WO1991014047A1 - Coastal stabilization by fluidizing non-cohesive subsoil - Google Patents
Coastal stabilization by fluidizing non-cohesive subsoil Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1991014047A1 WO1991014047A1 PCT/US1991/001482 US9101482W WO9114047A1 WO 1991014047 A1 WO1991014047 A1 WO 1991014047A1 US 9101482 W US9101482 W US 9101482W WO 9114047 A1 WO9114047 A1 WO 9114047A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- subsoil
- beach
- array
- foraminous
- piping
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
- E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
- E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
- E02B3/041—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours using active mechanical means, e.g. fluidizing or pumping
Definitions
- TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to stabilizing coastal regions, as by fluidizing offshore non-cohesive subsoil in deshoaling harbors or navigable inlets or channels, and transporting the fluidized subsoil elsewhere, as onto a beach to augment or maintain it, with or without beach subsoil dewatering.
- Navigable inlet or channel maintenance traditionally is attempted by dredging, repeated whenever nature fills in an existing or former channel— sually more often than anyone anticipated.
- the necessity of periodic redredging may be overlooked or, if considered, be optimistically minimized, whereupon its actual cost may prove to exceed budget limits. Accordingly, in many instances no effective action is taken, or (if taken) becomes ineffective because of financial or technical limitations. Dredging is disruptive to underwater landscapes and conducive to deleterious changes in existing currents or tidal flows or their effects. Dredging also may necessitate costly transporting and redepo ⁇ ition of subsoil.
- the present inventor follows the precept that man has to learn to use, rather than to oppose, nature in all such environmental efforts.
- PCT/US91/00421 he has described novel means and methods of e placing foraminous piping for fluidization and dewatering purposes. Beach stabilization using dewatering foraminous piping is a somewhat more recent development.
- This invention utilizes subsoil fluidization to improve harbor or navigable inlet or channel deshoaling and main- tenance and to improve beach enhancement and maintenance.
- these objectives are attained by fluidizing offshore subsoil (non-cohesive when wet) for transport from an existing location to a preferred location in slurry form, whether by natural flow of the adjacent water or assisted by pumping.
- Water as from onshore storage or withdrawn from subsoil underlying a nearby beach—and/or air is jetted into such offshore (underwater) subsoil to fluidize it into a slurry.
- Such jetting occurs steadily, intermittently, or in patterned pulsed manner via foraminous piping for desired fluidization.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective illustration of an embodiment of fluidization of non-cohesive subsoil, as in channel maintenance, according to the present invention
- Fig. 2 is a schematic plan view of another embodiment of fluidization by this invention, with subsoil removal
- Fig. 3 is a plan of supply piping, with multiple foraminous branch lines, according to this invention
- Fig. 4 is a side elevation of a segment of the piping of Fig. 3, in a position for use according to the invention;
- Figs. 1 is a schematic perspective illustration of an embodiment of fluidization of non-cohesive subsoil, as in channel maintenance, according to the present invention
- Fig. 2 is a schematic plan view of another embodiment of fluidization by this invention, with subsoil removal
- Fig. 3 is a plan of supply piping, with multiple foraminous branch lines, according to this invention
- Fig. 4 is a side elevation of a segment of the piping of Fig. 3, in a position for use according
- FIG. 5A and 5B are schematic end sectional elevations of another embodiment of this invention, with buried piping, shown before (Fig. 5A) and after (Fig. 5B) fluidization use;
- FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a control unit for individual valves of the foraminous fluidization piping;
- Figs. 7A, 7B, and 7C are sequential plan views of a piping array of the invention at lengthwise timed intervals;
- Figs. 8A, 8B, and 8C are similar sequential plan views of such array at successive widthwise timed intervals.
- Fig. 9 is a schematic plan of an eroded beach (at left) and a shoaled navigation channel (at right);
- Fig. 9 is a schematic plan of an eroded beach (at left) and a shoaled navigation channel (at right);
- Fig. 9 is a schematic plan of an eroded beach (at left) and a shoaled navigation channel (at right); Fig.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic elevation of the same eroded beach and shoaled navigation channel, taken in Fig. 9 along X-X onshore at the left and offshore at the right;
- Fig. 11 is a plan of the beach (at left) of Figs. 9 and 10 enhanced by sandy subsoil from the shoaled channel;
- Fig. 12 is a sectional elevation of the previous chan- nel (Figs. 9 and 10) after de-shoaling by fluidization.
