WO1991015857A1 - Procede d'utilisation de la technique de capture k au moyen d'electrons de haute energie - Google Patents

Procede d'utilisation de la technique de capture k au moyen d'electrons de haute energie Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1991015857A1
WO1991015857A1 PCT/HU1990/000022 HU9000022W WO9115857A1 WO 1991015857 A1 WO1991015857 A1 WO 1991015857A1 HU 9000022 W HU9000022 W HU 9000022W WO 9115857 A1 WO9115857 A1 WO 9115857A1
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Prior art keywords
atoms
set forth
nuclei
electrons
ionizing
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Application number
PCT/HU1990/000022
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English (en)
Inventor
Péter Teleki
Original Assignee
Teleki Peter
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Teleki Peter filed Critical Teleki Peter
Priority to PCT/HU1990/000022 priority Critical patent/WO1991015857A1/fr
Publication of WO1991015857A1 publication Critical patent/WO1991015857A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
    • G21G1/00—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes
    • G21G1/04—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes outside nuclear reactors or particle accelerators
    • G21G1/10—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes outside nuclear reactors or particle accelerators by bombardment with electrically charged particles

Definitions

  • the present invention refers to the field of application of high energy nuclear radiation and more exactly to a method of utilizing the K capture process caused in different elements by application of high energy electrons, wherein a target is prepared from a first element ard arranged under influence of a source of radiation.
  • the method of the invention results in the possibility of making use of the different kinds of the electron accelerators, regardless to their kind, whereby the economy of operating the different accelerators can be remarkably improved.
  • the proposed method can be realized with accelerators of diverse kinds, especially for decomposing some kinds of dangereous radioactive waste components, for producing rare and expensive materials, elements, and for energetic purposes.
  • the K capture process causes the reduction of the atomic number by one.
  • the atonic nucleus receives an electron transforming a proton into a neutron.
  • the nucleus thus transformed emits a neutrino and energy.
  • the atomic number can not be changed in one step. It is possible, as e.g. in the case of platinum that the Pt 196 platinurr. isotope that the process results in activating the basic isotcpe, in transforming it into an intermediate isotope showing a decay process ending in the nucleus of an element differing from that of the first element (the activation gives the Pt 197 isotope decaying with half-period about 20 hours to the Au 196 gold isotope. In most cases, the (n, gamma) reaction is expensive and inconvenient because of the high level radioactive radiation represented or generated by the neutrons.
  • the object of the present invention is to make use of high energy electrons in the electron accelerators for producing some expensive elements and isotopes, further for inactivaiing some radioactive waste components, especially pluto nium and uranium produced in nuclear reactors.
  • the invention is based on the recognition that the K capture process offers a very advantageous possibility of transforming atomic nuclei, whereby it is possible to gain also supplementary energy amounts.
  • the invention is a method of utilizing the K capture process by the means of high energy electrons, comprising the step of preparing a target consisted of a first element, the novelty of which lies in the further steps of (a) ionizing the atoms of "the first element for producing nuclei to be transformed into the nuclei of a second element by removing at least one electron from at least one electron shell of the atom, (b) introducing electrons of advantageous energy lying over 1 MeV into the nuclei, substantially at least one electron into one nucleus, and (c) completing the shell with the electrons, wherein (d) the first element is lithium, arsenic, titanium, ruthenium, palladium, silver, caesium, sararium, gadolinium, dysprosium, ytterbium, tantalum, iridium, plutonium, gold, mercury, plutonium or uraniin.
  • the step of ionizing the atoms of the first elements by preparing a plasma thereof or by making the atoms cross a thin metallic foil or by bombarding then with positrons advantageousaly of energy below 1 MHz.
  • the first element in neutralizing the by-products of different nuclear plants and arrangements it is proposed to select the first element as uranium or plutonium obtained as radioactive waste from a nuclear reactor.
  • the method of the invention can be advantageously applied for producing materials being more expensive than the first element if the first element is arsenic-, ruthenium, silver, caesium, samarium, tantalum or gold.
  • the production of energy is possible if the first element is especially lithium, but it may be also caesium, tantalum or gold.
  • the method of the invention offers a very advantageous possibility of producing expensive materials.
  • an appropriate first element should be selected according to the object determined.
  • the first element In neutralizing by-products of different nuclear plants and arrangements it is proposed to select the first element as uranium or plutonium obtained as radioactive waste from a nuclear reactor. If a second element being more expensive or rare than the first is to be generated, then the is advantageously arsenic, ruthenium, silver, caesium, samarium, tantalum or gold.
  • the method proposed by the invention offers in limited extent the possiblity of producing energy when the first element is especially lithium, but it may be also caesium, tantalum or gold.
