle because they bind to gelsolin.
- the vesicles preferably contain at least 3% of PIP or I 2'
- Other lipids that may comprise the vesicle include, but are not limited to, phosphatidylcholme (PC) , phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) , phosphatidylserine (PS) .
- PC phosphatidylcholme
- PE phosphatidyl ethanolamine
- PS phosphatidylserine
- the production of phospholipid vesicles is well known to the art [D.M. Haverstick and M. Glaser, "Visualization of Ca 2+ -induced Phospholipid Domains", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.. USA. 64. pp. 4475-79 (1987)].
- lipids are mixed with water and the mixture is sonicated, producing vesicles.
- PIP should be sonicated more thoroughly than PIP 2 in order to obtain vesicles of similar size and binding.
- the gelsolin fusion polypeptide is then added and allowed to bind to the vesicles.
- the resulting product is a multimeric gelsolin fusion construct.
- the fact that a vesicle may comprise many different lipids and detergents allows great flexibility in engineering a fusion construct with desired characteristics.
- phospholipid vesicles containing cavities are prepared in the presence of a bioactive molecule, such as those illustrated herein, that molecule will come to be enclosed within the vesicles. Accordingly, it is possible to produce a multimeric gelsolin fusion construct that encloses within it a bioactive agent. These liposomes may fuse with cell membranes, delivering their contents to cells and adding the gelsolin fusion polypeptide to the cell membrane.
- Hetero-multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs comprise at least two different functional moieties or two different gelsolin moieties.
- hetero- multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs may comprise two different polypeptide moieties, two different chemical moieties or both a polypeptide moiety and a chemical moiety.
- Hetero-multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs are especially useful when the properties of the different moieties complement one another.
- Polypeptides useful as toxins include, but are not limited to, ricin, abrin, angiogenin, Pseudomonas Exotoxin A, pokeweed antiviral protein, saponin, gelonin and diphtheria toxin, or toxic portions thereof.
- Useful anti-retroviral agents include suramin, azidothymidine (AZT) , dideoxycytidine and glucosidase inhibitors such as castanospermine, deoxynojirimycin and derivatives thereof.
- Hetero-multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs according to this invention are also useful as diagnostic agents to identify the presence of a target molecule in a sample or in vivo.
- Such proteins comprise one functional moiety which is a recognition molecule, such as an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof (Fab, dAb) that binds to the target molecule [See Ward et al., supra] and a second functional moiety, which is a reporter group, such as a radionuclide, an enzyme (such as horseradish peroxidase) or a fluorescent or chemiluminescent marker.
- the reporter group will be bound directly to the reporter group; for example, HRP is bound directly to the immunoglobulin.
- reporter groups may be coupled to a multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs thereby enhancing the signal. These constructs may be used, for example, to replace antibodies as the recognition molecules that contact the sample in ELISA-type assays, or as in vivo imaging agents.
- Hetero-multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs according to this invention may also be used as multi- vaccines. For example, one may produce such constructs using several different antigenic determinants from the same infective agent. Also, one can produce constructs comprising antigenic determinants from several infective agents, such as polio, measles, mumps and others used for childhood vaccination.
- compositions of this invention typically comprise a pharmaceutically effective amount of a multimeric gelsolin fusion construct and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- Therapeutic methods of this invention comprise the step of treating patients in a pharmaceutically acceptable manner with those compositions. These compositions may be used to treat any mammal, including humans.
- compositions of this invention may be in a variety of forms. These include, for example, solid, semi-solid and liquid dosage forms, such as tablets, pills, powders, liquid solutions or suspensions, liposomes, suppositories, injectable and infusible solutions and sustained release forms. The preferred form depends on the intended mode of administration and therapeutic application.
- the compositions also preferably include conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and adjuvants which are known to those of skill in the art.
- the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be formulated and administered using methods and compositions similar to those used for pharmaceutically important polypeptides such as, for example, alpha interferon.