- Fig. 13 is a side view of a beach and offshore vicinity (sectioned) embodying apparatus according to this invention;
- Fig. 14 is a plan view corresponding to Fig. 13;
- Fig. 15 is a sectional elevation taken along XV-XV of Fig.
- Fig. 16 is a sectional elevation similar to Fig. 15 but taken along XVI-XVI at an intermediate location;
- Fig. 17 is a side sectional elevation of a variant of the locality and apparatus of Fig. 13;
- Fig. 18 is a side elevation of another embodiment of foraminous piping (or jet tubing) useful in the practice of the present invention;
- Fig. 19 is a transverse sectional view of such piping embodiment taken at XIX on Fig. 18;
- Fig. 20 is a side elevation yet another embodiment of foraminous piping (or jet tubing) useful in the practice of the present invention;
- Fig. 21 is a transverse sectional view of such piping embodiment taken at XXI on Fig. 20.
- FIG. 1 shows schematically, in sectional perspective, a first embodiment 10 of this invention as parallelepipedal block 11 of a channeled section of non-cohesive subsoil 15 having therein several side-by-side mini-channels 17A, 17B, 17C.
- An arrow located at the lower right but directed to the upper left indicates LATERAL DRIFT or natural alongshore current flow direction.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective of an additional fluidization embodiment 10' of this invention viewed from above and to one side.
- two pairs of parallel pipes 16A' & 16B' plus 16C & 16D' are spaced laterally apart, in non-cohesive sub- soil 15 (stippled).
- Upright exhaust pipe 19 rises above the plane of the pipes and the horizontal parts of inlet tee 18 (with arrows)—located where the center of the middle pipe was in Fig. 1.
- the exhaust pipe is broken off in a horizon- tal drift direction at the top (with arrow) .
- An eductor pump for producing exhaust flow in pipe 19 is not shown here but will be understood to be connected to the exhaust pipe.
- FIG. 3 shows in elevation (in a shipping orientation) supply fluidization pipe or manifold assembly 16 featuring supply pipe 2 and spaced close above it a parallel row of relatively shorter foraminous water-jetting tubes 6, each offset from the larger pipe by intervening tube 4 and valve 5 at the junction between 4 and 6.
- the pipe may be thought of as segmented by the intersecting tubes 4 with their as- sociated jetting means. It will be understood that the detail shown here did not appear in preceding views because of the considerable difference in scale.
- Fig. 4 shows in elevation (in working orientation) one segment of the assembly shown to a greater extent in the last preceding view with downwardly directed arrows indicat- ing the jetting of water from the openings (foramina) in the tubes into the subsoil— ot separately shown.
- Figs. 5A and 5B show schematically fluidization embodi- ment 10" of this invention after emplacement with the aid of fluidization by underlying pipes 6.
- Fig. 5A differs from Fig. 5B by showing the top surface of sandy subsoil 15 at an appreciable depth overlying the piping, as after burial but before going on-line, whereas the lower surface in Fig. 5B accords better with relatively recent on-line fluidization.
- eductor inlet tee 18 is also buried in Fig. 5A but at about the less well defined Fig. 5B surface level.
- the embodiment of Figs. 5A and 5B also differs from the Fig.
- FIG. 2 embodiment by showing fluidization jetting tubes 6 underlying respective supply pipes 16 A through 16F to which they are connected (connections not visible here).
- Optional (dashed) intake tee with exhaust riser 19 is centered be- tween them in plan.
- Underlying and interconnected thereto are corresponding water-jetting tubes 6.
- Supported above respective supply pipes on flexible stalks 1 are sensors 3 responsive to water flow or pressure (electrical connections to sensors not shown).
- Fig. 5B shows fluidization embodiment 10" similarly to Fig. 5A, except after (instead of before) recent fluidiza- tion and similarly to Fig. 1 in that respect.
- Fig 6 shows control apparatus 20 for the respective valves of the water-jetting tubes of the preceding views. Featured is CONTROL UNIT 21, which is provided with PROGRAM INPUT means 23 and with DISPLAY means 25. SENSOR INPUT is provided to the CONTROL UNIT as is indicated by the leftward arrow at the right, and control signals go from it TO VALVES as is indicated by the leftward arrow at the left.
- a main function of the program input is to time the opening and closing of fluidization valves so as to produce the desired lateral transport of the non-cohesive subsoil.
- Such programming may be done in advance or may be done in real time by a human operator, as preferred. Valve control is guided by a theoretical understanding of the physical con- ditions being dealt with and/or by monitoring of changes in physical conditions as they are being achieved, preferably by both such types of input. Sensed water flow and/or pres- sure can constitute suitable input signals.
