WO1985002284A1 - Marqueurs pouvant etre lus par une machine pour supports de stockage d'informations dans un plan cartesien - Google Patents

Marqueurs pouvant etre lus par une machine pour supports de stockage d'informations dans un plan cartesien Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1985002284A1
WO1985002284A1 PCT/AU1984/000228 AU8400228W WO8502284A1 WO 1985002284 A1 WO1985002284 A1 WO 1985002284A1 AU 8400228 W AU8400228 W AU 8400228W WO 8502284 A1 WO8502284 A1 WO 8502284A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
markers
medium
channels
further characterized
marker
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU1984/000228
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Geoffrey Melville Hudson
Original Assignee
Storage Research Pty. Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Storage Research Pty. Ltd. filed Critical Storage Research Pty. Ltd.
Publication of WO1985002284A1 publication Critical patent/WO1985002284A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B27/00—Editing; Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Monitoring; Measuring tape travel
    • G11B27/002—Programmed access in sequence to a plurality of record carriers or indexed parts, e.g. tracks, thereof, e.g. for editing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K17/00—Methods or arrangements for effecting co-operative working between equipments covered by two or more of main groups G06K1/00 - G06K15/00, e.g. automatic card files incorporating conveying and reading operations
    • G06K17/0016—Selecting or retrieving of images by means of their associated code-marks, e.g. coded microfilm or microfiche
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
    • G06K19/06037—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking multi-dimensional coding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
    • G11B20/10009—Improvement or modification of read or write signals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B21/00—Head arrangements not specific to the method of recording or reproducing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B27/00—Editing; Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Monitoring; Measuring tape travel
    • G11B27/10—Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Measuring tape travel
    • G11B27/19—Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Measuring tape travel by using information detectable on the record carrier
    • G11B27/28—Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Measuring tape travel by using information detectable on the record carrier by using information signals recorded by the same method as the main recording
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
    • G11B7/002—Recording, reproducing or erasing systems characterised by the shape or form of the carrier
    • G11B7/0033—Recording, reproducing or erasing systems characterised by the shape or form of the carrier with cards or other card-like flat carriers, e.g. flat sheets of optical film
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
    • G11B7/007—Arrangement of the information on the record carrier, e.g. form of tracks, actual track shape, e.g. wobbled, or cross-section, e.g. v-shaped; Sequential information structures, e.g. sectoring or header formats within a track
    • G11B7/00745—Sectoring or header formats within a track
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/20—Repeater circuits; Relay circuits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K2019/06215—Aspects not covered by other subgroups
    • G06K2019/06262—Aspects not covered by other subgroups with target- or other orientation-indicating feature

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to information storage media in which information is stored as multiple machine readable data entries arranged in frames which are themselves arranged in plural, generally parallel channels, and which further contain machine readable synchronization markers.
  • the data entries may typically be bits of digital data.
  • the invention is concerned with the reading or observation of the synchronization markers for various purposes including the achievement of synchronization between the reading head and the channels and frames.
  • the invention provides an arrangement for distinguishing local faults in position indicators from true indications of position errors.
  • Applicant's prior international patent application PCT/AU81/00188 discloses a simple microfiche constituting an information storage medium of the kind in question. That application outlines a technique for compensating for fractional misregistration between detector elements of the read head and optically machine readable data entries in the fiche, and also suggests compensation for integral or larger scale misregistration by utilizing characteristic marker patterns among the data entries in the frames.
  • the synchronization pattern along the track (whether before the sector number data or on the servo surface) must normally be complete and accurate for the sector to be accessible. Any fault in the pattern generally results in the sector being unusable.
  • next frame on magnetic tape drives must be observed within a specified period since the last or an error is reported, so that a systematic error in frame positioning such as an incorrect density cannot in general be accommodated.
  • Such position determination processes as used in the conventional computer context may well be best suited to read/write media.