- fusion constructs of this invention may be administered by conventional routes of administration, such as parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular or intralesional routes. It will be understood that conventional doses will vary depending upon the particular molecular moiety involved. In order that this invention may be better understood, the following examples are set forth. These examples are for the purposes of illustration only, and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner.
- plasmid expression vector containing a DNA sequence encoding a CD4-gelsolin fusion polypeptide and used it to transform E.coli.
- the coding region contains a DNA sequence for CD4(181) fused to the 5' end of 140 bp fragment encoding a 12 amino-acid spacer and amino acids 150-173 of gelsolin. This includes the PIP, binding domain.
- the plasmid as follows. (See Figure 6.) First, we produced a DNA sequence containing the human gelsolin PIP, binding domain. The PIP, binding domain is encompassed within amino acids +150 to +169 (nucleotides 541-600) of Figure 1 (SEQ ID N0:1).
- ACE 144 SEQ ID NO:3
- ACE 145 SEQ ID NO:4
- Klenow enzyme Klenow enzyme
- dXTP blunt-ended 140 bp DNA fragments having a BgJ.II site near the 5' end and an EcoRI site near the 3' end.
- the fragments encoded gelsolin amino acids +143 through +173 (see SEQ ID NO:l).
- Plasmid pNN03 is derived from pUC13 by the incorporation of a polylinker.
- Plasmid pEX56 encodes CD4(181) fused in- frame to the 5' end of a DNA insert encoding Pseudomonas endotoxin.
- the insert is bordered by EcoRI sites at the 5' and 3' ends and contains a BgJ.II site at the junction of the CD4-endotoxin sequence.
- the Pseudomonas endotoxin gene has been altered to remove the ribosome binding region.
- Plasmid pEX56 is created by site-directed mutagenesis of pEX46 (Example III, section 2 and Figure 13 (SEQ ID NO:13) with oligonucleotide T4-AID 176 ( Figure 5, SEQ ID NO:9). [The plasmid is described in co-pending PCT application PCT/US89/04584, incorporated herein by reference.] We digested a first sample of pEX56 with EcoRI and Bglll and isolated the 613 bp fragment that encodes CD4(181). Then we digested a second sample of pEX56 with EcoRI. dephosphorylated the fragments, and isolated the 3922 bp fragment representing the pEX56 vector portion.
- E.coli JA221 and E.coli A89 (an htpR " protease deficient mutant) with pCD4-gelsolin and p ⁇ CD4-gelsolin.
- E.coli A89 is a tetracycline- sensitive mutant of E.coli SG936 [ATCC 39624].
- CD4(375) a gift of Biogen, Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts
- a gelsolin moiety by oxidizing sugars on the CD4 glycoprotein to aldehydes and then reacting an aldehyde with an amine on the gelsolin moiety to create an aldehyde-amine linkage.
- GEL1 has the amino acid sequence Gly-Tyr-Gly-Lys-His-Val- Val-Pro-Asn-Glu-Val-Val-Val-Gln-Arg-Leu-Phe-Gln-Val- Lys-Gly-Arg-Arg (SEQ ID NO:14).
- the final twenty amino acids constitute the PIP -binding sequence of gelsolin, amino acids +150 to +169 (see SEQ ID NO:l).
- CD4(375)-gelsolin fusion polypeptides bind to PIP, vesicles.
- CD4(375)-gelsolin fusion polypeptides bind to PIP, vesicles.
- the amount of protein used is appropriately adjusted to take into account the molecular weight of the CD4-gelsolin fusion polypeptide.
- Mg ++ causes micelles of pure polyphosphoinositides to aggregate into larger vesicles, increasing the turbidity of the solution.
- gelsolin inhibits this aggregation.
- CD4(375)-gelsolin behaved like the GELl peptide in this assay. Recombinant sCD4, alone, had no activity in this assay.
- the junction between the gelsolin peptide fragment and the spacer is unnatural, it may be necessary to change the composition or length of the spacer region in order to optimize function. This involves resynthesizing the gelsolin peptide fragment with other sequences added at either the amino or carboxy terminus of the polypeptide. The coupling chemistry would not be affected. Alternatively, it may be advantageous to change selected amino acids from the binding sequence in order to change the affinity of the fusion polypeptide for PIP, '
- a thiol group may be introduced into CD4 using thiol-containing amines, such as cysteine, cystamine or glutathione.
