WO1987000959A1 - Appareil de memorisation de donnees pour systeme de traitement de donnees numeriques - Google Patents

Appareil de memorisation de donnees pour systeme de traitement de donnees numeriques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1987000959A1
WO1987000959A1 PCT/US1986/001631 US8601631W WO8700959A1 WO 1987000959 A1 WO1987000959 A1 WO 1987000959A1 US 8601631 W US8601631 W US 8601631W WO 8700959 A1 WO8700959 A1 WO 8700959A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
head
magnetic
storage device
data storage
module
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1986/001631
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
David Cope
Gary Spletter
Original Assignee
David Cope
Gary Spletter
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by David Cope, Gary Spletter filed Critical David Cope
Publication of WO1987000959A1 publication Critical patent/WO1987000959A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C5/00—Details of stores covered by group G11C11/00
    • G11C5/02—Disposition of storage elements, e.g. in the form of a matrix array
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
    • G11C11/02—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements
    • G11C11/14—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using thin-film elements

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to the field of digital data processing systems, and more specifically to data storage apparatus for use in such systems.
  • the invention provides a low cost, high speed and high capacity data storage system that uses removable magnetic media on which to store data.
  • a digital data processing system generally includes three basic elements; namely a memory element, an input/output element, and a processor element, all interconnected by one or more buses.
  • the memory element stores data in addressable storage locations. This data includes both operands and instructions for processing the operands.
  • the processor element causes data to be transferred, or fetched, to it from the memory element, interprets the incoming data as either instructions or operands, and processes the operands in accordance with the instructions. The results are then stored in addressed locations in the memory element.
  • An input/output element also communicates with the memory element in order to transfer data into the system and to obtain the processed data from it.
  • the units comprising the input/output element normally operate in accordance with control information supplied to it by the processor element.
  • the units comprising the input/output element may include, for example, printers, teletypewriters, or keyboards and video display terminals, and may also include secondary data storage devices such as disk drives or tape drives.
  • the data storage devices that are used in a digital data processing system and its disk and tape drives essentially forms a hierarchy based on cost per unit storage (typically a bit), access speed, that is, the speed that data can be written (stored) in or read (fetched) from the device, and capacity, with the electronic storage used in main memory typically being relatively high speed and high cost but low capacity, and the magnetic storage used in disk and tape drives being relatively higher capacity but. lower speed and lower cost.
  • a processor itself may also include a private electronic storage such as a cache. memory, which has higher access speed to the processor than does the main memory, with higher cost per storage element, but with typically far lower capacity than the main memory.
  • disk drives As an example, data is stored on one or mo.re rotating disks whose surfaces are coated with a magnetic . material.
  • a radially-movable read/write head suspended above the disk surface reads data from and writes data onto the magnetic coating on the disk surface.
  • the head is maintained a uniform distance from the disk surface by the air that is entrained with the rotating disk; essentially the head "flies" over the disk surface.
  • Efforts at increasing disk capacity have required the heads to fly closer and closer to the disk surface. This results in problems, however, as the head is susceptible to "crashing" into the disk surface in the event of power interruptions or mechanical vibration.
  • the read/write head moves radially with respect to the disk, and so data is stored on the disk in concentric rings, or tracks, each representing one radial position of the head.
  • the tracks are divided into a plurality of equi-angular sectors, with each sector storing a selected amount of data. typically five hundred and twelve eight-bit bytes or a multiple thereof.
  • the disk drive When the disk drive is requested to access, that is, read data from or write data onto a specific sector or sectors, the drive must first perform a search operation, that is, move the head to the appropriate track and then a seek operation, or wait for the disk to rotate until the sector is under the head, before data can be transferred.