- the CONTROL UNIT conveniently is a digital computer, with one or more central processing units (CPUs), also analog-to-digital modems to convert analog signals from the sensors to digital signals for processing.
- the PROGRAM INPUT means shown schematically in Fig. 6 includes a keyboard and also electrical and/or optical means for reading program disks or the like.
- FIG. 6 can show assumed or measured physical conditions, in- eluding the results of simulations provided by the CPU(s) in the CONTROL UNIT and optionally real-time results being monitored by the underwater sensors.
- the next sets of diagrams show examples of lateral transport of non-cohesive subsoil (such as sand) achievable by pulsed "peristaltic" control of the fluidization valves according to this invention. In these views stippling indi- cates respective fluidized subsoil areas.
- Figs. 7A, 7B, and 7C are plan views of fluidization em- bodiment 10" at successive timed intervals, with the subsoil fluidized first in the top third, then in the middle third, and finally in the bottom third (Fig. 7A through Fig.
- Figs. 8A, 8B, and 8C are plan views of embodiment 10" as in the preceding set of views except showing fluidization at successive widthwise timed intervals.
- the fluidization begins in the lengths nearest the broken-line showing between the pipe trios, then progresses to the next flanking pipes, and finally to the outermost pair of pipes.
- pair of pipes 16C" and 16D" are pulsed first
- 16B" and 16E" are pulsed next
- 16A" and 16F" are pulsed last.
- Such progression produces a double gradient from the outer left and right toward the broken-line intermediate region.
- the overlying water flows predominantly laterally toward the centerline and carries with it the fluidized sub- soil, which can be piped away by one or more exhaust risers from intake tees or interconnected foraminous intake pipes.
- the fluidization valve sequencing preferably proceeds outward from the center both laterally and longitudinally toward the perimeter, so as to produce a counter-flow of fluidized subsoil from the outer reaches of the array to a centralized eduction locus. Actual eduction accentuates the gradient in that direction.
- an opposite or outward-in fluidization sequenc- ing may be employed to transport the fluidized subsoil progressively from the centerline laterally outward. This is conducive to a conventional channel configuration: low along the centerline and on both sides thereof for the desired width of the channel. In such event an odd number of parallel fluidization pipes may employed, with one in- serted along the centerline as in Fig. 1.
- Figs. 9 through 12 show deshoaling of a channel and restoration of an eroded beach according to this invention.
- Fig. 9 shows, schematically in plan, a "split-screen" view of BEACH 30 at the left and navigation CHANNEL 35 be- tween banks 39 at the right.
- ERODED SHORELINE 31 marks the present extent of the beach.
- the channel is blocked by SHOAL 37 (broken lines because submerged) at mouth 32 thereof.
- An offshore arrow indicates LATERAL DRIFT (right to left) .
- An intermediate part of the view is broken away to suggest that its side portions are spaced laterally apart by an indefinite distance.
- Section line X-X superimposed on this view runs rightward substantially parallel to the shoreline just onshore, then doglegs offshore and rightward to cross the shoal similarly.
- Fig. 10 again shows BEACH 30 at the left and CHANNEL 35 at the right, but this time in schematic sectional eleva- tion.
- the beach section is taken at an onshore location- at X-X as already noted.
- Horizontal foraminous pipe 34 is shown just underneath the surface.
- FIG. 11 shows BEACH 30 in plan with ENHANCED SHORELINE 33 in place of former ERODED SHORELINE 31 (broken lines). It should be understood that, at sea and on most bays and many large lakes, wave action carries onto beaches tem- porarily supported subsoil and leaves some on the beach when washing back offshore, also usually removing some from the beach at the same time. At times the amount deposited ex- ceeds the amount removed, and at other times (as in storms) more is removed than is deposited.
- Fig. 12 shows CHANNEL 35 in sectional elevation with fluidization pipes lying on a substantially flat bottom.
- U-shaped contour 38 defines substantially the whole width between the banks, as the former shoal has been removed. It will be understood that intermittent fluidization at timed intervals usually can preclude shoaling, and that eduction pipes are unnecessary when alongshore drift is favorable, though they aid in collection for alternative transport.