- thiol-containing amines such as cysteine, cystamine or glutathione.
- An aldehyde is introduced into CD4 and then one creates an aldehyde-amine linkage (see Example II) .
- the thiol-containing CD4 Once the thiol-containing CD4 is generated, it can be selectively crosslinked to the gelsolin moiety.
- CD4(glutathione) was treated the samples with 40 mM DTT for 40 minutes at 23°C. We then dialyzed them against storage buffer (10 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0, 100 mM NaCl) . We monitored the extent of modification with Ellman's reagent. Briefly, we diluted the samples into 100 ⁇ l of 100 mM sodium phosphate pH 8.0, 0.5 mM DTNB and measured the absorbance after 5 minutes at 410 nm. We calibrated the samples against a standard curve that was developed with reduced glutathione. Both cystamine and glutathione treatments resulted in three to five groups per CD4.
- the moieties may be crosslinked through disulfide bonds using conventional techniques.
- a free cysteine may be introduced in the primary sequence of CD4 through genetic engineering.
- Crosslinking to the gelsolin moiety is then directed using the methods of section 1 of this example.
- CD4(lllCys) To produce CD4(lllCys) we constructed the expression plasmid pDC219. (See Figure 9.)
- p218-8 a plasmid in which the AP T promoter controls the expression of CD4(111). This plasmid is described in PCT patent application WO 89/0194, p. 77/93, Figure 28.
- the DNA seguence for p218-8 is depicted in Figure 10 (SEQ ID NO:11).
- oligonucleotides T4AID-133 SEQ ID NO:5
- T4AID-134 SEQ ID NO:6
- Figure 5 We phosphorylated oligonucleotides T4AID-133 (SEQ ID NO:5) and T4AID-134 (SEQ ID NO:6) ( Figure 5) using bacteriophage T4 polynucleotide kinase. These oligonucleotides contain a Bglll recognition sequence. Then we ligated the purified DNA fragments and the oligonucleotides.
- CD4(lllCys) To isolate CD4(lllCys) we thawed 50 g frozen whole cells, suspended them in 20 mM Tris pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 0.4 mg/ml lysozyme, and mixed with a Polytron (Brinkman Instruments, Westbury, N.Y.). We stirred the cell slurry at room temperature for one hour, then passed it three times through a prechilled Manton Gaulin French press (550 setting) . We chilled the lysate on ice between each passage. We pelleted particulates in a SA600 rotor for 15 minutes at 10,000 rpm.
- CD4(lllCys) peak was pooled and diluted it to an absorbance of under O.D. 0.5 at 280 nm. Then we dialyzed the sample overnight, 1:100 V:V, with one change, against 3 M urea, 20 mM Tris pH 7.5. We diluted the dialysate to 1 M urea with the 20 mM Tris pH 7.5, and filtered it through 0.45 ⁇ sterile filter unit. We bound CD4 from the filtrate to 6C6-Sepharose for one hour at 4°C with rocking. 6C6 is a monoclonal antibody developed at Biogen that recognizes CD4 and blocks CD4 binding to gpl20.
- anti-Leu-3a a monoclonal available from Becton- Dickinson, Mountain View, California. Then we poured the slurry into a column and washed with 2 x 0.5 column volumes 50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 0.5 M NaCl (wash 2), and 2 x 0.5 column volumes of wash 1 buffer (wash 3) .
- CD4(lllCys) was eluted from the resin with a series of 0.1 column volume additions of 50 mM glycine, pH 3.0, 250 mM NaCl. We neutralized the eluate by the addition of 2 M Tris pH 9.0 to 50 mM.
