WO1988006725A1 - Controle de gaz pour utilisation clinique - Google Patents

Controle de gaz pour utilisation clinique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1988006725A1
WO1988006725A1 PCT/GB1988/000126 GB8800126W WO8806725A1 WO 1988006725 A1 WO1988006725 A1 WO 1988006725A1 GB 8800126 W GB8800126 W GB 8800126W WO 8806725 A1 WO8806725 A1 WO 8806725A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
active surface
gas
supporting
mixture
sensor head
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1988/000126
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Robert Martin Pettigrew
Karen Margaret Montgomery Ness
Andrew Ramsey Hopkins
Original Assignee
Scientific Generics Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB878704423A external-priority patent/GB8704423D0/en
Application filed by Scientific Generics Limited filed Critical Scientific Generics Limited
Publication of WO1988006725A1 publication Critical patent/WO1988006725A1/fr
Priority to KR1019890701922A priority Critical patent/KR900700455A/ko

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/65—Raman scattering
    • G01N21/658—Raman scattering enhancement Raman, e.g. surface plasmons
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
    • G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
    • G01N2021/0385—Diffusing membrane; Semipermeable membrane

Definitions

  • This invention relates to clinical gas monitoring and, more particularly, is concerned with anaesthetic gas monitoring and blood gas monitoring by a technique utilising Kaman spectroscopy.
  • Vibrational spectroscopy has been employed for many years to study the structure and bonding of molecules. As each bond has its own, characteristic frequency, vibrational spectra and molecular structure are related. In this way, compositional analysis can be carried out by inspecting the vibrational spectrum of a sample and comparing it with the spectra of known compounds.
  • the two main techniques employed are infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopy.
  • a wavelength tunable or broadband light source is used to illuminate the specimen, and the wavelengths at which energy is absorbed are recorded.
  • Kaman spectroscopy a fixed wavelength source is employed, and the spectrum of emitted radiation recorded; the maxima in the emission spectrum represent the difference in energy between the incoming light quanta and the vibrational energy of the molecular bonds in the sample.
  • vibrational energy levels lie in the infrared, and this represents a disadvantage for infrared absorption spectroscopy.
  • Kaman spectroscopy With Kaman spectroscopy, however, one can illuminate the sample in the visible waveband, for example using a fixed frequency laser, and generate an emitted spectrum, shifted to the red, representative of the sample composition.
  • Kaman scattering is a weak process, relying on a non-linear interaction between the source radiation and the sample. In the past this has meant that even for concentrated samples under ideal conditions photon counting and photomultiplier tubes have to be employed to detect the emitted radiation. Kemote detection, when the sample volume may be small, or dilute, has therefore been impractical.
  • a method of compositional analysis utilises the enhancement of the efficiency of generation of the Kaman spectrum by using a configuration in which a surface plasmon is excited in an appropriate surface layer and the Kaman spectrum is simultaneously generated. It is known that when a surface plasmon is excited, the electric field associated with the electromagnetic wave is highly enhanced (by a factor of 10 3 to 104).
  • One aspect of the present invention is particularly concerned with a sensor head specifically designed for use in monitoring of anaesthetic gases.
  • the sensor is potentially integratable with gas lines. The option of continuous monitoring during surgery is available.
  • Anaesthetic gases used are usually nitrous oxide (NO) , halothane and other ether-like materials. These are used either individually or more usually in combination. Additionally oxygen is provided and carbon dioxide (CO_) is occasionally given to stimulate respiration. Exhaled gases to be monitored are oxygen and more importantly carbon dioxide.
  • Current operating theatre procedure includes the use of separate tubes for inhaled and exhaled gases which have a two-way valved junction as close to the patient as possible to minimise dead space. Disposable circuits are generally used.
  • Continuous monitoring of exhaled CO_ is currently available using for example the Datex Normocap equipment as supplied by Vickers Medical, a Division of Vickers pic, located at Basingstoke, England.
  • Flow control is manually supervised by the anaesthetist using perception of other conditions such as patient responses in addition to gas concentration measurements.
  • the first aspect of the present invention utilises surface plasmon enhanced Kaman spectroscopy in the monitoring of anaesthetic gases.
  • Equipment for this purpose based on conventional Kamam spectroscopy has been developed by Biomaterials International Inc. (BID of
  • an apparatus for monitoring the concentration of two or more predetermined gases in a flowing gas stream which comprises (a) a conduit defining a flow channel for said flowing gas stream, (b) located within said conduit, a sensor head comprising an active surface; and (c) an optically transparent window in the wall of said conduit adjacent to said sensor head to permit optical radiation from an external source to impinge upon said active surface through said window and to permit egress of radiation emitted by said active surface; wherein said active surface is a surface capable of supporting a plasmon resonance.
  • the use of surface plasmon enhancement ameliorates the problems associated with low signals, e.g. the BII instrument uses an air-cooled argon ion laser to provide a sufficiently high intensity light source to ensure measurable signals; this is not required in order to put the present invention into practice. Additionally, the present invention incorporates a number of other features such as compatibility with anaesthetic gas lines.
  • the active surface is a metal-coated grating surface or a metal-coated surface of a triangular prism.
  • the sensor head includes a heating element close to the active surface in order to permit control of the prevailing temperature at which the active surface functions. This may be important, for example, in order to avoid condensation of liquids or vapours on the active surface.
  • the present invention is concerned with a sensor head designed specifically for use in monitoring of blood gas analytes in samples taken from a patient for n vitro analysis.
  • the sensor is capable of both identification of gases and continuous measurement of their concentration.
  • the present invention is concerned with a sensor head designed specifically for use in monitoring of blood gas analytes in an extracorporeal circuit.
  • ISFETS ion selective field effect transistors
  • an apparatus for determining blood gas concentrations which comprises a cell adapted to receive a blood sample for analysis, said cell incorporating in or on one surface thereof a gas-permeable membrane and, in contact with that surface of said membrane remote from the receptive volume of said cell, an active surface which is capable of supporting a plasmon resonance.
