WO1986001627A1 - Dispositifs binaires disposes en panneaux et actionnes electrostatiquement - Google Patents

Dispositifs binaires disposes en panneaux et actionnes electrostatiquement Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1986001627A1
WO1986001627A1 PCT/US1985/001586 US8501586W WO8601627A1 WO 1986001627 A1 WO1986001627 A1 WO 1986001627A1 US 8501586 W US8501586 W US 8501586W WO 8601627 A1 WO8601627 A1 WO 8601627A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
flap
stator
electrode regions
stator member
electrode
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1985/001586
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
George R. Simpson
Herbert W. Sullivan
Original Assignee
Simpson George R
Sullivan Herbert W
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Simpson George R, Sullivan Herbert W filed Critical Simpson George R
Publication of WO1986001627A1 publication Critical patent/WO1986001627A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y15/00—Nanotechnology for interacting, sensing or actuating, e.g. quantum dots as markers in protein assays or molecular motors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
    • G09F9/00—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements
    • G09F9/30—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements
    • G09F9/37—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being movable elements
    • G09F9/372—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being movable elements the positions of the elements being controlled by the application of an electric field
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2225/00—Synthetic polymers, e.g. plastics; Rubber
    • F05C2225/08—Thermoplastics

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electrostatically controllable electromechanical binary devices for use as an array in visual displays, switching matrices, memories, and the- like.
  • U.S. 1,984,683 and 3,553,364 includes light valves having flaps extending parallel with the approaching light, with each flap electrostatically divertable to an oblique angle across the light path for either a transmissive or reflective display.
  • U.S. 3,897,997 discloses an electrode which is electrostatically wrapped about a curved fixed electrode to affect the light reflective character of the fixed electrode.
  • Further prior art such as is described in ELECTRONICS, 7 December 1970, pp. 78-83 and I.B.M. Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 13, No. 3, August 1970, uses an electron gun to electrostatically charge selected portions of a deformable material and thereby alter its light transmissive or reflective properties.
  • the present invention provides an electrostatically controllable electromechanical binary device for light reflective or light transmissive display arrays, switching matrices, memories, and the like. Each element in the array can be controlled individually.
  • The- invention will be described in the context of use as a visual display, including black and white and multi-color alpha-numeric and pictorial displays.
  • a display element (pixel) of the invention has a stator including stationary electrodes and an adjacent moveable flap electrostatically controllable between a position removed from the stationary electrodes and an uncurled position overlying the stationary electrodes.
  • the stator has a flat surface normal to the light path, with a curled flap, when attracted, uncurling to roll adjacent to and covering the stationary electrodes on the flat stator surface.
  • the invention may also take the form of a curved stator about which a normally planar flap is wrapped when attracted.
  • the display element can control light transmission or can affect light reflection qualities for a light reflective device. It is two-state or binary. It can be latched in either state.
  • Non-conductive means is provided between the stationary electrodes and the curled flap which can, for example, take the form of an insulative layer on either the stationary electrodes or the curled flap.
  • Particular embodiments of dielectric insulators and external circuitry are provided to avoid operational difficulties arising from residual electric polarization of the dielectric insulators.
  • Embodiments of stators having multiple discrete conductive electrode regions or segments are provided to enable selective individual control of elements within a display array. Each segment of an electrode can be addressed separately to cause, for example, selected elements within an array to become actuated, or to cause selected elements to remain actuated while other elements are de-actuated.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a display element.
  • Figure 2 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a display element.
  • Figure 3 is a perspective view of a light reflective embodiment.
  • Figure 4 is a perspective view of a light transmissive embodiment.
  • Figure 5 is a perspective view of another embodiment.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic view illustrating another embodiment of a display element along with a suitable circuit.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic view illustrating another embodiment of a display element along with a suitable circuit.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic view of an array of multiple display elements according to Figure 6 along with a suitable circuit for address of individual display elements.
  • Figure 9 is an exploded perspective view of another embodiment of a display element along with a suitable circuit.
  • the display elements of the invention can be of several configurations which can be incorporated into varied . display arrays.
  • Figure 1 depicts a display element (pixel) 10 of the invention having a stator 15 comprising stationary electrodes 12A, 12B which are overlain by a layer of insulative material 14.
  • a moveable curled flap 16 having at least a surface which is electrically conductive has a portion 18 adjacent one end fixed with respect to the stator 15 and a free portion 20 at the other end controllable between a curled position removed from the stationary electrodes and an uncurled position overlying the stationary electrodes.
  • the moveable flap 16 is electrostatically controlled by means of a source of electrical potential V and a control switch 24. When the potential V is connected, electrodes 12A and 12B become oppositely charged.
  • the resulting electrostatic attraction forces cause the conductive flap 16 to uncurl and roll into a position overlying the stationary electrodes 12A, 12B as shown by dotted lines 26.
  • the electrostatic forces decrease and a bias imparted to the material of the flap provides the restitution force to cause the free portion 20 to re-curl to its relaxed, curled position removed from the stationary electrodes 12A, 12B.
