WO1989008881A1

WO1989008881A1 - Electric energy supply

Info

Publication number: WO1989008881A1
Application number: PCT/CH1988/000215
Authority: WO
Inventors: Hanspeter Bitterli
Original assignee: Riedi-Joks, Susanne
Priority date: 1988-03-17
Filing date: 1988-11-17
Publication date: 1989-09-21
Also published as: JPH02503604A; EP0364502A1

Abstract

In a process known as EL-EN 2000 for improving the quality of the electricity from the electric energy supply, the electricity distribution supply network is equipped with voltage-stabilizing transformers or voltage stabilizers. In this way, the currently unstable mains voltage, which is subject to surge voltage and surge voltage peaks and to fluctuations due to alternating loads, is stabilized on the rated mains voltage. This results not only in the elimination of various fundamental problems but also in savings in electric energy, at a user consumption rate equal to that hitherto attained, in all installed, in-service electrical appliances. The quantity of electric energy saved is of the order of magnitude of the square of the voltage in excess of the rated mains voltage. EL-EN 2000 can be introduced in stages, the maximum effect being attained in stage I, in which the voltage-stabilizing transformers or voltage stabilizers are incorporated immediately before the electric energy consumer.

Description

Electrical energy supply

The present invention relates to a quality improvement process

the electricity of the electrical energy supply by at least one

voltage stabilizing transformer or voltage stabilizer for

Transformation of the unstable, surge and surge

peaked distribution network voltage to a stabilized distribution

mains voltage installed in the electrical power supply network

becomes..

The voltage of the electrical energy produced in the power plants is

Unsuitable for the operation of electrical equipment and must therefore be on

a corresponding consumer voltage can be changed. This

happens with transformers or transformers.

Transformers serve the electrical energy of a certain one

To transform tension into that of another tension. The elek¬

tric energy is usually generated with a voltage between

6000 and 12000 volts. The transport takes place over long distances

at voltages of 60000, 110000, 220000 volts or even higher

Values. The medium voltage distribution grids are around 10,000 to Operated 30000 volts and the consumer voltage is to the main

thing 400/231 volts, the voltage with 400 volts the chained

Voltage means and occurs between the conductors and the voltage

with 231 volts is the phase voltage and between the conductor and the

Neutral conductor is present. These networks with the different voltages

are coupled by transformers. The fact that

electrical energy on the long way from production to

Consumption is transformed three times, often even more frequently

must also show the importance of the transformers for the

Electrical energy supply. Of your operational security and yours

Efficiency becomes the technical and economic quality of the electronics

Tricity supply significantly influenced. Under these conditions

The development of transformer construction has become extraordinary

driven far. The transformer is one of the most reliable

Links of the high voltage supply systems.

The active part of the transformer basically consists of an iron

core and two windings insulated against each other and against earth.

The winding to which the energy is supplied is called primary

winding and the winding which reduces the energy

the internal consumption of the transformer, is called

Secondary winding. Regardless of the function of the windings, these are also after

High voltage winding and low voltage winding differentiated.

If you put the primary winding of a transformer on the primary

voltage without loading the secondary winding, so the

Transformer on the empty! Whose dummy component is the

Magnetizing current is under the effect of the iron core

magnetic flux, that of the applied primary voltage, a

opposing the same size electromotive force (back emf). The

caused by the changing magnetization of the iron core

Losses form together with the losses of the magnetizing current

in the primary winding and the dielectric losses

Idle losses. Because the secondary winding is the same magnetic

Encloses the river, an electromotive is also formed in it

Force (EMF) between the start of the winding and the

End of winding of the secondary winding as secondary open circuit voltage

occurs. The ratio of the applied primary voltage to the secondary

open circuit voltage corresponds almost exactly to the translation

ratio of the transformer, which is defined as the ratio of the

Primary number of turns to secondary number of turns. The voltage is transferred from one winding to the other

in the transformer using the magnetic flux.

When the transformer is loaded, it must go from the primary winding to the Se¬

secondary power transmission also take place. Since no lei¬

ting connection between the primary winding and the secondary winding

exists, the power transmission takes place inductively.