  • a read only medium whose production is carefully controlled, such as the optically readable media with which this invention is primarily concerned, they suffer excessive sensitivity to faults arising from spot obliteration such as by dust, medium nonuniformity etc. Reverting to the example above, a single bit fault in the synchronization pattern on a magnetic disc is sufficient to render the entire sector which follows unusable.
  • the invention provides in a first aspect an information storage medium in which information is stored as multiple machine readable data entries arranged in frames which are themselves arranged in plural, generally parallel channels.
  • the medium contains machine readable synchronization markers which are respectively positioned at the leading ends of the channels, and preferably also at intervals along the channels, and which include one or more features of characteristic shape or dimension, or characteristically located on the medium with respect to the associated channels.
  • the invention is also directed to an information storage medium in which information is stored in multiple machine readable data entries arranged in frames which are themselves arranged in plural, generally parallel channels, wherein the medium further contains machine readable synchronization markers comprising a first set of similar markers respectively positioned at the leading ends of the channels and a second set of similar markers arranged in respective groups alongside the respective channels.
  • a method of synchronizing a read head with respect to multiple machine readable data entries arranged in frames which are themselves arranged in plural, generally parallel channels comprising observing machine readable synchronization markers respectively positioned at the leading ends of the channels, and effecting the aforesaid synchronization by reference to one or more features of the markers which are of characteristic shape or dimension, or which are characteristically located with respect to the associated channels.
  • Suitable apparatus comprises means to observe machine readable synchronization markers respectively positioned at the leading ends of the channels, and means to effect the aforesaid synchronization by reference to the feature (s) of the markers which is (are) of characteristic shape or dimension, or which is (are) characteristically located with respect to the associated channels.
  • the second mentioned means preferably includes computer means programmed with data concerning said feature (s) and with instructions so as to comprise the second-mentioned means.
  • the invention provides a method of observing a successionof machine readable position markers in a medium comprising: observing the markers in turn and storing observed values indicating marker position for a predetermined number of markers preceding each marker being observed; determining whether each observed value is outside a selected trend established by the stored values by more than a predetermined margin; and, if so, reducing the effect of that value.
  • the selected trend may be initially established by first observing a special marker which is able to be observed with greater confidence in the observation, for example because of repeated observation.
  • Figures 1A and 1B respectively depict in plan a magnified (47x) portion and a smaller further magnified (6x) sub-portion of a microfiche in which information is stored in multiple optically machine readable record entries;
  • Figure 2 schematically depicts a simple arrangement for reading the fiche shown in Figures 1A and 1B;
  • Figure 3 is a flow diagram for the principal steps in scanning and reading a channel of the fiche
  • Figure 4 is a block circuit diagram of an arrangement for practising the invention under microprocessor control
  • Figure 5 is a diagram to assist explanation of the rules concerning the lines in markers used to measure focus
  • Figure 6 is an enlarged view of part of Figure 1B, highlighting a frame synchronization marker
  • Figure 7 is similar to Figure 6 but shows an alternative form of frame synchronization marker
  • Figure 8 is a flow chart for performing part of an embodiment of the second aspect of the invention
  • Figure 9 is a block circuit diagram of part of an embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, implemented in a digital circuit
  • Figure 10 is a flow chart corresponding to Figure 8 but in respect of a still further embodiment of the second aspect of the invention.
  • a preferred information storage medium is a microfiche in which the information comprises digital data arranged as equi-spaced record entries in a series of linear record frames in one or more parallel channels.
  • the frames extend perpendicularly to the channels and the record entries are indicative of the binary numbers 1 and 0 , these comprising the limited set of possible values.
  • the record entries which in the exemplary fiche may comprise spots of substantially variable opacities, typically translucent and opaque spots, will herein be referred to as bits. It is to be emphasized that none of these specific features constitute limitations on the ambit of the invention.
  • the record entries might be spots of magnetization or transitions from one value of opacity, or one magnetic field intensity or direction, to another, and a cartesian arrangement of the data, while presently thought to be optimal, is certainly not mandatory.
