WO1991000656A1 - Transmission de donnees a sauts de frequence sur un canal meteoritique - Google Patents
Transmission de donnees a sauts de frequence sur un canal meteoritique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1991000656A1 WO1991000656A1 PCT/FR1990/000433 FR9000433W WO9100656A1 WO 1991000656 A1 WO1991000656 A1 WO 1991000656A1 FR 9000433 W FR9000433 W FR 9000433W WO 9100656 A1 WO9100656 A1 WO 9100656A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- transmission
- receiver
- signal
- data
- output
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/713—Spread spectrum techniques using frequency hopping
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/22—Scatter propagation systems, e.g. ionospheric, tropospheric or meteor scatter
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for the transmission of frequency hopping data on a radio channel with a low opening rate and to a corresponding reception device.
- Known data transmission systems assume the existence between transmitters and receivers of a transmission channel having a guaranteed minimum quality for the duration of the communication. This is for example required for a digital voice link where the routing delay must be very low (typically much less than a second) and where the breaks in the link lead to the loss of all or part of the message transmitted.
- applications such as the transmission of telegraphic messages, the remote control of remote systems, etc. . . where the delivery time of the message is not critical but where it is imperative that the message be received correctly, that is to say in practice with a negligible error rate. It often happens that, for a given application, the transmission channel is of a fluctuating nature and is therefore usable only for a reduced fraction of the time: this is the case, for example, of transmission by tropospheric diffusion or on meteorite trails.
- the object of the invention is to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks.
- the subject of the invention is a method for the transmission of frequency hopping data on a radio channel with a low opening rate between transmitter and receiver, the data being transmitted on successive frequency steps, characterized by what it consists of: - to define an emission time
- the main advantage of the invention is that it allows transmissions on meteoritic channel defined by an opening rate of 5% of the time, opening times between 200ms and 500ms with a rate of error per bit of 10% maximum during the opening times and a dispersion of the propagation times of ⁇ 2.5ms. Under these conditions, it allows transmissions over a duration not exceeding 15 minutes of messages comprising at most 160 characters with a probability of 90% and an undetected residual error rate
- the system can be used on any frequency hopping receiver, working for example at a rate of 300 frequency hops per second with a proportion of scrambled steps of the order of 20%. Finally, it tolerates during its start-up, that is to say outside communication, an initial synchronization error of ⁇ 300 ms.
- FIG. 1 the block diagram of a receiving device implemented by the invention.
- FIG. 5A, 5B and 5C of the histograms of the signal output levels at the output of the demodulator corresponding to the cases of Figures 4A, 4B and 4C.
- - Figure 6 a correlation chain implemented by the invention to ensure the initial synchronization of the reception chain.
- FIG. 7 a representation of a correlation module.
- FIG. 8 an embodiment of the receiver chain demodulator according to the invention.
- FIG. 10 a second embodiment of the decision systems of FIG. 9.
- - Figure 12 the device for decoding messages on reception implemented by the invention.
- - Figure 13 an embodiment of a two-dimensional coding scheme implemented by the invention.
- the reception device implementing the frequency hopping transmission method according to the invention which is shown in Figure 1 comprises in known manner, a reception chain .1 of signals modulated for example according to an angular displacement modu ⁇ lation frequency and / or phase.
- the reception chain 1 is coupled to at least one signal correlator 2 through a frequency demodulator or discriminator 3.
- An antenna 4 couples the input of the reception chain 1 to the meteoritic transmission channel, which ensures known manner the transmission of data over the air between the reception chain 1 and a remote data transmitter not shown.
- the orthonormal diagram represented in FIG. 2 shows, by way of example, a typical evolution over time of the level of the signal received on a radio frequency reception chain of the type of that represented in FIG. 1 during a transmission using the passage of meteorites in the Earth's atmosphere.
- This diagram on which are shown on the ordinate axis the level of the signal received in decibel and on the abscissa axis the elapsed time shows time ranges marked "D", at the bottom of the figure, where the channel of meteoritic transmission is available.
- These time ranges correspond to the instants when the level of the received signal is higher than a minimum usable level. It also gives rise to interference pulse levels which are by definition unusable.
- each step being structured for example as shown in FIG. 3, where the step width is fixed at 3.3 ms, to transmit 5 bits of information over a total duration of 2.5 ms.
- FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C corresponding to the absence of signal, FIG. 4A, in the case of presence of signal with a rate maximum error of 10%, in Figure 4B and if the signal is present for a useful level high input in Figure 4C.
- FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C corresponding to the absence of signal, FIG. 4A, in the case of presence of signal with a rate maximum error of 10%, in Figure 4B and if the signal is present for a useful level high input in Figure 4C.
- the histograms corresponding to the output levels of the modulators of the FSK signals at the optimum sampling time show that in the absence of reception an output level of the demodulator is more or less uniformly distributed throughout the range -A + A of the possible values of the output signal of the demodulator, and that when the signal is received in the case of FIGS. 5B and 5C, the output level is centered on the two possible nominal values - A and + A of the modulation in the total absence of noise. Due to the random nature of the periods during which the transmission channel is available and to the fact that the transmissions are carried out on frequency steps, the realization of the transmission device poses both start-up problems. of the system and initial synchronization problems.
- the starting of the synchronization of the receiver must be done at a fixed or slowly variable frequency. Otherwise, the initial synchronization period could last several hours, which is operationally unacceptable.
- the transmission device is started up in two stages. A first step consists in positioning the operation of the receiver on a known frequency FN depending on the time and a second step consists in waiting on this frequency for a known binary pattern depending on the time to appear within a fixed term TA. Positioning on the frequency
- the duration TA and the duration TE of the synchronization transmissions which must be as low as possible for reasons of discretion, depend on the rate of opening of the channel, the rate of scrambled level and the probability of error per bit .
- the initial synchronization of the receiver is ensured by a correlator of the type of that which is represented in FIG. 6.
- This correlator is formed by M correlation modules 10 .. to 10., making it possible to carry out a correlation on a synchronization sequence of M frequency steps of 5 bits of the type of that represented in FIG.
- Each correlation module comprises, as shown in FIG. 7, a delay line 11, a register 12 and a comparator 13.
- the delay line 11 has a delay duration equal to that of a recurrence of a plateau of frequency (l / 300th of a second) and has five outputs each spaced by one bit.
- Register 12 contains the values expected on the corresponding synchronization stage.
- the comparator 13 respectively compares the bits supplied by the five outputs of the delay line 11 with the five bits contained in the register 12.
- the bits leaving the demodulator 3 of FIG. 3 are transmitted to the input ES of the line to delay 11 and the comparator 13 compares the bits leaving the five outputs of the delay line 11 with the bits contained in the register 12. As a result of its comparison, it provides a signal which is proportional to the number of correct bits received .
- the correlation modules 10 .. to 10 Jardinare connected in series, the delay lines 11 of the modules being coupled together in series and the shift registers 12 being also connected in series.
- the Scomp outputs are respectively connected to the corresponding inputs of an adder 14.
- the demodulated signal coming from the demodulator of FIG. 3 receives the demodulated signal coming from the demodulator of FIG. 3 through a clipping device 15.
- the bits of the reference synchronization word are applied to the input ER of the shift register of the first correlation module 10 ...
- the synchronization of the delay lines 11 is ensured by a clock signal CHs coming from the reception chain 1 and that of the shift register 12 of each correlation module is ensured by a reference clock signal CKr generated by an external system of sequencing not shown.
- the sum of the Scomp comparison signals obtained at the output of the circuit adder 14 is compared to a threshold by a comparator device not shown which indicates when the threshold value is exceeded that the channel is open.
- the duration to obtain the initial synchronization can be defined by making for example a hypothesis on the initial temporal uncertainty and by fixing the duration of the expected pattern.
- the probability for that a meteorite is present for the duration of a pattern is equal to:
- the receiver once synchronized must watch one frequency out of three, 2/3 of the transmitted steps cannot be received when the channel is opened.
- at least two detection methods can be envisaged. According to a first method, every three stages transmitted, only one is used which is used both for detecting the presence and for transmitting information. Under these conditions of the five bits received by the bearing, two or three are known and constitute synchronization patterns and the others are unknown. According to a second method, in each packet of three stages the first stage is reserved exclusively for detecting the presence of messages and the next two convey the information.
- This second method appears to be the simplest to implement and also the most effective, since the number of steps required to detect the presence of a message is approximately twice as low.
- the receiver can receive all the frequencies. In this way the bit rate is multiplied by about five (10 bits for 3 steps instead of 2 in the first method).