The secondary load current flowing through the secondary winding

generates a magnetomotive force (MMK), which is in Ampere¬

turns measured from the product of secondary load current times the

Secondary number of turns results. The transformer sets automatically

this secondary MMK is an equal size primary MMK, from the product

of the primary load current times the number of primary turns.

The total heat output from the load current in the Wick¬

lungs, in the supply lines and contacts of diverters or steps

switchgear of the transformer is used, the winding

losses or short circuit losses. By the geometric arrangement

voltage and for isolation reasons arise between the

Primary winding and the secondary winding channels, the so-called

Scattering channels. In ^'this scattering channels a the operating current is propotionaler

Flow. This river is called the stray river. It causes one

Load current proportional internal voltage drop, which at

No-load secondary open circuit voltage occurring under load

reduced accordingly. This voltage drop becomes stray voltage

called. The geometric sum of the stray voltage and the ohmic

Voltage drop in the windings means short-circuit voltage. she is

the voltage that is applied to the

Primary winding must be created when the transformer is

Nominal current.

As a result, the secondary load voltage is dependent on the load current. This

Circumstance also leads to the persistent

Alternating loads in the electrical energy distribution networks, the consumption

voltage constantly to a certain consumer voltage level

of 400/231 volts must be regulated.

This adjustment takes place with a load driven by an electric motor

tap changers on the overvoltage side in the substation transformers

under load. This operating mode inevitably has an enormous

wear of the switching contacts of the on-load tap-changers. These on-load tap-changers must therefore be periodically costly

Undergo revision. On the one hand, the possible number of stages is the

On-load tap-changers for design and economic reasons

limited, so that a relatively rough adjustment of the

Consumer voltage occurs and on the other hand the changes in load

occur relatively finely.

These facts caused the consumer operating voltage to rise

400/231 volts was applied, on average approx. 5% above the Ver¬

rated voltage of 380/220 volts and constantly in certain

Limits fluctuate. The voltage fluctuations are also present

and the overvoltage peaks that occur during the step changeover

for highly sensitive systems, such as computer systems, numerically

controlled machines etc. undesirable and can therefore be harmful or

have disastrous consequences.

It is the object of the present invention a voltage

to create stabilized electrical energy supply which the

solves the problems mentioned. This task is currently under the first and only under the

Name delta phi transformer or delta phi transformer system, in one be¬

agreed execution, which, under patent application No. 00 119 / 88-9,

was also registered for a patent, offered on the world market

voltage-stabilizing transformer, solved.

In the drawings, the quality improvement according to the invention is

principle of the electricity of the electrical energy supply

shown schematically and the electrical power supply according to the

contrasted previous type. In the description below

the quality improvement method of the invention

Electricity of the electrical energy supply and its introduction

possibilities explained. The quality improvement according to the invention

procedure of the electricity of the electrical energy supply is

called the EL-EN 2000.

- B - It shows:

Figure 1 is a graphical representation of the mains voltage

measurements, where:

1: the measured maximum value ^*

2: the calculated mean value

3: the measured low value

4: the nominal network voltage

means;

FIG. 2 shows the graphical representation of the daily loads;

Figure 3 shows the basic electrical energy distribution scheme of previous

Execution, where:

A: Residential and commercial buildings

B: public buildings, banks, shopping centers, games

valleys, administrations, schools, municipal buildings, can

tonal buildings, federal buildings,

C: Industry, trade, laboratories, institutes

D: public lighting, sports and leisure facilities,

E: public transport,

F: military installations, civil protection installations, H: other systems with electrical energy consumers

1: Generator in the power plant

2: Machine transformer in the power plant

3: high voltage transformer

4: high-voltage distribution system

5: high-voltage lines

6: High-voltage composite lines

7: substation transformer

8: Medium voltage distribution system

9: Medium voltage lines

10: Medium voltage distribution transformer

11: Low voltage distribution system

12: low voltage power lines

13: House, building connection, internal distribution system

mean;

the pri nzi pi el l e electric energy distribution scheme

EL-EN 2000, where:

A: Residential and commercial buildings

B: public buildings, banks, shopping centers,

Hospitals, administrations, schools, municipal buildings,

cantonal buildings, federal buildings C: Industry, trade, laboratories, institutes