  • the data may typically be arranged so that each channel is about 600 micron wide and comprises 7 longitudinal segments of about 9 mm each containing 800 frames of data bits.
  • Each frame is 6 micron wide and each spot 6 micron in diameter at centres 6 microns apart. The frames are separated by a gap of, say, 12 micron.
  • the microfiche may be, e.g., a silver halide master or a diazo copy thereof. An illustration or photograph of a microfiche thus envisaged cannot be very informative as to detail.
  • Figures 1A and 1B respectively illustrate a magnified (47x) portion and a smaller further magnified (6x) sub-portion of a representative fiche 10 on which data bits 26 are arranged in parallel channels 20 extending in the "Y" direction, each divided into blocks or segments of groups of parallel frames 24 extending in the "X" direction.
  • One of the possible values of the parallel bits, say 1, is positively indicated by a translucent "spot", but adjacent spots merge to form translucent bars.
  • the other value, 0 in the example, is indicated by sustained opacity at the regular site for the bit.
  • each channel block and therefore also the start of the channel, are preceded by a respective specially configured position indicator in the form of a channel synchronisation marker 30, having certain prescribed relationships to the respective channel segment in accordance with the first aspect of the invention.
  • Each frame 24 is associated, in a prescribed spatial relationship according to a preferred feature of the first aspect of the invention, with its own position indicator comprising synchronisation marker 32.
  • Markers 30 are all geometrically similar, as are markers 32. Markers 32 for each frame are connected by joining the Y-direction bars of the markers as a long, straight bar. The nature and use of these markers will be reverted to subsequently, being depicted in greater detail in Figures 1B and 6 respectively.
  • Fiche 10 is conveniently read by scanning along each channel in turn with a linear detector comprising multiple detector elements.
  • a single detector might of course scan along each frame and thereby read each data bit in turn but it is much preferred to utilise a linear array of detector elements of span greater than a frame and so simultaneously read all bits of each frame in turn.
  • each record entry is at least partly within the field of observation of at least one detector element.
  • a suitable such detector is a multiple element photosensitive line image sensor designed for optical imaging at high sensitivity and speed.
  • Such a sensor is typically associated with a charge-coupled device by which the charge state of each element is passed via a transfer gate to analog shift registers which store that charge and then transport it to the output stage when required. This transport operation generally proceeds at constant speed so that the time at which a value is read bears a known relationship to the position of the respective detector element along the array.
  • FIG. 1 An example of a commercial detector of this type is the Fairchild CCD 111, manufactured by the Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corporation of Palo Alto, California.
  • the CCD 111 has 256 photosensitive detector elements in linear array, each element being of rectangular configuration in the plane of the array.
  • Figure 2 schematically depicts a reader arrangement showing the principal components. Microfiche 10 is held in a glass platen 40 which moves from left to right and vice-versa while the illumination and optics assembly 41 (including read head 41a) moves on an axis 42 perpendicular to the paper.
  • the illumination system comprises a bulb 43, a condensing lens 46, a mirror 46a to allow the illumination system to take less space, and filters 47.
  • Detector 44 is mounted to a carriage 45 which is movable for focus adjustment by a manual drive 45a.
  • the whole read head 41a, housing lens 49, detector 44, carriage 45 and drive 45a is mounted at 41b for adjustment to and from platen 40.
  • Movement of platen 40 and assembly 41 is effected by separate drives comprising respective screw and nut mechanisms each powered by a suitable electric motor.
  • the screw 51a and ball-race nut 51b of the mechanism for assembly 41 are visible in Figure 2, which also shows in the left inset the electric motor 53c and screw 53a for platen 40.
  • the axis of screw 53a is of course parallel to but out of the plane of the rest of Figure 2.
  • the two drives are operable to selectively relatively move read head 41a relative to the fiche in either or both of two mutually perpendicular directions, parallel to the channels and parallel to the frames, so that the read head may scan each frame in turn, channel by channel.