  • the search and seek operations can take a significant amount of time, on the order of at least ten milliseconds in current high- performance drives to several hundred milliseconds for floppy disk drives. In even the fastest drives the search and seek operations take significantly longer than the actual time required to perform the data transfer. In an effort to reduce the search and seek times, some manufacturers have added additional heads around the periphery of the disk. However, this adds to the cost of the drive and does not appreciably reduce the search and seek times or increase data transfer rates. " Since the access time for the disk drives is so long, high performance processors could execute thousands of instructions during this time, and so modern operating systems are configured to permit interrupting a program which requires a disk access and begin processing another program which has sufficient data already in main memory to facilitate execution.
  • the disk's rotational mechanism and the head movement mechanism are the parts that are most highly prone to failure. This tends to limit or reduce the reliability of the entire system, as the disk and tape drives are required for high capacity storage in modern systems.
  • the electronic main random access memory alleviates many of these problems, but it is significantly more expensive, on a cost per bit basis,- than is magnetic storage. Furthermore, electronic storage is volatile, that is, the stored charge dissipates when the power is turned off, and the memory, unlike magnetic storage, does not have a removable medium. Thus, unlike the magnetic storage, the random access memory cannot be used for loading programs or data into the computer system.
  • the invention provides a new and improved data storage device for use in a digital data processing system that uses a magnetic medium for storing the data which, as in some disk and tape storage devices, may be removable, but which eliminates many -deficiencies in current magnetic storage devices, including head crashing or head and media wear, electromechanical failures and the lengthy search and seek times that are required to access data in other storage devices which use magnetic storage media.
  • the invention provides a new and improved data storage device in which data is stored in a planar magnetic medium.
  • a plurality of small, individually energizable read/write heads, one head per bit of data, are supported and maintained in a matrix arrangement adjacent to the magnetic medium.
  • Circuitry is provided to individually enable each head to read data from or write data onto the medium.
  • To write data onto the medium circuitry energizes the head to impress a magnetic field onto the medium in a selected direction, with the impressed field in one direction representing a binary "1", and a field in the opposite direction representing a binary "0".
  • circuitry enables the head to generate magnetic flux in a selected direction.
  • the medium and heads do not move in the new data storage device and since each read/write head is continuously adjacent to its data stored on the medium, no time is required to move the head to the data, and so the search and seek times are zero. Eliminating head movement also eliminates the possibility of head crashing and wear of the head and medium. In addition, eliminating moving parts enhances reliability of the data storage device and of the entire computer system.
  • the data storage device including the read/write heads may be manufactured using thin film techniques that are used in the semiconductor industry. That is, the heads may be formed in layers to form the U-shaped heads and the energizing windings which surround them, as well as the conducting wires that connect them to the energizing and sense circuitry.
  • the invention also provides a new circuit for selectively energizing the individual heads.
  • the medium may be formed directly over the lead matrix of the data storage device using a thin film technique.
  • the medium may cover the entire surface in juxtaposition with the heads, or alternatively, it may be patterned so as to provide magnetic material only across the head gaps.
  • Fig. 2 is a diagram, in perspective view, of a detail of a magnetic head module comprising a portion of the storage device depicted in Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 3 comprising Figs. 3A and 3B, are side and top schematic sectional views, respectively of a single read/write head used in the magnetic head module depicted in Fig. 2;
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of energizing and switching circuitry used with the storage device depicted in Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 5 depict alternative embodiments of read/write heads useful in the data storage device depicted in Fig. 1.
  • a magnetic storage device 10 constructed in accordance with the invention includes a substrate supporting, body 11 which supports a plurality of switching chips 12 on its upper surface and electrically connects to chips 12 through pins on the underside of the chips (not shown) that mate with a socket 16.
  • the substrate 11 also supports a plurality of magnetic head modules 13 on its lower surface that connect through pins 17 to the substrate 11 through sockets (not shown).
  • the magnetic head modules which" are described in more detail in connection with Figs. 3, 3A and 3B, contain the actual read/write heads, are maintained in close contact with a planar recording medium 14 by a sp ing-loaded , retractable plate 18.
  • the recording medium 14 has magnetic coating 15 on its upper surface which contacts the magnetic head modules and provides the actual magnetic recording medium for storing data.
  • the switching chips 12 contain circuitry which will be described below in connection with Fig. 4 which selects the individual ones of the read/write- heads which will be described in connection with Fig. 2.