- the reception device which is described below allows operation in accordance with the second method and in particular it allows reception to carry out a watch on all the stages of rank multiple of 3 on M successive stages. As soon as the presence of a message is detected, the receiver switches to fast-hopping demodulation by demodulating two stages out of three and performs a pattern watch on the remaining stage to detect the presence or absence of a signal.
- the message presence detector is not represented by the fact that its structure is similar to that of the synchronization recognition device described in the figures. res 6 and 7. Although it also detects the presence when its output exceeds a determined threshold S it differs in a few points, however, because the delay line of the correlation module must correspond to the interval between two synchronization steps. sation (10ms), and the module comparison system can possibly be replaced by another simpler one whose output is 1 if all the bits received are equal to the expected reference and 0 otherwise. The content of the reference registers is shifted by a notch of five bits at each new synchronization stage and the number M of correlation modules can be reduced because the requirements as regards false alarm and non-detection are less severe than for the initial synchronization.
- the receiver As soon as the receiver has detected the presence of a message, it can start receiving all of the landings.
- the operations it must perform on each package of three levels are then as follows. On the first two levels it performs reception and demodulation, on the third level (synchronization level) it performs reception, de-modulation and introduction of the result into the complete correlator with comparison of the correlator output at a confirmation threshold SC possibly different from the detection threshold S. If the output gives a higher signal, the cycle continues otherwise the receiver returns to cyclic standby according to a slow frequency hopping law.
- the signal at the output of the correlator decreases with a certain delay; it is therefore advisable not to keep the bits received less than a certain time before this disappearance, which requires the use of a delay line on the demodulated information, approximately M / 2 packets.
- the quality of the demodulated information is higher the higher the output of the correlator: in this case the signal / noise ratio is clearly higher than a minimum threshold so that in practice it is possible to weight the information at the output of the demodulator (+1) by the Scorrelated-S quantity when it is positive; and by 0 when it is negative; this subsequently makes it possible to carry out a weighted majority vote on the bits received.
- FIG. 8 A device making it possible to obtain this result is shown in FIG. 8.
- the amplitudes X. of the output signal of the demodulator are applied on the one hand, to a first input of a device for calculating absolute value 16 and on the other hand on a sign discriminator 17.
- the sign discriminator 17 is connected on the one hand, to a second input of the absolute value calculation device 16 and on the other hand to the entry of a register series 18.
- ), obtained at the output of the absolute value calculation circuit 16 is applied to a first operand input of a subtractor circuit 19 which calculates the quantity of
- the result of the calculation carried out by the subtractor circuit 19 is then raised to the square by circuit of elevation to the square 20 and the result is stored in an accumulator circuit 21.
- the content of the accumulator circuit 21 is then compared by a circuit comparator 22 to a fixed threshold Q 0 .
- the result of the comparison is applied to the input of the sign discriminator 23 which takes the value +1 when the content of the accumulator 22 is greater than the threshold Q n and a value 0 otherwise.
- the amplitude signal +1 or 0 obtained at the output of the discriminator 23 is applied to a first input of a logic AND circuit 24.
- a second input of the logic AND circuit 24 is connected to the output of a circuit under - tractor 25 through a sign discriminator 26.
- the subtractor circuit 25 compares the signal supplied by the correlator circuit to the confirmation threshold SC.
- the output of the correlating circuit is also connected to the input "+" of a comparison circuit 27 which receives on its input "-" the presence detection threshold S.
- a validity flip-flop 28 has its input connected to the output of the comparator 27 and takes the logic state 1 when the output level of the correlator circuit is greater than the presence detection threshold.
- the output of the flip-flop 28 is connected to a first operand input of a multiplier circuit 29, the second operand input of which is connected to the output of a multiplexer circuit 30
- the multiplexer circuit 30 is controlled by the output of the circuit Logical AND 24 to apply a value 0 or the value obtained at the output of the subtractor circuit 25 to the first operand input of the multiplier circuit 29 depending on the state 0 or 1 of the logical AND output 24.
- the result of the multiplication carried out by the multiplier circuit 29 is applied to the input of a delay line 31.
- the output of the delay line 31 is weighted by the output of the flip-flop 28 by means of a multiplier circuit 32.