  • An alternative drive would be an inelastic wire or band wound around a drum connected to a motor. It is preferred that the drive relatively moves the microfiche at substantially constant velocity parallel to the data channels and perpendicularly to the frames, but in a stepwise motion parallel to the frames and perpendicular to the channels.
  • the array of detector elements comprising detector 44 is exposed by the optics including lens 49 to light filtered by each frame in turn and so temporarily stores a charge in each of its constituent elements directly representative of the light intensity on that element from within a defined field of observation for the element determined by the location of the element within the sensor, the location of fiche 10 and the sensor 44, and the location and properties of lens 49 and the mirror 41a.
  • the device thus has the property that each constituent detector element responds to each record entry within its field of observation in relation to the fraction of the record entry lying within the field of observation of the respective detector element.
  • Figure 3 is a simple flow chart outlining the sequence of steps executed by the reader arrangement as it scans, reads and analyses the information on the fiche.
  • the first stage of such action will be to position the read head 41a at the start of the desired channel 20, and to start a relative motion of the channel passing under the read head.
  • a marker 30 will be encountered.
  • the examination of such markers will typically involve a number of scans of the fiche by the photosensitive-array, yielding the position of the array relative to the channel to a high level of confidence, and the relative orientation or skew of the read head with respect to the channel, the range of detector outputs likely to be observed, perhaps in terms of optical magnification, the standard of focus, and the velocity of the channel relative to the read head. If one or more of these parameters are such that correct data extraction cannot be achieved then the mechanical system will be instructed to move the microfiche to the start of the channel and the problem will be reported to the host (micro) computer.
  • PROCESS MARKER 32 is the subject of a preferred feature of the first aspect of the invention and is further described below.
  • PROCESS FRAME may, for example, be effected according to the technique disclosed in International Patent Application PCT/AU81/00188 (International Publication WO81/01109)
  • each marker 30 comprises, for example three juxtaposed centred horizontal bars which together constitute a transparent zone save for three relatively opaque sections being a triangular zone 84 with its apex at the broad edge 80 of the marker, a group 78 of vertical lines 78a at the left and right ends of the widest horizontal bar, and a number for the associated channel block or segment, encoded in 12 vertical lines 76 centred in the lower and most narrow horizontal bar.
  • Each of the 12 vertical lines 76 is wider than the lines 78a at the ends of the upper bar and is either opaque or transparent depending on whether it represents a 0 or a 1.
  • the transparent zone of the marker is indicated by multiple discrete parallel lines.
  • Marker 30 is 512 microns wide along edge 80, and 192 microns wide at its narrow leading edge 81.
  • the first step 82 is 96 microns wide while the second step 83 is 64 microns wide.
  • the detector elements observe a section of the fiche 3 microns long in the X-direction, so that the edges 81 and 82 cover 64 and 32 detectors respectively.
  • the optics head 41 would be positioned so that the detector array observed an area spanning the full width (512 microns) of the marker 30, and would make 13 observations of the marker, each up to 15 microns in the Y direction, as the marker passed below it.
  • edges ofmarkers 30 are positioned precisely with respect to the associated channel segments and they comprise features of the markers which are characteristically located on the medium with respect to the channels.
  • edges 80, 81, 82, 83 are parallel to and at respective predetermined distances, common to all markers, from the centre line of the first frame 24' of the channel, while side edges 81a, 81b; 82a, 82b; 83a, 83b are parallel to the channel at predetermined distances, parallel to the first frame and also common to all markers, from the first record entry or data bit 26' of that frame.
  • edge 80 is typically 15 microns from the centre line of frame 24', and edge 83a is 39 microns left of the centre of the first bit position in the frame 24'.
  • the 15 micron separation allows the microprocessor adequate time to establish the initial trend for practising the second aspect of the invention: this is disclosed in greater detail below.
  • each of the edges 80, 81, 82, 83, 81a, 82a, 82b has a length at least three times the extent of a data entry parallel to the respective edge.