  • apparatus for determining blood gas concentration which comprises (a) a sensor head including a body portion supporting and/or containing an active surface capable of supporting a plasmon resonance; (b) contiguous with said active surface, a gas-permeable membrane; and (c) an optical connection capable of transmitting a light input to said active surface and capable of transmitting a light output away from said active surface.
  • the present invention utilises a single optical technique for the monitoring of a number of blood gases e.g. p0 2 and pCO».
  • the technique is also applicable to the detection and measurement of other blood gas analytes. Its simplicity compared with electrochemical sensors and versatility to monitor a plurality of analytes make it an attractive alternative sensor technology.
  • the present invention provides ' a method of analysis which utilises enhancement of the efficiency of
  • Kaman spectrum generation in a configuration in which a surface plasmon resonance is generated in an appropriate surface layer and the Kaman spectrum is generated simultaneously.
  • FIGURE 1 illustrates schematically the working method of the invention.
  • FIGURES 2a and 2b illustrate schematically two embodiments ot the active surface used in the invention
  • FIGURE 2c illustrates schematically the production of a Kaman spectrum
  • FIGURE 3 illustrates a preferred feature relating to the sensor head
  • FIGURE 4 illustrates the location of the sensor head in a conduit defining a flow path for the flowing gas stream
  • FIGURE 5 illustrates a flow line for a patient breathing an anaesthetic gas mixture, the flow line including apparatus in accordance with the invention
  • FIGURE 6 illustrates two arrangements of sample cell in accordance with the invention
  • FIGURE 7 illustrates part of a sample cell in accordance with this invention
  • FIGURE 8 illustrates schematically one embodiment of the present invention for use in extracorporeal blood gas analysis.
  • a sensor head 1 supports an active surface 2 which, in this embodiment, is in the form of a grating.
  • a source 3 of coherent radiation e.g. a laser operating in the visible or near infra-red, produces a collimated beam lambda, . which is directed at the active surface 2 at an angle of incidence theta..
  • Surface plasmon enhanced Raman emission occurs and the emitted rays lambda are detected by a detection system 4.
  • a material e.g.
  • the sensor itself comprises a metal coated substrate which may be part either of a prism (also known as Kretchmann or Otto geometry) or of a grating assembly. These arrangements are shown schematically in Figure 2. As shown in Figure 2c, the metal grating has a dielectric constant E réelle while the dielectric medium onto which the metal layer is deposited has a dielectric constant E.. Surface plasmon generation can occur at the metal dielectric interface E. , E .
  • the sensor head comprises a prism which carries a metal film 2 on one surface; the film 2 communicates directly with a conduit C through which the material undergoing analysis is passed.
  • the arrangement of Figure 2b is different in that the active metal film 2 is spaced from the prism by a narrow gap (e.g. of 1 micrometre or less) which forms part of the conduit C.
  • the sensor head structure itself preferably has the following features:
  • the substrate 1 is heated, e.g. by resistance heating element 5, to eliminate condensation of the gas being monitored (see Figure 3).
  • Gas flow is controlled over the surface and feedback may be used to control the flow.
  • a gas to be analysed may be fed through a line 6 to a chamber 7 containing the sensor head 1.
  • Valves 9 and 10 are disposed upstream and downstream, respectively, of chamber 7 and may be used as part of a feedback loop (not shown).
  • the sensor is capable of recognition and concentration measurement of a number of gases simultaneously.
  • One mode of operation would involve the sensor being integrated as far downstream as possible such as is shown in Figure 5.
  • a patient breathes through a mask (not shown) which is supplied by a tube 11 which contains a sensor head 1 of this invention.
  • Inhaled gas (which may be an anaesthetic gas mixture) is admitted to tube 11 via tube 12 and valve 14, while exhaled gas is vented to the atmosphere via valve 14 and tube 13.
  • a level of intelligence and turning logic would be required in the control of the detection system.
  • a sensor could be used in each of the inhaled and exhaled gas lines.
  • a sensor incorporated in the gas line would fit into the instrument allowing positioning with respect to light source and detection systems via some form of clip-in positioning. Since it is known that tubing used for anaesthetic gas delivery is usually disposable, one mode of operation of the sensor could involve a disposable sensor unit fully integrated during manufacture with the tubing by, for example, moulding. This would avoid additional connectors from tubing to sensor.
  • the sensor assembly illustrated in Figures 6 and 7 is intended for use in in vitro blood gas analysis and is capable of sensing the presence and relative concentrations of a number of gases simultaneously. Since the sensor is to be used to monitor the gaseous content of a liquid (blood) sample, a unique feature of the invention is a membrane structure 18 which prevents the liquid sample from coming into direct contact with the Kaman active surface but which allows the flow of gaseous constituents from the blood sample across the membrane into the sensing region close to the surface. This is illustrated in Figure 7. The spacing between the membrane and the sensing surface may be very small. In one advantageous embodiment of this invention the cell containing the blood sample and the sensing surface can be integrated into a single component as shown in Figures 6a and 6b.
  • sample cell 15 which may be, for example, a polycarbonate moulding and would be a disposable unit.
  • the membrane 18 fits over a prism 16 coated with a metal film 17; in Figure 6b, the membrane 18 is positioned on top of a metal grating 17. The entire unit would locate into the measuring instrument to ensure appropriate illumination and detection geometries.
  • the sensor is compatible with carousel techniques conventionally used for iri vitro analysis of a large number of blood samples.
  • the sensor of Figure 8 is intended for use in the extracorporeal analysis of blood gas concentrations and is capable of sensing the presence and relative concentrations of a number of gases simultaneously.
  • the sensor assembly itself (1) is remote from the illumination and detection systems. These may be housed in a main surface plasmon enhanced Kaman spectroscopic (SPEKS) instrument 19, while the sensor 1 forms part of an extracorporeal blood circuit, the required optical connection between the two being made by an optical fibre light delivery and collection system 20.
  • SPEKS Kaman spectroscopic
  • the sensor itself may be a miniaturised grating or prism assembly, as described above with respect to the other embodiments of the invention.
  • a membrane structure is also required to prevent direct contact between the blood and the sensing structure but allowing a flow of blood gases into the sensing region close to the sensing structure.
  • the sensor may be connected with the system controlling the flow in the extracorporeal circuit and the measurements generated may be used for on-line control of such a system.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)