  • the first element is selected rather to be an appropriate isotope the transformation of which can result in a stable isotope of the second element. Hence, it is possible to obtain the first element in the form of an isotope produced by irradiating a stable isotrpe with epithermal, thermal or resonance neutrons.
  • the basic object of the invention is to generate a second element by the K capture process from a first element. This process is possible rather after ionizing the first element, and the ionization should result in removing as many electrons from the electron shells of the atom as possible.
  • This means, an atom of an element having atomic number Z can be ionized up to the extent Z Z+ (i. e. at most Z, generally maximally fourteen electrons can be removed from the atom by decomposing at least one or all shells).
  • the number of the electrons removed from the shells is generally not higher than 14.
  • the ionization can be ensured by known means, among others by forming a high temperature plasma from the atoms, by passing the atoms through a thin metallic foil. These means may be, however, sometimes disadvantageous because of the high temperature ionization.
  • a more preferred possibility is to irradiate the atoms by positrons obtained from an appropriate source, as an acceleratcr or Na 22 isotope.
  • the ionizing process to be carried out by the means of electrons can be realized in a chamber connected with a toroid shaped arrangement wherein the chamber receives the atoms to be ionized which are irradiated here with positrons of relatively low energy, lying rather below 1 MHz. (The higher energy positrons cross the atoms of the first element without remarkable interaction, i.e. low intensity ionization will be ensured).
  • the ionized atoms flow to the toroid arrangement.
  • the K capture reaction itself follows under the influence of electrons of relatively high energy exceeding 1.0 MHz which have to enter the nuclei of the ionized atoms.
  • the nucleus receives one electron resulting in transformation of one proton into a neutron and a neutrine. Some energy can be liberated, too.
  • the nucleus having atomic number Z - 1 is obtained and a further electron source is applied for completing the electron shells decompleted or removed by ionization, for reconstructing the electron shell system according to the features of the atoms constituting the element generated in this process.
  • the nucleus generated by the K capture process from the first eleme ⁇ u is also an instable iso tope. It can be stabilized e.g. by the means of thermal neutrons.
  • the method as proposed is, hovever, capable of creating conditions for generating such isotopes of certain elements which are themselves not stable but for some reasons very important. So, the method of the invention offers the possibility of producing isotopes of technetium and prometium.
  • the isotope As 75 of arsenic ( 33 As) is activated by neutrons to As 76 and the last is transformed into stable isotope Ge 76 of germanium ( 32 Ge) by a K capture reaction.
  • the arsenic consists practically of isotope As 75 only, so this is a convenient way of preparing the stable isotope Ge 76 constituting about 7.76 wt% of germanium as it can be found in the nature.
  • the isotopes Ru 98 and Ru 99 of the ruthenium ( 44 Ru) can be transformed by K capture reactions into the respective isotopes Tc 98 and Tc 99 of technetium ( 43 Tc, both are isotopes to be found also in natural conditions in the stars but not on the Earth - they may have very important applications).
  • the isotopes Ag 197 and Ag 109 giving the natural composition of silver ( 47 Ag) can be activated by a (n, gamma) reaction to respective isotopes Ag 198 and Ag 110 which undergoing a K capture reaction result in the isotopes Pd 108 and Pd 110 of palladium ( 46 Pd) constituting respectively 26.71 wt% and 11.81 wt% of palladium as it can be found in the nature. (Nowadays, palladium is about 25 times more expensive than silver).
  • the isotope Cs 133 of caesium ( 55 Cs) can be transformed by a K capture reaction into the isotope Xe 133 of xenon ( 54 Xe) with the half-decay about 5.27 days which is transformed also by an (n, gamma) reaction into the stable isotope Xe 134.
  • xenon costs about 25 times mere Than caesium.
  • the isotopes Sm 144 and Sm 147 of samarium ( 62 Sm) can be transformed by K capture reactions into isotopes Pm 144 and
  • the isotope Ta 181 of tantalum (73 Ta ) can be transformed by a K capture reaction into the isotope Hf 181 of hafnium ( 72 Hf) having half-period 44.6 days and being transformable by an (n, gamma) reaction into the isotope Hf 182.
  • This isotope having half-period about 8.10 years finds different applications and is about 15 times more expensive than the tantalum practically consisting of the single isotope Ta 181 (it comprises The isotope 73 Ta in only 0.0123 wt%).
  • the. isotope Au 197 of gold ( 79 Au) - acnstituting the whole composition of the natural gold - can be activated to the isotope Au 198 which is transformed by a K capture reaction into the stable isotope Pt 198 of platinum ( 78 Pt).
  • the platinum is about double so expensive than gold.
  • the third field of application is to produce energy.
  • the decay process of the heavy elements up to the iron (from plutonium) gives always free energy, but this process is linked with many difficulties.
  • the present invention proposes the apply lithium which will be transformed into helium. It is also very advantageous to apply arsenic, caesium, tantalum and gold for this purpose - the elements mentioned substantially in 100 wt% consist of one isotopes, therefore the method of the invention gives double advantage: the element transformation and the energy production can be carried cut simultaneously.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)