- the flip-flop 28 is reset at zero by the output of the sign discriminator circuit 26 through an inverting amplifier 33. Finally, a delay line 34 recovers the information bits relating to each level contained in the register 18, in the form of words five bits. These are weighted by a quality signal supplied by the multiplier 32 which is zero if the condition Q ⁇ Q 0 is not verified or when the correlation signal applied to the input of the subtractor circuit 25 is less than the threshold of confirmation SC, and which is equal to the difference between the correlation signal and the confirmation threshold SC otherwise.
- Toggle 28 allows when it is at level 1, that is to say when the output of the correlator passes above the detection threshold to provide quality information correctly framed on the bits presumed good at the output of the receiver. This flip-flop is naturally reset to zero when this output drops below the confirmation threshold.
- a global operation of the reception device during the appearance of a meteorite with few scrambled bearings can be described in the manner represented in FIG. 9. It appears in this figure that the delay brought by the delay line 34 must be at least equal to a duration ⁇ T during which the meteorite has already disappeared but where the receiver continues to receive the information. Duration T measures the average time required for the correlator output to drop from its average value in the presence of a signal to below the confirmation threshold.
- the -bascule 28 which is represented in this figure passes from state 0 to state 1 when the signal level supplied by the correlator circuit which is measured by the comparator circuit 27 exceeds the detection threshold and it returns to 0 when the output level of the signal supplied by the correlating circuit drops below the confirmation threshold.
- the information received is considered to be correct when the flip-flop 28 is in state 1 and the output signal from the correlator has not started to decrease.
- the information considered to be correct is signaled by the level greater than 0 of the signal leaving the multiplier circuit 32. It can be seen in FIG. 9 that even if the device can be led in certain cases to supply erroneous bits as output. particular corresponding to a reception in the final phase of extinction of the meteorite, the device for detecting scrambled bearings incorporated in the decision device 15 has every chance of eliminating them.
- M 2 5 stages of syn- timing, confirmation detection thresholds of 10 and 7 respectively and a delay ⁇ T of 15 packets of 3 steps
- the improved decision device of FIG. 10 comprises three 5-bit long registers, 18a, 18b and 18c connected respectively to the output of the sign discriminator 17 through delay lines 35 , 36 and 37.
- the delay line 35 has a delay time of TO- ⁇
- the delay line 36 has a delay time equal to the nominal delay time TO
- the delay line 37 has the delay TO + ⁇ .
- the decision system comprises three accumulator registers 21a, 21b and 21c which are respectively connected to the output of the squaring circuit 20 through delay lines 38, 39 and 40 of respective delay T0- ⁇ , T0 and T0 + ⁇ .
- the minimum determination circuit 41 has three inputs which are connected respectively to the outputs of the accumulator circuits 21a, 21b and 21c.
- the outputs of the accumulator circuits 21a, 21b and 21c are also connected to the inputs of a three-input multiplexer 42.
- the outputs of the registers 18a, 18b, 18c are respectively connected to the inputs of a three-input multiplexer 43.
- the multiplexer circuits 42 and 43 are controlled by the minimum determination circuit 41. They deliver respectively on their outputs the information bits and the quality indicator Q which will be as in the case of FIG. 8 compared with the threshold Q 0 .
- the system which has just been described makes it possible to continuously supply words of five bits at the rate of 200 words per second each being accompanied by a quality indicator which is equal to 0 in the absence of meteorite detected which is most often equal to 0 during a meteorite for the scrambled bearings and which is not zero during a meteorite and on the detected bearings not scrambled, being proportional to the likelihood of the received signal.
- the correction of errors is carried out by repetitive transmissions of messages, each message being accompanied by a complementary code, each transmission of a copy of messages starting at a time known to the receiver.
- the program can be carried out in complete blocks of 600 characters every 3 seconds which represents for 15 minutes 300 examples of the same message. With a useful bit rate of 25 bits per second and considering that a 5-bit level represents one character, the average bit rate obtained is then 5 characters per second, which corresponds to 2.5% of the original bit rate of 200 characters. per second.
- the messages contain a reduced number of characters, 160 characters of 5 bits for example, it is not possible to code them entirely in a single code word
- Reed-Solomon for example, since Reed-Solomon codes with 5-bit symbols cannot have a length greater than 31. Furthermore, as it is desirable to use a coding system that is more efficient than strictly necessary, taking into account the initial specifications for: either increasing transmission security, or resisting a more unfavorable environment than expected (fewer meteorites and more scrambled bearings, etc.) or further reducing the duration of message routing, a coding scheme two-dimensional designated below by code A and code B may be used.