D: public lighting, sports and leisure facilities,

E: public transport

F: military installations, civil defense installations,

H: other systems with electrical energy consumers

1: Generator in the power plant

2: Stabilized machine transformer in the power plant

3: stabilized high voltage transformer

4: high-voltage distribution system

5: high-voltage lines

6: High ^'power grid lines

7: stabilized substation transformer

8: Medium voltage distribution system

9: Medium voltage lines

10: stabilized medium voltage distribution transformer

11: low-voltage distribution system

12: Low voltage lines

13: House, building connection, internal distribution systems

14: stabilized low voltage transformer

I ... IV: Introductory or expansion stages

means. Because the voltage in the low-voltage networks is higher than that

Mains voltage is, but the electrical equipment for

Rated line voltage are designed and therefore a fixed internal impedance,

in inductive devices, such as electric motors, ballasts for

Illuminations, such as neon lamps, mercury vapor lamps, sodium vapor

lamps, halogen lamps, or a fixed internal resistance

ohmic devices, such as heating elements, hot plates, light bulbs,

these devices also consume a higher current.

This higher current consumption can be calculated as follows:

I = U / R

or

I = U / Z

in which :

I = current

U = voltage

R = internal ohmic resistance

I.

Z = internal impedance

is.

However, this also results in a higher energy consumption from the network. However, a distinction must be made between:

ohmic electrical energy consumers

and

inductive electrical energy consumers

Ohmic electrical energy consumers have voltage and current

in phase, this means that the higher electrical energy consumption

Square corresponds to the percentage of the grid overvoltage, namely:

P = U x I

or

P = U x R

in which

P = absorbed power

is.

The additional electrical energy consumption of ohmic electrical energy consumption

users when connecting to a voltage-unstabilized and with

Overvoltage-affected network in comparison with the connection to a

Network stabilized to the nominal voltage can thus be determined as follows

become:

ma = Pusn - Psn ^U usn ^{x R} ^U scnn ^XR = (Uusn sn) x R in which :

P = additional power consumption ma ³

P = power consumption for an unstabilized network with overvoltage and r

P = power consumption with a stabilized to the nominal voltage

network

Uusn = unstabilized mains voltage voltage-_

U = mains voltage stabilized to the nominal voltage

R = internal resistance

means.

The ratio is in the case of inductive electrical energy consumers

something different. These devices take when connected to a voltage

the apparent power S on. The apparent power is the geometric one

Sum of the active power P and the reactive power B.

- /? + B '

Likewise, the impedance Z is the geometric sum of the reactance X

and the ohmic winding resistance R

Z.

Likewise, the current flowing in ^'the leads current I is the geometric

Sum of the active current Iw and the reactive current I.D

The current I flowing in the supply line is compared to the mains voltage

by the power factor cos Phi or by the phase shift angle

Phi out of phase, the active current I with the mains voltage pha

equal and the reactive current I. by 90 pha-

is raised.

The active power is calculated according to:

P = U ² x R

The reactive power is calculated according to:

Since also the inductive electrical energy consumers on the

Mains nominal voltage are designed and the induction of the magnetic

Circle is set very high for reasons of material utilization increases

the reactive current, or the magnetizing current, already at relative

small overvoltages by a factor of 1.5 to 3. The additional electrical energy consumption of inductive electrical energy consumption

users when connecting to a voltage instability and with

Overvoltage-affected network in comparison with the connection to a

Network stabilized to the nominal voltage can thus be determined as follows

become:

Sma =

-if? sn ² + Bsn ² = Y »(Pusn - Psn) ' ² + (Busn - ** Bsn' ^* " F where:

S = Appreciation!

P = active power consumption with an unstabilized and with Ueber¬

live network

B = reactive power consumption with an unstabilized and with

Overloaded network

P = active power consumption when stabilized to the nominal voltage

network

B = reactive power consumption when stabilized to the nominal voltage

network

As a result, the reactive power component in a network

Percentage surge increases more than the active power share

and thus an increase in electrical energy consumption exponentially

relative overvoltage component with an exponent greater than 2

caused and the power factor is deteriorated. The one by which in the ^* voltage-unstabilized electrical energy

Distribution networks existing overvoltage, caused electrical

Additional energy consumption is only used in unused electrical devices

Dissipated heat and can be used practically as electrical energy

Waste are assessed. In addition, the lifespan and the

Operability of the electrical devices very impaired.