  • Triangular zone 84, line groups 78 and number lines 76 comprise characteristically shaped featues of each marker 30.
  • zone 84 is also of a characteristic size or dimensions in both X and Y directions, while line groups 78 and number lines 76 have characteristic dimensions in one direction.
  • a suitable control and analysis circuit for scanning and utilizing marker 30 is a digital microprocessor circuit of the form shown in Figure 4, programmed with particulars of the aforementioned predetermined distances characterizing the marker and with other useful data concerning the markers.
  • the circuit of Figure 4 is a substantially standard configuration according to well-established principles of microprocessor control.
  • the microprocessor itself 50 has the usual constituents: a CPU, for example a M6809, ROM and RAM modules, examples being 2732 and 6116, and an I/O interface such as 6522 VIA.
  • Raw analog data from the photosensitive charge-coupled detector 44 is fed via a buffer 52 and level shift/clamp and gain control 54 to a 4-bit analog-digital flash converter (ADC) 56, then to microprocessor 50.
  • ADC analog-digital flash converter
  • Microprocessor 50 generates a master clock signal which initiates each scan by the read head, and during the scan the regular successive presentation of the outputs resulting from the previous scan.
  • a timing unit 58 comprises a simple set of counters (for example Motorola LS197), with a pulse generator which generates the pulses required for each output from a quartz crystal in any of the usual fashions.
  • the respective control timing signals output and input to processor 50 are indicated in Figure 4. In this arrangement, the binary digits representing the output, of each detector element will be stored in successive memory locations by direct memory access during the read out of the currently stored scan.
  • each scan comprises simultaneous exposure of the whole scan width to a photosensitive charge-coupled detector element array.
  • the detector element values are digitized and transferred to system memory, and a pointer then serially accesses the values in memory.
  • Marker related readings indicated as single value tests are generally computed from the output values of 2 or more detector elements.
  • the functions achieved in relation to marker 30 may be summarized by reference to Figure 1B which indicates those transverse segments successively observed by the scans numbered 0 to 12.
  • the line segmenting and numbering the scans in Figure IB is not of course part of the actual fiche but is included in the drawing for purposes of explanation.
  • Various measurements (of X location, Y location, Yaw angle, Illumination, Block number. Focus, Speed) may be distributed among the scans as follows:
  • the detectors pass over a horizontal (X direction) edge.
  • the start position of the scan can be determined. If the signal value is large then the detector has spent most of the scan time over transparent parts of the marker.
  • a linear computation such as follows may be used to determine the Y position:
  • Y o is the location of the edge
  • V is the average signal value of elements observing the edge
  • V m is the maximum possible signal value
  • the gaps after scans 2, 3, 5 and 11 indicate positions where a scanis performed and the data discarded because the scan is of a length (along the Y direction) which will in general be different from 15 microns. These shorter and variable length scans are used to achieve synchronization. Their lengths are determined by the difference between the observed Y location and the desired Y location, so that the next scan begins at the optimum position. They are required because devices such as the CCD 111 are continuously influenced by incident light; they have no shutter.
  • each triangle 84 provides a pair of relatively divergent edges also available for reference in determining the speed of travel of the read head over the medium parallel to the associated channel.
  • Scans 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 scan parts of the marker whose width (span in the X direction) is equal to that of 32 bits (scans 1 and 2) or 64 bits (scans 4, 5, 6). These scans do not cross any horizontal edges and may be used to determine the X location of the channel, and the optical magnification or expansion or contraction, if any, of the medium and hence the number of detectors expected to be exposed by a single bit. It is significant that these parts of the marker are at least somewhat larger than a bit in the X direction and have boundaries 81a, 81b, 82a, 82b, parallel to the channels, and that the distance between these boundaries relative to the centre-to-centre spacing of bits is known accurately.
  • the respective scans may thereby employ the part of the marker viewed to assess any variation in either the physical size of the medium, or the observing apparatus, which is equivalent or similar to changes in the size of the medium.