- An eduction pipe may be supported on a barge, from a crane, or by a platform rigged onshore or offshore. It may be movable, as along a centerline between flanking fluidiza- tion pipes. A pump is provided at or near the intake end, and may be supplemented by one or more along such length. 1 Fluidization pipes do not have to be laid parallel as
- 15 foraminous plastic tube is suitable for a dewatering pipe
- openings in a fluidization pipe are preferably oriented
- 20 dewatering pipes may employ fluidization of the subsoil to
- 27 one-way valves may be grommeted with materials selected for
- FIGs. 13 and 14 show in side sectional elevation and plan section embodiment 50 of this invention in a setting featuring beach 51, higher land 52 further onshore, and off- shore land 59 under water 58, shown temporarily at mean sea level (MSL) 55.
- MSL 55 is flanked by mean high water line (MHW) 53 on the beach and mean low water line (MLW) 57 on downslope 56.
- Earth anchor 61 having been screwed upright into the beach, has hook 62 exposed at its top end, helical auger 69 buried at its bottom end, and vertical body portion 65 inter- vening, mostly underground.
- Fig. 15 is taken along XV-XV on Fig. 14 from a location completely offshore therefrom.
- Ar- rows headed downward from pipes 81, 83, 87, and 89 trace the initial path of the fluidizing fluid, which stirs up the sandy subsoil into the overlying water.
- Fig. 16 is taken along XVI-XVI on Fig. 14 at a location between the aforemen- tioned pipes and dewatering pipes 71 and 73. Upward arrows indicate the flow of water from the surrounding soil into dewatering pipes 71, 73.
- Fig. 15 is taken along XV-XV on Fig. 14 from a location completely offshore therefrom.
- Ar- rows headed downward from pipes 81, 83, 87, and 89 trace the initial path of the fluidizing fluid, which stirs up the sandy subsoil into the overlying water.
- Fig. 16 is taken along XVI-XVI on Fig. 14 at a location between the afor
- FIG. 17 shows another embodiment in which plug 74 is replaced by vertical pipe 91 (in place of previous plug 74) extending from the top of tee 63 to pump P2 and valve 94 at ground level, joined to connecting pipe 95, which rises alongside standpipe 90 and discharges from outlet 99 at its top end into the top of the standpipe.
- Fig. 18 shows in front elevation a first embodiment of foraminous pipe, say pipe 81, suitable for dewatering and/or fluidizing use. This pipe is furnished with vertical pipes 91, valve(s) 94, and riser pipe( ⁇ ) 95 at intervals along its length. Spaced openings (foramina) 100 visible in the lower edge of the pipe appear in more detail in the next view.
- Fig. 19 shows pipe 71 in transverse section taken at XIX-XIX on Fig. 18 and on an enlarged scale. Opening 100 is seen to be a slot in the lower quadrant of the pipe wall.
- the pipe itself is filled with aggregate, which not only aids the burial of the pipe but also precludes sand from en- tering it and possibly getting to the pump (not shown).
- FIG. 20 shows in front sectional elevation an embodi- ment of foraminous pipe, say pipe 71, also furnished with vertical pipe(s) 91, valve(s) 94, and riser pipe( ⁇ ) 95 at intervals along its length—as pipe Hi was.
- the openings or foramina here, designated 110, are distributed more widely than in the previous embodiment and appear in the next view.
- Fig. 21 shows pipe 71 in transverse section taken at XXI-XXI on Fig. 20 and on an enlarged scale. Opening 110 are seen to be distributed throughout the pipe wall.
- the pipe itself is shown filled with aggregate 95 just as pipe 71 of Figs. 18 and 19 was.
- this type of foraminous pipe is preferably used more as a dewatering pipe (pipes 71, 73). Operation of the last described apparatus of this inven- tion to practice the corresponding methods of the invention is readily apparent from the foregoing description and the accompanying diagrams. Wave onrush onto a beach followed by backwash away from the beach usually produces a substantial equilibrium of subsoil (such as sand) transport onto the beach and removal from the beach, but abnormal conditions, such as storms, may remove more sand from the beach than is deposited thereonto.
- subsoil such as sand
- This invention affects the equilibrium just enough so that more sand is deposited onshore than is removed normally—and excessive losses are minimized in more unfavorable conditions.
- Water from waves rushing onto the beach seeps down into the subsoil and (through its many openings) into the foraminous dewatering pipe buried under the beach. Water so collected is pumped offshore via an interconnecting pipe and into the foraminous fluidizing pipes, and jetted therefrom into adjacent non-cohesive sandy subsoil, fluidizing it.
- the fluidized subsoil is carried by water currents and wave action alongshore and onto shore, where the concentra- tion of fluidized subsoil leaves a bit more than otherwise would remain on the beach, as the dewatering pipe increases water drainage from the saturated beach subsoil beyond what would normally seep from the beach soil.