  • the curled flap 16 can be a thin metallic foil or can be a polymeric film such as polyethylene terephthalate having a thin conductive surface coating such as vacuum deposited aluminum.
  • the stator 15 can comprise a rigid substrate of polymeric insulating material upon which conductive areas are deposited by printed circuit techniques to form stationary electrodes 12A and 12B.
  • the conductive flap is electrically isolated from the stator electrodes.
  • Figure 2 shows an embodiment in which the insulative layer 14 forms the inner surface of the curled flap 16.
  • the display element 10 can be used for either a light reflective or light transmissive display device.
  • a reflective device is illustrated in Figure 3. As seen in Figure 3, when flap 16 is curled away from the stator 15, the viewer sees the light reflected from the area 32, consisting of light reflecting off the exposed stator 15 and insulative layer 14, as well as off the exposed portion of inner surface 34 of the flap 16. When the flap 16 is flattened to a position overlying, the stator 15, as shown by dotted lines 26, the viewer sees only the light reflected from outer surface 36 of the moveable electrode.
  • the element ⁇ o can be used in a variety of displays such as in a black and white or a multi-color array.
  • the insulative material layer 14 can be black, the inner surface 34 of the flap 16 can be black, and the outer surface 36 of the flap white. In the curled state, no light is reflected and area 32 appears to be black. When the flap 16 is uncurled or flattened, light is reflected from the white surface.
  • the exposed surfaces in one state of the device can be of one color with the exposed surfaces in the other state of another color.
  • the display element 10 also can be a light gate for a light transmissive device such as is shown in Figure 4.
  • the light source 40 is on the opposite side of the device from the viewer who sees the transmitted light emanating from area 44.
  • a light gate device As a light gate device, light is transmitted through a stator 15 comprising translucent stationary electrodes 12A, 12B and a translucent insulative layer 14. In the flattened condition, an opaque flap 16 blocks the light. In a multi-color display, the curled condition reveals a color of light transmitted through either a clear or colored stator 15.
  • the flap 16 can be opaque, to constitute a color light gate device, or translucent and colored to effect a change of color of the transmitted light.
  • a combination reflective and transmissive display can be constructed for use in varying light conditions by use of a translucent reflective coating on the surfaces of the stator 15 and flap 16 whereby the device can be used in a reflective mode when the light source 40 is off, or in a transmissive mode when the light source is on.
  • several operating variables are to be considered in selecting the materials for use in the electrodes, the insulative layer, and the substrate.
  • Copending U.S. application S/N 642,997 discloses details of manufacturing techniques. With respect to the moveable flap, the material used must be capable of retaining the correct curl size for the particular use.
  • a moveable flap can be formed either of a metal or of a conductive polymeric material.
  • beryllium copper 25 (BeCu 25) foil 0.0001 inches thick, was curled by wrapping it about a 0.25 inch mandrel and heat treating it to set the curl. The resulting curled sheet was chemically etched into an array of 0.5 inch by 0.5 inch moveable flaps.
  • polymeric film can be provided with a conductive surface coating such, as vacuum deposited metal.
  • a translucent polymer film can be provided with a translucent thin deposited conductive layer such as gold or indium-tin oxide.
  • Polymeric flap materials can be provided with the curl bias by heat forming or can be a laminate of two or more plies bonded together while stressed unequally to form a curl bias.
  • Stationary electrodes can be formed of a conductive material such as metal foil for a reflective display, or of a translucent layer of indium-tin oxide on a translucent substrate for a light transmissive display. The electrode regions can be formed by printed circuit techniques such as photo-etching, selective deposition, or can be printed using conductive ink materials.
  • the insulative layer 14 also can be chosen from many materials. Polymeric materials are preferred.
  • the electrostatic display elements of the present invention do not electrically connect the conductive flap to the source of electric potential to effect uncurling.
  • the conductive flap is electrically isolated from the stator electrodes and from the source of potential. It is a "floating" electrode.
  • the opposing polarity of the energized stator electrodes establishes a charge on the conductive flap or the conductive coating to attract the flap to uncurl and roll over the stator.
  • a biasing power source 54 and an incremental drive power source 56 are used to control the moveable electrode 16.
  • the biasing power source 54 set at V volts, is at a voltage potential just below that needed to effect the uncurling of the flap 16.
  • the incremental drive source set at V volts, adds sufficient further potential when added to the bias potential to cause the flap to uncurl and overlie the stator 15.
  • the use of a bias voltage continually applied across the electrodes, requiring only the switching of the ⁇ . V incremental voltage to effect a change of position of the moveable flap can be highly advantageous in a display system. For example, a high voltage power supply can provide the bias voltage for all elements in the array. A smaller incremental potential is all that is necessary to control the elements with the attendant cost savings resulting from the ability to use lower voltage switching devices.
  • the embodiment of Figure 5 also can be operated with an excess of bias voltage sufficient by itself to maintain the flap 16 in a flattened position adjacent the stator 15.
  • the incremental drive voltage 56 is of opposite polarity, sufficient to decrease the electrostatic charge to a level which allows the flap to " re-curl to a position removed from the stator.
  • This embodiment also can take the form of a sufficiently charged electret insulative layer with the incremental drive source 56 of reverse polarity. This is advantageous in that in the quiescent state, with no ⁇ V potential applied, the moveable flap is flattened against the stator, rendering the moveable flap less subject to accidental physical damage.
  • Figure 6 illustrates a display element including a stator substrate having a plurality of discrete conductive regions 66-69, and a moveable curled flap 65.
  • This embodiment provides independently addressable conductive control electrode regions 66-68 and common electrode region 69 to facilitate control of a particular display element in an array of display elements.