  • the aforesaid distances between boundaries 81a, 81b and 82a, 82b are each an integral multiple of the centre-to-centre spacing of the data bits 26.
  • that number is 2 raised to the power of an integer, i.e. 2 5 and 2 6 respectively.
  • Such relationships simplify calculations: the 2 n relationship in particular allows ready division by a microprocessor, by a simple right shift operation, and so permits a substantially faster analysis. For instance, suppose that in scan 4, the detector element with the lowest number (i.e.
  • the detector elements such as those in the Fairchild CCD 111 have inert strips separating the sensitive elements which may cloud the definition of the number of detector elements per bit.
  • the computation performed here ignores the thickness of the inert strips, and in general arrives at a non-integral value such as 1.83 detectors per bit. This number is vital to the algorithims extracting data from the frames in accordance with the aforementioned international patent application. Without it, a bit may easily be assigned to a position within the frame of data, i.e. a significance, different from that intended.
  • Scan 2 scans the binary block number value.
  • the microprocessor determines the block number by noting the signal level of the detector element (s) at the middle of each line 76. If the signal level exceeds half the signal level of the elements observing the transparent parts on either side of the block number, then the bit may be taken as a 1, otherwise it is a zero.
  • the detector elements to be examined would be computed assuming, no variation in optical magnification or medium size from nominal values. Because each line covers four detector elements, and there are only 12 bits to extract, these simplifications will, in general, be satisfactory.
  • Scans 3, 7 and 12 observe edges which are relatively long or comprise spaced co-linear edges. Any difference between the Y position determined by detector elements on the left hand side of the edge, and that determined by elements observing the right hand side, indicates that the marker edge is not parallel to the line of the detector elements (ignoring any mirrors, prisms or other optical apparatus able to bend rays of light). This lack of parallelism may be referred to as the Yaw angle or Skew of the data in the medium with respect to the observing apparatus. Action such as movements in the X direction during a Y motion pass along a channel may be required to compensate for the skew. In extreme cases the angle may be so great that reliable data extraction is not possible and the medium must be re-registered to reduce the skew angle.
  • Scan 4 observes a part of the marker containing a wide transparent panel i.e. of an extent in any direction at least somewhat greater, and preferably substantially greater, than a bit.
  • the detector elements observing the panel will be fully exposed, and this part of the marker may thus be employed for assessing the maximum value to be expected from the observing apparatus.
  • the resulting output levels may be used to adjust either the supply voltage for any illuminating apparatus, or the gain of any circuit amplifying the output signals, or both.
  • Scans 9, 10 and 11 observe the vertical lines 78a in the upper, widest section of marker 30.
  • the signal level of detector elements observing these opaque lines will receive contributions from surrounding transparent lines, to an extent determined largely by the focus of the optical system transporting light from the marker to the sensor array. If the focus is bad then the lines will be largely blurred and an element positioned to observe an opaque line will have a relatively high signal level compared to that obtained when the optical focus is optimum.
  • a Modulation Transfer Function may be derived which is 1.0 under perfect conditions and 0 when complete blurring occurs. If the MTF is below a predetermined level then extraction of data may be too unreliable to be attempted, and the system must be adjusted.
  • Detectors such as the Fairchild CCD 111 inherently contribute to the reduction of the MTF. It is important that determination of focus be unaffected by the relative positioning of detectors with respect to the lines. If an integral number N of detectors observes the space between the centre of one line and the centre of the next, then the signals from each group of N detectors observing the lines are the same in any one observation. However they would vary from one observation to the next depending on whether detector edges were aligned with line edges or not. This dependence on the "Fractional" alignment may create problems in accurately determining the focus, or Modulation Transfer Function (MTF).
  • MTF Modulation Transfer Function
  • Figure 5 shows the output values 90 of detector elements observing lines 91.
  • MAXV - MINV maximum and minimum values
  • MTF maximum and minimum values
  • an algorithim for selecting detector values which worked well for peak 94 e.g. add the two highest points together
  • each peak in any one observation has the same shape.