Abstract

Procédé d'utilisation de la technique de capture K au moyen d'électrons de haute énergie, comprenant l'étape consistant à préparer une cible composée d'un premier élément, les nouvelles étapes consistant à ioniser les atomes du premier élément afin de produire des noyaux à transformer en noyaux d'un second élément par élimination d'au moins un électron provenant de l'enveloppe de l'atome, à introduire des électrons dans les noyaux, un électron dans un noyau, afin de les transformer en les noyaux du second élément, et à compléter l'enveloppe à l'aide des électrons, le premier élément étant choisi dans le groupe comprenant du lithium, de l'arsenic, du titane, du ruthénium, du palladium, de l'argent, du césium, du samarium, du gadolimiun, du dysprosium, de l'ytterbium, du tantale, de l'iridium, du plutonium, de l'or, du mercure, du plutonium et de l'uranium.
PCT/HU1990/000022 1990-04-03 1990-04-03 Procede d'utilisation de la technique de capture k au moyen d'electrons de haute energie WO1991015857A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/HU1990/000022 WO1991015857A1 (fr) 1990-04-03 1990-04-03 Procede d'utilisation de la technique de capture k au moyen d'electrons de haute energie

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/HU1990/000022 WO1991015857A1 (fr) 1990-04-03 1990-04-03 Procede d'utilisation de la technique de capture k au moyen d'electrons de haute energie

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998022073A2 (fr) * 1996-11-05 1998-05-28 Duke University Production de radionucleides au moyen de faisceaux electroniques intenses

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2858459A (en) * 1954-06-02 1958-10-28 Erich G K Schwarz Secondary emission type of nuclear battery
US3205564A (en) * 1963-05-02 1965-09-14 High Voltage Engineering Corp Neutron emissive target
CH432646A (fr) * 1965-05-12 1967-03-31 Us Radium Corp Europ Ampoule auto-lumineuse radioactive
DE2900516A1 (de) * 1978-01-09 1979-07-19 Atomic Energy Of Canada Ltd Vorrichtung zur erzeugung einer roentgenbremsstrahlung
EP0099946A1 (fr) * 1982-07-23 1984-02-08 University Patents, Inc. Procédé et appareil pour provoquer la décroissance nucléaire bêta

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2858459A (en) * 1954-06-02 1958-10-28 Erich G K Schwarz Secondary emission type of nuclear battery
US3205564A (en) * 1963-05-02 1965-09-14 High Voltage Engineering Corp Neutron emissive target
CH432646A (fr) * 1965-05-12 1967-03-31 Us Radium Corp Europ Ampoule auto-lumineuse radioactive
DE2900516A1 (de) * 1978-01-09 1979-07-19 Atomic Energy Of Canada Ltd Vorrichtung zur erzeugung einer roentgenbremsstrahlung
EP0099946A1 (fr) * 1982-07-23 1984-02-08 University Patents, Inc. Procédé et appareil pour provoquer la décroissance nucléaire bêta

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998022073A2 (fr) * 1996-11-05 1998-05-28 Duke University Production de radionucleides au moyen de faisceaux electroniques intenses
WO1998022073A3 (fr) * 1996-11-05 1999-02-25 Univ Duke Production de radionucleides au moyen de faisceaux electroniques intenses

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