  • a digital data processing system when it desires to obtain data from a mass storage device such as a disk drive or data storage device 10, transmits a data transfer command identifying a read or write operation and an address over a bus (also not shown) which is received and decoded by control circuitry external to device 10.
  • the address identifies, for a disk drive, a block of data by its track and sector number and, for storage device 10, a block of data by its magnetic head module and a group of read/write heads.
  • the external circuitry operates in a conventional manner to energize switching modules 12.
  • the switching modules couple signals through substrate 11, which includes conductors which couple signals from switching chips 12 through pins 17 to magnetic head modules 13 and allow the heads identified by the address from the system to be energized in a selected manner to permit data to be written onto, or read from, medium 14.
  • the data is represented by magnetic flux in the magnetic coating in a selected direction adjacent to the read/write head.
  • a magnetic head module 13 includes a plurality of U-shaped heads 20 that are arrayed in a regular matrix pattern in a non-conductive and non-magnetic binder 19, with the open -ends of the U- shaped heads facing towards the lower surface 21 of the head module. Encircling a portion of each ' head is an individuallyenergizable electrically conductive winding 22. The conductor forming its associated winding is spaced slightly apart from its associated head to prevent it from being electrically shorted to the head, which may be conductive. When current passes through a winding, a magnetic field is induced in the head, with the direction of the field depending upon the direction of current flow through the winding.
  • Figs. 3A and 3B depict in schematic form side and top sectional views of one of the magnetic heads 20 and its respective winding 22 in magnetic head module.
  • the magnetic head module also includes a plurality of -energizing wires including an input line 30 and an ou.tput line 31 which are connected to respective ends of winding 22.
  • windings associated with several heads may be connected to a single set of input and output lines 30 and 31.
  • the magnetic head comprises an elongated cross member 40 of a magnetizable material that is formed parallel to the lower surface 42 of the magnetic head module against which magnetic medium 14 is maintained by plate 18. From the cross member 40, two legs 41 extend toward the lower surface 42. •
  • the winding 22 surrounds cross member 40.
  • a magnetic field is induced in head 20 in the direction depicted by the arrows in the figure.
  • a magnetic field is induced through the magnetic coating 15 on medium 14.
  • the direction of magnetization is interpreted as a binary value and may be read by the switching chip transmitting a current in a selected direction through winding 22.
  • the magnetization changes direction when the current pulse is transmitted, and, as it does, a relatively large voltage pulse occurs between input line 30 and output line 31.
  • a relatively large voltage pulse occurs between input line 30 and output line 31.
  • the previously- impressed magnetization is in the same direction, only a 5 relatively small voltage pulse is generated.
  • the pulse that is generated is sensed by circuitry in the switching chips.
  • the voltage of the generated pulse indicates the value of the stored data.
  • the switching chip then performs a writing operation to restore the magnetization
  • the magnetic head modules 13 are formed using conventional thin film techniques that are similar to techniques used in fabricating integrated circuit chips.
  • Figs. 3A and 3B can be fabricated in a number of steps if lines 30 and 31 are formed at different vertical levels in the module, or in several fewer steps if they are formed at the same level. In the first step, if the fabrication begins at the lower surface 41, the portion
  • the portion of module 13 is fabricated from the surface 45 of winding 22 up to the lower surface- 46 of horizontal member 40, including portions of legs 41, binder 19, and the lower section of vertical portions 47 of winding 22.
  • the portion of the module from the lower surface 46 to the upper surface 48 of cross member 40 are formed, including the horizontal member 40 and the mid-section of the vertical portions 47 of winding 22.
  • the portion of the magnetic head module 13 from the upper surface 48 of cross member 40 to the lower surface 50 of winding 22 is fabricated, including the upper section of the vertical portion 47 of winding 22 and the associated binder 19.
  • the portion of head module 13 is fabricated from the lower surface 50 to the upper surface 51 of the winding, including the upper horizontal portion of the winding and a vertical portion at the two ends of the winding which are to be connected to input and output leads 30 and 31.
  • the portion of the magnetic head module 13 is fabricated from the upper surface 51 of the winding 22 to the lower surface 52 of output line 31, including the vertical portion connecting winding 22 to the input and output lines 30 and 31.
  • portions of the magnetic head module are fabricated to the top surface 53 of wire 31, the bottom surface 54 of wire 30, and the upper surface 55 of wire 30 and portion of the module above the upper surface 55.