- the resulting affinity purified protein was 90% CD4(lllCys) monomer with contaminating multimeric bands. When run under reducing conditions these additional bands collapsed into the monomer, indicating they were disulfide forms of the protein. From 1 gm wet weight of cells we recovered between 0.5 to 0.75 mg of CD4(lllCys). We assayed the gpl20 binding activity and found it to be about half the specific activity that is observed for full length CD4. We carried out biotinylation studies using maleimidobutyryl biocytin (MBB) to test the susceptibility of the engineered cysteine to modification with the maleimide.
- MBB maleimidobutyryl biocytin
- CD4(180Cys) we constructed the expression plasmid AP_i180Cys, in which a AP_Li promoter controls the expression of a DNA sequence encoding CD4(180Cys). (See Figure 11.)
- plasmid pBG391 an animal cell expression vector that expresses CD4(375).
- the DNA sequence of this plasmid is set forth in Figure 12 (SEQ ID NO:12)).
- StuI cuts the CD4 gene at the codon for amino acid 182.
- T4AID-137 SEQ ID NO:7
- T4AID-138 SEQ ID NO:8
- Figure 5 We phosphorylated oligonucleotides T4AID-137 (SEQ ID NO:7) and T4AID-138 (SEQ ID NO:8) ( Figure 5) and ligated into the Stul-cleaved pBG391.
- pBG398C2 by the presence of a BamHI site, generated at the junction of the StuI site and T4AID- 137.
- CD4(180Cys) was expressed at about 5% of the total cell protein.
- CD4(180Cys) may be prepared as follows: The pH of the diluted extract obtained as described above is lowered 20 to 7.0 with HCl and loaded at 1% vol/vol onto a Fast S column equilibrated in 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0. Bound protein is washed with 5 column volumes of equilibration buffer and eluted with 0.2 M NaCl in the same buffer. The elution pool is diluted with one 25 volume of 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.7 and loaded on a
- CD4 may also be crosslinked with a cysteine-containing gelsolin moiety using a hetero-bifunctional crosslinking agent.
- Such crosslinkers include succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) , m-maleimidobenzoyl- N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS) , or N-succinimidyl 3- (2-pyridyldithiol) proprionate (SPDP) .
- SMCC succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate
- MBS m-maleimidobenzoyl- N-hydroxysuccinimide ester
- SPDP N-succinimidyl 3- (2-pyridyldithiol) proprionate
- the crosslinker is incubated with CD4 for 0.5 hours at pH 6.0 at 23°C. Unreacted crosslinker is then removed on a desalting column. SPDP is used as described in the Pharmacia Co. Users Manual. A gelsolin moiety having a free terminal cysteine is then added. The mixture is incubated for 3 hours at 23°C, creating the covalent linkage. Unreacted gelsolin moiety is removed on a desalting column.
- CD4-gelsolin fusion polypeptides retain affinity for gpl20 and that they bind PIP 2 vesicles through the gelsolin moiety. This demonstrates that the chemistry we have developed to produce multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs is sound. As a next step, we produced and tested a multimeric CD4(375)-gelsolin fusion construct.
- Multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs comprising CD4-gelsolin fusion polypeptides were produced using methods that involve binding the fusion polypeptides to PIP 2 vesicles.
- PIP vesicles were produced in the following manner.
- pI P 2 may be obtained as a lyophilized solid (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri). Water was added to the dried sample to a concentration of 1 to 3 mg/ml and the mixture was sonicated for between 30 seconds to 2 minutes at maximum intensity in a Heat Systems - Ultrasonics, Inc. (Farmingdale, New York) W185® apparatus or its equivalent until an optically clear solution formed. These samples were kept at 4°C and used within a week or they were stored frozen for future use. For storage, the samples were divided into aliquots, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70° until use. Prior to use, the samples were thawed quickly under a stream of warm water and sonicated for 30 minutes at room temperature in a water bath sonicator.
- CD4-gelsolin fusion polypeptides were then added to lipid at a 5 to 10 molar excess of lipid over protein and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for about five minutes.
- rsCD4 itself, binds to PIP 2 vesicles and that in doing so, its ability to bind gpl20 is inactivated.