  • a four region stationary electrode for example, an electrical potential, the sum of VI and V2, can be applied between common electrode region 69 and independently selected X electrode region 66, Y electrode region 67, or hold-down electrode region
  • the moveable flap 65 Only when the common, X, Y, and hold-down regions all are energized will the moveable flap 65 fully flatten. Once fully flattened, the hold-down electrode region 68, while energized, provides sufficient electrostatic .force to latch the flap 65 in its flattened state regardless of whether the X or Y electrode regions remain energized. To release the flap 65 from its flattened state, all of the hold-down electrode 68 and the X and Y electrode regions must be de-energized, and the common electrode 69 must be switched to the lower voltage VI.
  • the moveable flap 65 When only the common electrode region 69 and the X electrode region 66 are energized, the moveable flap 65 partially will uncurl. If, in addition to energization of the appropriate X electrode region 66, the appropriate Y electrode region 67 also is energized, the flap 65 will uncurl further. Hold-down electrode region 68 will complete the uncurling of the flap 65 to a fully flattened and latched condition. It should be noted that uncurling can not be effected by a conductive segment which is not immediately adjacent to the curled end portion of the flap. Therefore, the Y electrode region 67 can not cause uncurling until the X electrode region 66 has been energized to cause partial uncurling.
  • the flap In order that the moveable electrode be attracted by the electrostatic field of a particular stationary electrode region, the flap must be proximate that region. This proximity can be achieved by causing the flap partially to overlie the particular region.
  • One manner of. achieving the condition of partial overlying is to shape the stationary regions such that the demarcations between regions are not parallel to the curl axis of the flap.
  • the flap partially ' overlies the adjacent electrode region and thereby is located within the domain of the electrostatic field of that adjacent region when it is subsequently energized.
  • Switch H activates the hold-down region 68 to flatten fully and latch the flap 65 even if the switches X and Y subsequently de-energize the X and Y regions 66 and 67. Deactivation is achieved by switches X, Y, and H being connected to common electrode 69.
  • Figure 7 illustrates a variation of the display element of Figure 6 in which the X, Y, and hold-down electrodes (66A, 66B, 67A, 67B, 68A, 68B) are divided and positioned on each side of a central common electrode 69.
  • the electrode halves are electrically connected together and to the appropriate control switch, X, Y, and H.
  • the symmetry of the configuration of Figure 7 promotes even uncurling of- the flap 65.
  • An electret having a permanent charge can be substituted -for common electrode 69 in the embodiments of Figures 6 and 7.
  • Permanently polarized polyethylene terephthalate is a suitable electret • material.
  • Display elements having segmented stationary electrodes such as are illustrated in Figures 6 and 7, permits use of the elements in a display array in which each element of the array selectively can be actuated without 'affecting the state of the remainder of the elements in the array.
  • a display array is illustrated in Figure 8 in which a plurality of display elements 81, 82, 83, and 84, each similar to that of Figure 6, are assembled in columns and rows to form a display array. The flaps are not shown.
  • Each stator has a common electrode region 69, an X region, a Y region, and a hold down region H. All X regions in the first column are connected via a common lead to switch XI, and all X regions in the second ⁇ column are connected to switch X2.
  • each element 81-84 can be actuated selectively by selection of the appropriate switches, and latched down by the closure of hold-down switch H.
  • hold-down switch H and switch XI are closed to connect the hold-down and the X electrode regions in the first column to the potential VI plus V2
  • switch Y2 is closed to connect the Y electrode regions in the second row to the potential VI plus V2. Since the element 83 is the only element in the array with both its X and Y electrode regions energized, it alone is caused to uncurl fully. Closure of hold-down switch H will latch element 83 in the flattened state when the X and Y electrode regions subsequently are deactivat- ed. Since a flap can be affected only by.a stationary electrode region immediately adjacent the curled portion, the circuitry required to control an array of elements is simplified.
  • the display elements illustrated in Figures 6 and 7 have two independently controllable stationary electrode regions (X, Y) in addition to the hold-down region..
  • X, Y independently controllable stationary electrode regions
  • Increasing the number of independently controllable conductive regions in each display element permits a significant increase in the number of elements in an array without a concomitant increase in the number of switch devices required.
  • each element has two conductive regions, such as in Figure 8, 1250 switches are needed to control and address each element individually. If the elements have four regions, only 100 switches are required.
  • the switch devices and all other switch devices referred to in this specification can be mechanical or electronic switches such as semiconductor elements. Their function is to apply potential between a common electrode and the control electrode of the element to be controlled.
  • Figure 9 illustrates an X, Y hold-down pixel embodiment which is randomly addressable in either the flattened or curled state without disturbing the state of other pixels in the array.
  • the conductive flap 100 is arranged to overlie a stator having five electrode regions separated by gaps of chevron shape.
  • Region 101 is a common electrode which is electrically in common with the common electrode regions of all elements in the array.
  • Electrode 102 is a latch or hold-down electrically in common with electrode 105 and with all other hold-dpwns in the array.
  • the X electrode is 103, and 104 is the Y electrode.
  • hold-down electrodes 102 and 105 are connected through switch 106 to one side of a potential which is the sum of Vl and V2. Common region 101 is switched on by connection to the other side of Vl.
  • the curl 100 advances to the intersection between regions 102 and 103.
  • the element is now ready to be addressed by connecting X electrode region 103 and Y electrode region 104 to Vl by appropriate switches.
  • the curl 100 will advance and latch over hold-down region 105.
  • the X and Y electrode regions 103 and 104 now can be turned off.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
  • Mechanical Light Control Or Optical Switches (AREA)