  • Fig. 4 depicts a schematic diagram of circuitry that can be used to selectively energize the windings 22 in the- magnetic head modules.
  • the input and output ends of windings 22 are connected through input and output lines 30 and 31 to input and output control switches 60 and 61.
  • the input terminals of windings 22 are also connected through a plurality of load resistors 62 to a set of control lines 63 which are, in turn, connected through control switches 64 to a current source and sense circuitry generally represented by reference numeral 65.
  • Circuitry 65 supplies current in one direction that is required to perform the appropriate writing or reading operation, and also senses the presence or absence of a pulse during a reading operation. In addition, circuitry 65 enables the data to be re-written after a reading operation.
  • a second circuit 65A supplies current in the opposite direction through switches 64A, resistors 62A and control lines 63A.
  • the operation of the circuit depicted in Fig. 4 is similar as between the operation using circuit 65 and the operation using circuit 65A, and so the operation will be described in connection with the use of circuit 65.
  • the windings 22 and associated circuitry are divided into five groups, identified as groups A through E. Each of the windings 22 in a group is connected to the same input line 30 and to different output lines 31.
  • the load resistors 62 and 62A that are connected to the different windings in each group are connected to different ones of the control lines 63 and 63A such that one winding from each of the ' groups A through E is connected through load resistors 62 and 62A, to each of the control lines 63 and 63A.
  • the switching module 12 that decodes the address from the data processing system and identifies the winding associated to the addressed storage location, closes one of the switches 64 and one of the switches 61.
  • the switching module 12 is enabled to close all of the switches 60 except for the switch corresponding to the closed one of switch 61.
  • all of switches 60 are closed except for one, and only one of switches 64 and one of switches 61 are closed. This effectively isolates from the current source and sense circuitry all of the windings 22 except the one associated with the head corresponding to the addressed location.
  • the address decoding circuitry closes switch 64' and 61* and leaves open all of the rest of the switches in output switches 61 and control switches 64. • The address decoding circuitry also closes all of the switches 60 except for switch 60'. This ensures that current is not permitted to be coupled throug.h any of the other ones of windings 22 that may also be connected to the control line 63 that is connected to switch 64', since other current paths can exist through multiple windings from that control line to the output line 31 controlled by switch 61'. Thus, closing all of the switches 60 except for switch 60' ensures that only winding 22' receives any of the current from circuit 65.
  • switches 64A are open to ensure that circuit 65A does not provide current to any of the windings. If circuit 65A is to be used to provide current to windings 22 in the opposite direction, switches 64A are used in the same manner as switches 64 described above, and the operation of switches 60 and 61 are interchanged. Thus, to energize one winding using circuit 65A, one of switches 64A is closed, one of switches 60 is closed, all but one of switches 61 are closed, and all of switches 64 are open.
  • Figs. 5A and 5B depict alternative embodiments of heads 20.
  • the heads can be essentially formed from a single cross member with adjacent heads sharing depending legs 41.
  • the windings 22 are wound around the cross member 40
  • the windings 22 are wound around the legs 41.
  • the switching modules To energize one head in the embodiment depicted in Fig. 5B, the switching modules must energize windings on adjacent ones of the legs 41 in opposite directions so that, for example,, the flux in one leg is up, the flux in the adjacent leg must be downward to complete a magnetic circuit through medium 14.
  • an alternate embodiment of the invention may provide a second set of head modules 13 opposing the modules depicted in Fig. 1, and in place of plate 18.
  • a suitable double-sided medium may be used, that is,-a medium comprising a planar carrier the sides of which carry the magnetic material. In use, the medium would be placed between the opposing head modules.
  • the head modules are formed by thin film techniques as described above in connection with
  • the medium may be deposited over lower surface 42. After being deposited, the medium may be patterned so as to provide magnetic material only between the legs 41.
  • the invention provides a new data storage device that stores data on a removable magnetic medium but which reduces or eliminates many of the problems inherent in current magnetic storage devices which use moving magnetic medium.
  • the invention makes possible much higher data densities than are possible with current disks, for example, as in disks only a limited annulus on the disk is available for storage and then only on widely-separated tracks, whereas data can be stored over»the entire medium surface in the invention.
  • the medium used with the invention may be any shape; it is not limited to a circular shape characteristic of rotating disks.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Digital Magnetic Recording (AREA)