- Recombinant sCD4 has pockets of positive charge that cause it to bind to cation exchange matrices with high avidity at neutral pH. Since PIP vesicles, like cation exchange matrices, possess high negative charge, we believe that the binding of rsCD4 to PIP 2 vesicles is due to its ionic character.
- multimeric CD4- gelsolin fusion constructs that bind gpl20 by altering the charge of the CD4 moiety so that it no longer binds PIP, vesicles.
- multimeric CD4(181)-gelsolin fusion constructs have other uses. For example, they are useful as immunogens to elicit ⁇ - CD4 antibodies. In diagnostic assays, they are useful to detect the presence of ⁇ -CD4 in a sample. A percentage of patients infected with HIV exhibit ⁇ -CD4 antibodies. Positive charge at neutral pH and high salt concentration is uncommon among proteins. Accordingly, we do not believe that many proteins other than CD4 would exhibit deactivation when employed to produce multimeric-gelsolin fusion constructs according to this invention. Nevertheless, the ionic character and lipid-binding properties of potential functional moieties are factors to be considered in predicting the ultimate biological activity and characteristics of multimeric gelsolin fusion constructs produced using them.
- Microorganisms and recombinant DNA molecules according to this invention are exemplified by cultures deposited in the In Vitro International, Inc. culture collection, in Linthicum, Maryland, USA on May 4, 1990, and identified as: pCD4-gelsolin IVI-10253 pl70.2 IVI-10252.
- GACCCTGCCA CATATGGACA GTTCTATGGA GGCGACAGCT ACATCATTCT GTACAACTAC 1440
- CAGCTCCAGA AAAATTTGAC CTGTGAGGTG TGGGGACCCA CCTCCCCTAA GCTGATGCTG 1020
- CAACAGGCTC CAAGCCAAGC TTTCCTGACG GAATGTTAAT TCTCGTTGAC CCTGAGCAGG 3780
- GAATTAATTC CAGCTTGCTG TGGAATGTGT GTCAGTTAGG GTGTGGAAAG TCCCCAGGCT 60
- CTGTCTGCGA GGGCCAGCTG TTGGGCTCGC GGTTGAGGAC AAACTCTTCG CGGTCTTTCC 660
- AGAAGACCCC AAGGACTTTC CTTCAGAATT GCTAAGTTTT TTGAGTCATG CTGTGTTTAG 2760
- AAAATAGTCA ACACGCACGG TGTTAGATAT TTATCCCTTG CGGTGATAGA TTTAACGTAT 4680
- TAAATTCATA TAAAAAACAT ACAGATAACC ATCTGCGGTG ATAAATTATC TCTGGCGGTG 5580
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Cited By (10)
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WO1993025564A1 (en) * | 1992-06-15 | 1993-12-23 | Brigham And Women's Hospital | Phosphoinositide-binding peptides derived from the sequences of gelsolin and villin |
WO1998004589A2 (en) * | 1996-07-30 | 1998-02-05 | Biogen, Inc. | Production of recombinant plasma gelsolin containing a disulfide bond |
WO1998020887A1 (en) * | 1996-11-14 | 1998-05-22 | Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Polyphosphoinositide binding peptides for intracellular drug delivery |
US5783662A (en) * | 1995-02-22 | 1998-07-21 | Brigham & Women's Hospital, Inc. | Polyphosphoinsitide binding peptides for intracellular drug delivery |
EP0965597A1 (en) * | 1996-12-27 | 1999-12-22 | Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Cell membrane-directed drugs |
US20060009386A1 (en) * | 2004-05-12 | 2006-01-12 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Use of gelsolin to treat infections |
US8198094B2 (en) | 2006-03-15 | 2012-06-12 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Methods of using gelsolin levels to characterize a subject's risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis |
US8440622B2 (en) | 2006-03-15 | 2013-05-14 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Use of gelsolin to treat multiple sclerosis and to diagnose neurologic disease (stossel) |
US9408891B2 (en) | 2003-11-12 | 2016-08-09 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Methods of using gelsolin to treat or prevent bacterial sepsis |
US9575072B2 (en) | 2008-01-25 | 2017-02-21 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gelsolin in renal failure |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4999344A (en) * | 1987-11-06 | 1991-03-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Phosphatidyl treatment of rapidly proliferating cells |
-
1991