Abstract

Un élément binaire électromécanique est utilisé par exemple pour des panneaux de visualisation. L'élément binaire comporte un volet mobile ayant au moins une surface conductrice. Le volet peut être contrôlé électrostatiquement entre une position éloignée d'un élément du stator muni d'électrodes stationnaires et une position au-dessus de l'élément du stator, pour modifier la nature réfléchissante ou phototransmissive de l'élément binaire, lorsqu'il est utilisé comme élément de visualisation. La surface conductrice du volet est isolée électriquement des électrodes stationnaires. Des électrodes stationnaires ayant une pluralité de régions conductrices discrètes sont prévues pour faciliter la commande des éléments disposés en panneau. La connexion d'une source de potentiel électrique entre les regions d'électrodes stationnaires fournit la force électrostatique nécessaire à l'attraction du volet.
PCT/US1985/001586 1984-08-21 1985-08-19 Dispositifs binaires disposes en panneaux et actionnes electrostatiquement WO1986001627A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US64275284A 1984-08-21 1984-08-21
US642,752 1984-08-21

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1986001627A1 true WO1986001627A1 (fr) 1986-03-13

Family

ID=24577862

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1985/001586 WO1986001627A1 (fr) 1984-08-21 1985-08-19 Dispositifs binaires disposes en panneaux et actionnes electrostatiquement