Abstract

Un dispositif de mémorisation (10) de données utilisé dans un système de traitement de données numériques mémorise des données numériques dans des emplacements adressables de mémoire sur un support magnétique plat et stationnaire (14). Le dispositif de mémorisation comprend un module à tête magnétique (13) qui, à son tour, comprend une pluralité de têtes de lecture/écriture (20) pouvant être individuellement activées et formant une rangée sur une surface du module, les têtes individuelles correspondant aux adresses. Le support magnétique est juxtaposé à la surface du module qui comprend la rangée. Lorsqu'une tête est activée, elle génère un champ magnétique afin d'aimanter une région du support magnétique proche de la tête, de façon à enregistrer des données sur le support. Pour lire des données inscrites sur le support, la tète est activée afin de générer un champ magnétique dans une direction sélectionnée. Une tension électrique est générée dans l'enroulement de la tête, et son amplitude indique la valeur des données enregistrées. Après la lecture de l'emplacement, les données sont ré-inscrites dans l'emplacement.
PCT/US1986/001631 1985-08-08 1986-08-06 Appareil de memorisation de donnees pour systeme de traitement de donnees numeriques WO1987000959A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US76384485A 1985-08-08 1985-08-08
US763,844 1985-08-08

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1987000959A1 true WO1987000959A1 (fr) 1987-02-12

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1986/001631 WO1987000959A1 (fr) 1985-08-08 1986-08-06 Appareil de memorisation de donnees pour systeme de traitement de donnees numeriques

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0233254A4 (fr)
JP (1) JPS63500904A (fr)
CA (1) CA1278861C (fr)
WO (1) WO1987000959A1 (fr)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0296867A2 (fr) * 1987-06-24 1988-12-28 SHIMIZU CONSTRUCTION Co. LTD. Tableau noir électronique et système de tableau noir électronique
EP0340085A2 (fr) * 1988-04-27 1989-11-02 Thomson-Csf Dispositif matriciel à têtes magnétiques, notamment en couches minces
EP0386135A1 (fr) * 1988-09-08 1990-09-12 Shram Memory Technologies Inc. Memoire stratifiee a acces selectif
EP0436274A2 (fr) * 1989-12-22 1991-07-10 Magnex Corporation Mémoire à tores à film mince magnétique et méthode de fabrication de celle-ci
EP0481875A1 (fr) * 1990-10-19 1992-04-22 THOMSON multimedia Procédé d'adressage de têtes élémentaires d'une tête multipiste d'enregistrement sur support magnétique, et tête magnétique le mettant en oeuvre
EP0569547A1 (fr) * 1991-02-01 1993-11-18 SPITZER, Richard Alignement de microstructures et systeme d'activation de ces microstructures
US5587943A (en) * 1995-02-13 1996-12-24 Integrated Microtransducer Electronics Corporation Nonvolatile magnetoresistive memory with fully closed flux operation
US7911830B2 (en) 2007-05-17 2011-03-22 Integrated Magnetoelectronics Scalable nonvolatile memory
US8911888B2 (en) 2007-12-16 2014-12-16 HGST Netherlands B.V. Three-dimensional magnetic memory with multi-layer data storage layers
US9741923B2 (en) 2015-09-25 2017-08-22 Integrated Magnetoelectronics Corporation SpinRAM

Citations (3)

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US3633188A (en) * 1969-07-22 1972-01-04 Burroughs Corp Electromagnetic transducer employing a thin magnetic film having an oriented easy direction of magnetization
US3708789A (en) * 1971-01-19 1973-01-02 Int Pour L Inf Co Thin film binary data information stores
US4416056A (en) * 1977-12-13 1983-11-22 Fujitsu Limited Process for preparation of film coils

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BE540911A (fr) * 1954-08-31
CH355814A (de) * 1957-01-22 1961-07-31 Sperry Rand Corp Magnetische Einrichtung
US3214740A (en) * 1959-01-16 1965-10-26 Rese Engineering Inc Memory device and method of making same
US3267445A (en) * 1962-11-09 1966-08-16 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Magnetic memory circuits

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3633188A (en) * 1969-07-22 1972-01-04 Burroughs Corp Electromagnetic transducer employing a thin magnetic film having an oriented easy direction of magnetization
US3708789A (en) * 1971-01-19 1973-01-02 Int Pour L Inf Co Thin film binary data information stores
US4416056A (en) * 1977-12-13 1983-11-22 Fujitsu Limited Process for preparation of film coils