- the ap- paratus and method of this invention have tipped the equi- librium in favor of beach accretion, and a few thousand waves a day will do the rest of the desired Herculean task.
- Use of an impermeable sheetlike barrier, to preclude draining water from further onshore, renders the process more productive, as well as conserving the onshore moisture, as is generally desirable.
- the water is pumped at a relatively slow rate into storage, from which it can be retrieved rapidly by gravity flow, as when a storm may have shifted the prevailing equilibrium toward net removal of sand from the beach.
- fluidization will accelerate that desired process.
- the impermeable barrier is useful in this method as well.
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- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US488,683 | 1990-03-05 | ||
US07/488,683 US5061117A (en) | 1990-03-05 | 1990-03-05 | Fluidization-assisted beach stabilization |
US565,283 | 1990-08-10 | ||
US07/565,283 US5094566A (en) | 1990-08-10 | 1990-08-10 | Peristaltic fluidization of non-cohesive subsoils |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1991014047A1 true WO1991014047A1 (en) | 1991-09-19 |
Family
ID=27049441
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1991/001482 WO1991014047A1 (en) | 1990-03-05 | 1991-03-04 | Coastal stabilization by fluidizing non-cohesive subsoil |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0483297A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU7488791A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2059136A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1991014047A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2281327A (en) * | 1993-08-23 | 1995-03-01 | Univ Hull | Moving underwater sediment |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR682517A (en) * | 1929-01-19 | 1930-05-28 | Improvements to sand and other material extraction processes in flooded beds | |
US1778942A (en) * | 1928-08-20 | 1930-10-21 | Charles B Harp | Desilting nozzle head |
US2192115A (en) * | 1938-04-04 | 1940-02-27 | Elmer G Ware | Sediment remover |
US4074535A (en) * | 1973-12-21 | 1978-02-21 | Schoonmaker Townsend L | Self-cleaning fixed dredge |
DE3546430A1 (en) * | 1985-01-30 | 1986-07-31 | Erich 2433 Grömitz Hoyer | Method and installation for preserving, improving and enlarging coastal areas |
US4645377A (en) * | 1982-10-08 | 1987-02-24 | Danmarks Geotekniske Institut | Method of causing sedimentation of sedimentary solid material transported in a body of water, such as a lake, a sea, or an ocean |
-
1991
- 1991-03-04 AU AU74887/91A patent/AU7488791A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-03-04 EP EP91905684A patent/EP0483297A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-03-04 WO PCT/US1991/001482 patent/WO1991014047A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-03-04 CA CA002059136A patent/CA2059136A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1778942A (en) * | 1928-08-20 | 1930-10-21 | Charles B Harp | Desilting nozzle head |
FR682517A (en) * | 1929-01-19 | 1930-05-28 | Improvements to sand and other material extraction processes in flooded beds | |
US2192115A (en) * | 1938-04-04 | 1940-02-27 | Elmer G Ware | Sediment remover |
US4074535A (en) * | 1973-12-21 | 1978-02-21 | Schoonmaker Townsend L | Self-cleaning fixed dredge |
US4645377A (en) * | 1982-10-08 | 1987-02-24 | Danmarks Geotekniske Institut | Method of causing sedimentation of sedimentary solid material transported in a body of water, such as a lake, a sea, or an ocean |
US4645377B1 (en) * | 1982-10-08 | 1990-12-04 | Beach Management Systems | |
DE3546430A1 (en) * | 1985-01-30 | 1986-07-31 | Erich 2433 Grömitz Hoyer | Method and installation for preserving, improving and enlarging coastal areas |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH vol. 4, no. 4, 1988, CHARLOTTESVILLE pages 687 - 701; & ADAMS: 'STABILITY OF TIDAL INLETS ' cited in the application see the whole document * |
PORTS AND DREDGING no. 71, September 9, 1971, SLIEDRECHT pages 19 - 23; IR. R DE GROOT: 'Rehabilitatie van stranden ' see page 19, left column * |
RIJKSWATERSTAAT 'handboek zandsuppleties' 1988 , WALTMAN see page 229, line 19 - line 30 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2281327A (en) * | 1993-08-23 | 1995-03-01 | Univ Hull | Moving underwater sediment |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2059136A1 (en) | 1991-09-06 |
EP0483297A1 (en) | 1992-05-06 |
AU7488791A (en) | 1991-10-10 |
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