- This coding could provide the 600 characters of the previous example by cutting the message into 10 blocks of 16 characters completed with 25 to make a shortened Reed-Solomon code (25,16) (code A) then by constituting 25 words of Reed-Solomon code (24, 10) (code B) the information symbols of the kth code word B being the kth symbols of each of the preceding code words A.
- a corresponding coding scheme is shown in Figure 13. In this scheme the 600 characters are divided into 24 lines of 25 characters. Lines 1 to 10 form code words A. Each of lines 11 to 24 obtained during the formation of code words B is a particular linear combination depending on their rank of lines 1 to 10. As the codes used are linear the lines 11 to 24 are therefore also code words A.
- the process decoding is repeated periodically every 3 seconds. It can consist, for example:
- the correction can be limited to three errors or 2 errors and 2 deletions, that is to say to a number much lower than the 4 errors or 9 deletions that these codes can be corrected, this in order to correct slightly erroneous words and to signal those where there may be suspected too many errors to be able to correct them, this making it possible to detect up to 5 errors without fail.
- the code A gives the following performances.
- the probability of obtaining a complete correction of 0 to 3 errors is 98.06%.
- the probability of erasing 25 characters is 1.89%.
- the probability of obtaining a false decoding is equal to 5 10 -4.
- the invention is not limited to the embodiment which has just been described and that it can receive other alternative embodiments depending in particular on the number of bits n (which may be any) transmitted on the frequency steps, of the modulation used to carry out the transmission and of the instant of positioning of the receiver on the transmission frequency, to determine the lengths to be given to the delay lines.
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- Synchronisation In Digital Transmission Systems (AREA)
- Detection And Prevention Of Errors In Transmission (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR89/08806 | 1989-06-30 | ||
FR8908806A FR2649271B1 (fr) | 1989-06-30 | 1989-06-30 | Procede pour la transmission de donnees a sauts de frequence sur canal radio a faible taux d'ouverture et dispositif de reception correspondant |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1991000656A1 true WO1991000656A1 (fr) | 1991-01-10 |
Family
ID=9383335
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1990/000433 WO1991000656A1 (fr) | 1989-06-30 | 1990-06-15 | Transmission de donnees a sauts de frequence sur un canal meteoritique |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0431126A1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2035433A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2649271B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1991000656A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EA002406B1 (ru) * | 1999-11-04 | 2002-04-25 | Оао "Национальный Центр По Радиоэлектронике И Связи Республики Казахстан" (Оао "Нц Рэс Рк") | Способ метеорной радиосвязи (варианты) и система для его осуществления (варианты) |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1988001816A1 (fr) * | 1986-09-03 | 1988-03-10 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Signal de preambule cache pour synchronisation par sautillement de frequences |
-
1989
- 1989-06-30 FR FR8908806A patent/FR2649271B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1990
- 1990-06-15 EP EP19900909746 patent/EP0431126A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1990-06-15 WO PCT/FR1990/000433 patent/WO1991000656A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-06-15 CA CA002035433A patent/CA2035433A1/fr not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1988001816A1 (fr) * | 1986-09-03 | 1988-03-10 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Signal de preambule cache pour synchronisation par sautillement de frequences |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS. vol. COM32, no. 5, mai 1984, NEW YORK US pages 589 - 597; G. Einarsson: "Coding for a multiple-access frequency-hopping system" voir abrégé * |
The Journal of the Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers vol. 57, no. 3, juin 1987, London, GB pages 101 - 112; A. P. C. Reed et al.: "The evolution of meteor burst communications systems" voir page 108, colonne de gauche, lignes 27 - 39 voir page 109, colonne de droite, ligne 57 page 110, colonne de gauche, ligne 17 SA 38009 030 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EA002406B1 (ru) * | 1999-11-04 | 2002-04-25 | Оао "Национальный Центр По Радиоэлектронике И Связи Республики Казахстан" (Оао "Нц Рэс Рк") | Способ метеорной радиосвязи (варианты) и система для его осуществления (варианты) |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2649271A1 (fr) | 1991-01-04 |
CA2035433A1 (fr) | 1990-12-31 |
FR2649271B1 (fr) | 1991-09-13 |
EP0431126A1 (fr) | 1991-06-12 |
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