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
See also references of EP0233254A4 *

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0296867A3 (fr) * 1987-06-24 1990-04-25 SHIMIZU CONSTRUCTION Co. LTD. Tableau noir électronique et système de tableau noir électronique
EP0296867A2 (fr) * 1987-06-24 1988-12-28 SHIMIZU CONSTRUCTION Co. LTD. Tableau noir électronique et système de tableau noir électronique
EP0340085A3 (fr) * 1988-04-27 1993-12-15 Thomson-Csf Dispositif matriciel à têtes magnétiques, notamment en couches minces
EP0340085A2 (fr) * 1988-04-27 1989-11-02 Thomson-Csf Dispositif matriciel à têtes magnétiques, notamment en couches minces
FR2630853A1 (fr) * 1988-04-27 1989-11-03 Thomson Csf Dispositif matriciel a tetes magnetiques notamment en couches minces
EP0677838A3 (fr) * 1988-04-27 1996-05-22 Thomson Csf Dispositif matriciel à têtes magnétiques notamment en couches minces.
US5124869A (en) * 1988-04-27 1992-06-23 Thomson-Csf Matrix device with magnetic heads, notably in thin layers
EP0386135A1 (fr) * 1988-09-08 1990-09-12 Shram Memory Technologies Inc. Memoire stratifiee a acces selectif
EP0386135A4 (en) * 1988-09-08 1992-06-03 Bednarz, Joseph J Sheet random access memory
EP0436274A2 (fr) * 1989-12-22 1991-07-10 Magnex Corporation Mémoire à tores à film mince magnétique et méthode de fabrication de celle-ci
EP0436274A3 (en) * 1989-12-22 1993-06-16 Magnex Corporation Thin film magnetic core memory and method of making same
EP0481875A1 (fr) * 1990-10-19 1992-04-22 THOMSON multimedia Procédé d'adressage de têtes élémentaires d'une tête multipiste d'enregistrement sur support magnétique, et tête magnétique le mettant en oeuvre
FR2668289A1 (fr) * 1990-10-19 1992-04-24 Thomson Consumer Electronics Procede d'adressage de tetes elementaires d'une tete multipiste d'enregistrement sur support magnetique et tete magnetique le mettant en óoeuvre.
US5394286A (en) * 1990-10-19 1995-02-28 Thomson Consumer Electronics Method for the addressing of elementary heads of a multipack head for recording on a magnetic medium, and magnetic head implementing said method
US5592413A (en) * 1991-02-01 1997-01-07 Spitzer; Richard Microstructure array and activation system therefor
US5491338A (en) * 1991-02-01 1996-02-13 Spitzer; Richard High resolution imaging and measuring dynamic surface effects of substrate surfaces
EP0569547A4 (fr) * 1991-02-01 1995-03-29 Richard Spitzer Alignement de microstructures et systeme d'activation de ces microstructures.
EP0569547A1 (fr) * 1991-02-01 1993-11-18 SPITZER, Richard Alignement de microstructures et systeme d'activation de ces microstructures
US5587943A (en) * 1995-02-13 1996-12-24 Integrated Microtransducer Electronics Corporation Nonvolatile magnetoresistive memory with fully closed flux operation
US7911830B2 (en) 2007-05-17 2011-03-22 Integrated Magnetoelectronics Scalable nonvolatile memory
US8300455B2 (en) 2007-05-17 2012-10-30 Integrated Magnetoelectronics Scalable nonvolatile memory
US8911888B2 (en) 2007-12-16 2014-12-16 HGST Netherlands B.V. Three-dimensional magnetic memory with multi-layer data storage layers
US10014045B2 (en) 2007-12-16 2018-07-03 Western Digital Technologies, Inc. Three-dimensional magnetic memory with multi-layer data storage layers
US9741923B2 (en) 2015-09-25 2017-08-22 Integrated Magnetoelectronics Corporation SpinRAM
USRE48879E1 (en) 2015-09-25 2022-01-04 Integrated Magnetoelectronics Corp. Spinram

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0233254A4 (fr) 1990-02-05
CA1278861C (fr) 1991-01-08
JPS63500904A (ja) 1988-03-31
EP0233254A1 (fr) 1987-08-26

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