Abstract

Le procédé et l'appareil sont destinés à être employés dans le contrôle de gaz pour utilisation clinique. Dans un premier mode de réalisation servant à contrôler la composition de gaz d'anesthésie, ledit appareil comprend (a) un conduit définissant un canal d'écoulement pour le courant de gaz en écoulement, (b) une tête de détecteur disposée dans ledit conduit et comprenant une surface active, et (c) une fenêtre optiquement transparente ménagée dans la paroi dudit conduit adjacente à la tête de détecteur et destinée à permettre un rayonnement optimal depuis une source extérieure qui vient heurter cette surface active en passant à travers ladite fenêtre et destinée à permettre la sortie du rayonnement émis par ladite surface active, laquelle est une surface capable de supporter une résonance de plasmon. Afin de pouvoir effectuer des analyses de gaz sanguin extracorporelles et in vitro, ledit appareil comprend une cellule destinée à recevoir un échantillon de sang à analyser et incorporant dans ou sur l'une de ses surfaces une membrane perméable au gaz et, en contact avec la surface de cette membrane à distance du volume collecteur de ladite cellule, une surface active capable de supporter une résonance de plasmon.
PCT/GB1988/000126 1987-02-25 1988-02-24 Controle de gaz pour utilisation clinique WO1988006725A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1019890701922A KR900700455A (ko) 1988-02-22 1989-10-20 치료제