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0190331A1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS61503057A (fr)
WO (1) WO1986001627A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1989001217A1 (fr) * 1987-07-24 1989-02-09 Battelle Memorial Institute Dispositif pour produire le deroulement sur un substrat d'un materiau en feuille enroule elastiquement en spirale et utilisation de ce dispositif
WO1995001624A1 (fr) * 1991-03-06 1995-01-12 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Modulateur spatial de lumiere
WO2013102821A1 (fr) * 2012-01-03 2013-07-11 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Dispositif pouvant être commandé au moyen de l'électricité statique

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR100933294B1 (ko) * 2007-11-29 2009-12-22 삼성전자주식회사 셔터 및 이를 구비한 마이크로 카메라 모듈

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2402220A1 (fr) * 1977-09-02 1979-03-30 Thomson Csf Dispositif a electrets et systeme d'affichage lumineux comprenant un tel dispositif
WO1980000103A1 (fr) * 1978-06-16 1980-01-24 G Simpson Dispositif de commande de lumiere
US4266339A (en) * 1979-06-07 1981-05-12 Dielectric Systems International, Inc. Method for making rolling electrode for electrostatic device

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2402220A1 (fr) * 1977-09-02 1979-03-30 Thomson Csf Dispositif a electrets et systeme d'affichage lumineux comprenant un tel dispositif
WO1980000103A1 (fr) * 1978-06-16 1980-01-24 G Simpson Dispositif de commande de lumiere
US4266339A (en) * 1979-06-07 1981-05-12 Dielectric Systems International, Inc. Method for making rolling electrode for electrostatic device

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1989001217A1 (fr) * 1987-07-24 1989-02-09 Battelle Memorial Institute Dispositif pour produire le deroulement sur un substrat d'un materiau en feuille enroule elastiquement en spirale et utilisation de ce dispositif
WO1995001624A1 (fr) * 1991-03-06 1995-01-12 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Modulateur spatial de lumiere
US5784189A (en) * 1991-03-06 1998-07-21 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Spatial light modulator
US5959763A (en) * 1991-03-06 1999-09-28 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Spatial light modulator
WO2013102821A1 (fr) * 2012-01-03 2013-07-11 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Dispositif pouvant être commandé au moyen de l'électricité statique
CN104025173A (zh) * 2012-01-03 2014-09-03 皇家飞利浦有限公司 静电可控设备

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS61503057A (ja) 1986-12-25
EP0190331A1 (fr) 1986-08-13

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US4248501A (en) Light control device
US4235522A (en) Light control device
JP5560294B2 (ja) 電気泳動ディスプレイのための新規のアドレッシング方式
US6710540B1 (en) Electrostatically-addressable electrophoretic display
US6232950B1 (en) Rear electrode structures for displays
US6664944B1 (en) Rear electrode structures for electrophoretic displays
US7956841B2 (en) Stylus-based addressing structures for displays
US8384658B2 (en) Electrostatically addressable electrophoretic display
US6535197B1 (en) Printable electrode structures for displays
US20040090415A1 (en) Rear electrode structures for electrophoretic displays
US20040113884A1 (en) Electrostatically addressable electrophoretic display
US4736202A (en) Electrostatic binary switching and memory devices
JP3558332B2 (ja) 可動フィルム型表示装置
US6970154B2 (en) Fringe-field filter for addressable displays
CA1186897A (fr) Dispositif regulateur d'eclairage
WO1986001627A1 (fr) Dispositifs binaires disposes en panneaux et actionnes electrostatiquement
WO1986001626A1 (fr) Dispositifs binaires a volets, disposes en panneaux et actionnes electrostatiquement
US4704707A (en) Electrostatic random access memory
WO1986003879A1 (fr) Dispositifs electrostatiques de commutation binaire et de memoire
CA1189557A (fr) Dispositif regulateur d'eclairage
CN85106883A (zh) 静电动作的双态器件阵列
EP1507165A1 (fr) Nouveaux méchanismes d'adressage pour afficheurs par électrophorèse
Sugahara et al. 53.5 L: Late‐News Paper: Reflective Electromechanically Actuated Film Display (AFD) for Direct Viewing

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): JP

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): DE FR GB IT NL SE

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 1985904350

Country of ref document: EP

WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 1985904350

Country of ref document: EP

WWW Wipo information: withdrawn in national office

Ref document number: 1985904350

Country of ref document: EP