With the stabilization of the existing mains voltage ^' on the

Nominal network voltage, in addition to solving other problems,

caused by the unstable and overvoltage

Mains voltage, also a corresponding electrical energy

Saving, with the same ratings as before, everyone

installed and operating electrical equipment,

inevitably reached.

The graphic of the mains voltage shown in FIG. 1 is based on

mains voltage measurements actually carried out. Such measurements

were carried out in different places and the

same situations. From the graphic representation is clear

evident that the mean value 2 of the existing mains voltage

is substantially and permanently above the nominal network voltage 4. Figure 2 shows the graphic representation of the daily loads. Out of it

it can be seen that the electrical energy consumption over time

one day is not constant and changes constantly. This

Alternating stress is dependent on very different factors, such as

Season, day of the week, tightness of the very different electrical

Energy consumers, industry, hotel industry etc.

Figure 3 shows the basic electrical energy distribution scheme according to the

previous version with the most common electrical energy Ver¬

users. The presence of this electrical energy consumer is

but different from place to place, so that the effective electrical

Energy distribution systems also vary considerably from place to place

are.

Figure 4 shows the basic electrical energy distribution scheme

EL-EN 2000, whereby essentially the same applies here as for

3, but in addition the possible phases of

step-by-step introduction. - 1B -

The introduction of EL-EN 2000 can in principle be carried out according to the following stages

respectively:

Stage I: Equipping the electrical energy consumers A ... H with

voltage-stabilized transformers or Stabilisato¬

Ren. This equipment can also be done in stages.

Stage II: Equipping existing transformer stations

if gradually, i.e. replace existing ones if necessary

Medium voltage transformers of the previous type

voltage-stabilized medium-voltage transformers 10.

Equipping new transformer stations

right from the start with voltage-stabilized medium voltage

Transformers 10.

Stage III: Equipping existing substations also in stages,

i.e. replace existing substation transformers if necessary

Irators of previous design through voltage stabilized

Substation transformers 7.

Equip new substations to be created from the start with

voltage-stabilized substation transformers 7. Stage IV: Equipping existing high-voltage distribution plants

gradually, i.e. replace existing ones if necessary

High-voltage transformers of the previous type

voltage stabilized high voltage transformers 3.

Equipping new high-voltage distribution plants

right from the start with voltage-stabilized high-voltage

Transformers 3.

Stage V: Equipping existing power plants also in stages,

i.e. replace existing machine transformers if necessary

mators of previous design through voltage stabilized

Machine transformers 2.

Equip new power plants from the beginning with

voltage-stabilized machine transformers 2.

With the introduction of EL-EN 2000, the greatest becomes already at level I.

Part of the problems solved and inevitably most of the problems

Electrical energy savings achieved.

Claims

- 2o patent claims

1. Quality improvement process of electricity of Elektro-Ener¬

gie supply, characterized in that the or the electrical

Energy distribution network (s) with at least one voltage stabilization

transformer or voltage stabilizer

or are.

2. Quality improvement process of electricity of Elektro-Ener¬

gie supply according to claim 1, characterized in that

private and public buildings, industrial plants and facilities with.

Electrical energy consumers after the main fuse in the house

connection and / or after the main fuse in the electrical energy

Main distribution systems and / or before the electrical energy consumer

with at least one voltage stabilizing transformer or

Voltage stabilizers are equipped.

3. Quality improvement process of electricity of Elektro-Ener¬

gie supply according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that

additionally the transformer station (s) where the transformation

the voltage from the medium voltage to the low voltage

takes place with at least one voltage-stabilizing transformer

mator is or are equipped.

4. Quality improvement process of electricity of Elektro-Ener¬

Power supply according to claim 1, 2 and 3, characterized in

that in addition the high-voltage distribution system (s) between the

or the power plant (s) where the generator voltage is at high voltage

and the high voltage is transformed to the medium voltage,

and the trap transformer station (s) where the transformation

the voltage from the medium voltage to the low voltage

takes place with at least one ^" voltage stabilizing

Transformer is or are equipped.