- 1991-05-03 EP EP91910701A patent/EP0481070A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-05-03 AU AU80861/91A patent/AU8086191A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-05-03 WO PCT/US1991/002954 patent/WO1991017170A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-05-03 CA CA002063593A patent/CA2063593A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-05-03 JP JP3510402A patent/JPH05501503A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4999344A (en) * | 1987-11-06 | 1991-03-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Phosphatidyl treatment of rapidly proliferating cells |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
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AM. REV. RESPJR. DIS. Vol. 138 (2). Issued 1988, LIND et al pages 429-434 Abstract only: See entire document. * |
Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 25 Issued 1972. M.H. KLAPPER et al., "Acylation with Dicarboxylic Acid Anhydrides", pp. 521-96: See entire document. * |
The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 263, No. 2, Issued 15 January 1988, ANDRE' et al. "Severin, Gelsoi in, and Villin Share a Homologous Sequence in Regions Presumed to Contain F-Actin Serving Domains", pp 722-727: See entire document. * |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO1993025564A1 (en) * | 1992-06-15 | 1993-12-23 | Brigham And Women's Hospital | Phosphoinositide-binding peptides derived from the sequences of gelsolin and villin |
US5783662A (en) * | 1995-02-22 | 1998-07-21 | Brigham & Women's Hospital, Inc. | Polyphosphoinsitide binding peptides for intracellular drug delivery |
US5846743A (en) * | 1995-02-22 | 1998-12-08 | Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Polyphoshoinositide binding peptides for intracellular drug delivery |
WO1998004589A2 (en) * | 1996-07-30 | 1998-02-05 | Biogen, Inc. | Production of recombinant plasma gelsolin containing a disulfide bond |
WO1998004589A3 (en) * | 1996-07-30 | 1998-03-26 | Biogen Inc | Production of recombinant plasma gelsolin containing a disulfide bond |
WO1998020887A1 (en) * | 1996-11-14 | 1998-05-22 | Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Polyphosphoinositide binding peptides for intracellular drug delivery |
EP0965597A1 (en) * | 1996-12-27 | 1999-12-22 | Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Cell membrane-directed drugs |
EP0965597A4 (en) * | 1996-12-27 | 2003-01-08 | Mochida Pharm Co Ltd | Cell membrane-directed drugs |
US9408891B2 (en) | 2003-11-12 | 2016-08-09 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Methods of using gelsolin to treat or prevent bacterial sepsis |
US20060009386A1 (en) * | 2004-05-12 | 2006-01-12 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Use of gelsolin to treat infections |
EP2335722A3 (en) * | 2004-05-12 | 2012-06-13 | The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc. | Use of gelsolin to treat infections |
US10022424B2 (en) | 2004-05-12 | 2018-07-17 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Use of gelsolin to treat infections |
US8440622B2 (en) | 2006-03-15 | 2013-05-14 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Use of gelsolin to treat multiple sclerosis and to diagnose neurologic disease (stossel) |
US9316639B2 (en) | 2006-03-15 | 2016-04-19 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Use of gelsolin to diagnose and treat inflammatory diseases |
US8198094B2 (en) | 2006-03-15 | 2012-06-12 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Methods of using gelsolin levels to characterize a subject's risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis |
US10238715B2 (en) | 2006-03-15 | 2019-03-26 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Methods for treating or reducing the risk of arthritis in a subject by administering gelsolin |
US9575072B2 (en) | 2008-01-25 | 2017-02-21 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gelsolin in renal failure |
US10272136B2 (en) | 2008-01-25 | 2019-04-30 | The General Hospital Corporation | Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gelsolin in renal failure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0481070A1 (en) | 1992-04-22 |
JPH05501503A (en) | 1993-03-25 |
CA2063593A1 (en) | 1991-11-05 |
AU8086191A (en) | 1991-11-27 |
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