Applications Claiming Priority (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8704423 1987-02-25
GB878704423A GB8704423D0 (en) 1987-02-25 1987-02-25 Compositional analysis
GB8722450 1987-09-24
GB8722447 1987-09-24
GB878722448A GB8722448D0 (en) 1987-02-25 1987-09-24 In vitro blood testing
GB8722448 1987-09-24
GB878722447A GB8722447D0 (en) 1987-02-25 1987-09-24 Extracorporeal blood testing
GB878722450A GB8722450D0 (en) 1987-02-25 1987-09-24 Anaesthetic gas monitoring

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1988006725A1 true WO1988006725A1 (fr) 1988-09-07

Family

ID=27449890

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1988/000126 WO1988006725A1 (fr) 1987-02-25 1988-02-24 Controle de gaz pour utilisation clinique

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0305429A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU1343488A (fr)
WO (1) WO1988006725A1 (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0557658A1 (fr) * 1992-02-24 1993-09-01 Hewlett-Packard Company Spectroscopie Raman des gaz de respiration
US5506678A (en) * 1992-02-24 1996-04-09 Hewlett Packard Company System for collecting weakly scattered electromagnetic radiation
DE19630538A1 (de) * 1996-07-29 1998-02-05 Rossendorf Forschzent Kompositmaterial zur Resonanzverstärkung optischer Signale und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
US6480282B1 (en) * 1999-05-06 2002-11-12 University Of Washington Capillary surface plasmon resonance sensors and multisensors
US6726881B2 (en) 2001-09-03 2004-04-27 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Measurement chip for surface plasmon resonance biosensor

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4004088A1 (de) * 1990-02-10 1991-08-14 Basf Ag Verfahren zur untersuchung physikalischer eigenschaften duenner schichten
KR19990036764A (ko) * 1997-10-08 1999-05-25 이데미츠 고산 캄파니 리미티드 6-(아릴카보닐)-4-옥시모-디하이드로벤조티오피란 제초제제조방법 및 이에 유용한 중간체

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0144713A2 (fr) * 1983-12-06 1985-06-19 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. Installation pour la mesure optique de concentration de substances

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0144713A2 (fr) * 1983-12-06 1985-06-19 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. Installation pour la mesure optique de concentration de substances

Non-Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Analytical Chemistry, vol. 54, no. 9, August 1982 (Washington D.C., US) I. Chabay: "Optical Waveguides", pages 1071(A)-1080(A) *
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol. 23, no. 11, April 1981 (New York, US), J.G. Gordon et al.: "Use of gratins to detect small quantities of materials by Raman spectroscopy", page 5099 *
Optics Letters, vol. 10, no. 4, april 1984 (New York, US), K. Teifenthaler et al.: "Integrated optical switches and gas sensors", pages 137-139 *
Sensors and Actuators, vol. 4, 1983 ed. by Elsevier, (Amsterdam, NL), B. Liedberg et al.: "Surface plasmon resonance for gas detection and biosensing", pages 299-304 *

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0557658A1 (fr) * 1992-02-24 1993-09-01 Hewlett-Packard Company Spectroscopie Raman des gaz de respiration
US5450193A (en) * 1992-02-24 1995-09-12 Hewlett-Packard Company Raman spectroscopy of airway gases
US5506678A (en) * 1992-02-24 1996-04-09 Hewlett Packard Company System for collecting weakly scattered electromagnetic radiation
DE19630538A1 (de) * 1996-07-29 1998-02-05 Rossendorf Forschzent Kompositmaterial zur Resonanzverstärkung optischer Signale und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
US6480282B1 (en) * 1999-05-06 2002-11-12 University Of Washington Capillary surface plasmon resonance sensors and multisensors
US6726881B2 (en) 2001-09-03 2004-04-27 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Measurement chip for surface plasmon resonance biosensor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0305429A1 (fr) 1989-03-08
AU1343488A (en) 1988-09-26

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