  • the number of detector elements observing the said space is a non-integral number R
  • the peak shape will change from one peak to the next.
  • the MTF is taken as the average of MTF measurements on a series of peaks, and the detector element selection algorithim is chosen to provide the most accurate value for such an average
  • the computed average MTF will be independent of the relative position of the detector elements and the lines, provided that the shapes of the peaks observed are uniformly distributed over the range whose end points are exemplified by peak 94 and peak 95 in Figure 5.
  • the centre of the line falls at uniformly distributed distances from the centre of the nearest detector.
  • This arrangement may be achieved by setting ⁇ R, the fractional part of R (i.e. R-N or MOD(R,1)) as follows:
  • n is the number of lines being observed in the respective group 78, and m is a small integer, e.g. 1, 2, 3.
  • c is the centre-to-centre spacing of the data entries 26 m is a small integer, e.g. 1, 2, 3, and n is the number of lines in the respective group 78.
  • the location of marker 30 on the fiche is precise with reference to the succeeding channel block or segment.
  • the reader is programmed with the expected displacements previously outlined and has accordingly now made necessary adjustments and knows where to find the X-Y co-ordinate of the associated channel block. Synchronization with reference to the channel is complete, and certain other parameters important in subsequent analysis of the data contained in the block are stored in memory.
  • Figure 6 is an enlargement of a small representative portion of Figure 1B showing three connected frame synchronization markers 32 and their physical relationship to respective frames 24a, 24b of the adjacent channel 20.
  • the detector element array or read head scans marker 32 on a short scan after it has scanned frame 24a and before it commences a scan of the next frame.
  • Small rectangles C1 and C2 indicate the position of the detector element array at the start and finish of the marker scan: it will be noted that the array is well clear of both frames during this short scan.
  • the marker is designed to provide its useful information, X and Y locations of the first bit of frame 24b, within the Y span of the C1-C2 scan.
  • edges providing the information extend over several detector element positions (preferably at least three) in the X direction and appear to be of substantially infinite extent in the Y direction.
  • Each illustrated marker 32 therefore provides a wide vertical bar bounded by the vertical line 230 and the broken vertical line 232, with a narrower horizontal bar extending from line 232 to end 231.
  • the lower edge 233 of this bar is positioned so that it is observed by the scan c1-c2. It is desirable that edge 233 be located substantially midway between the adjacent frames, since the scanning of the marker should be centred on that edge.
  • the left edge 230 be straight, although some variation may be able to be accommodated, and that it begins a zone which is wider than the centre-to-centre spacing of said data entries.
  • a contrary wish is that there be breaks in the vertical edge 230 so that detector elements observing the vertical line to right of that edge do not saturate and affect their neighbours as a result.
  • the appendix sets forth a FORTRAN program for the steps involved in the short scan of each frame synchronization marker 32. Comments following exclamation points (!) or C in the first column explain its operation. It is provided with the output values of a linear array of detector elements in array D, and a set of constants in array K. In addition the value in variable X is both the approximate position of the left hand side of the marker before processing, and the accurate position of it afterwards. Besides producing X, the subroutine produces T which is the length of time to be allowed for the scan of the frame which follows the minor marker.
  • the program begins by checking that there is an absence of the marker shape at the left hand side of the position X. This is indicated by the outputs D(IX-5) and D(IX-4) being low values so that their sum is less than K(1).
  • the program searches from the left for the start 230 of the marker which is indicated by large signal values so that the sum of two adjacent detector element outputs exceeds K(2) .
  • a failure on either count results in a call to an error subroutine which might instruct the routine calling PERFRAME to ignore the values returned.
  • the routine searches for the point where the slope is the greatest by taking a position, computing the slope, comparing that slope with the last slope, and advancing to the next position and repeating the process if the slope is still increasing.
  • the slope is computed by subtracting the outputs of two leftmost detector elements of a group of 4 from the sum of the other two (rightmost). When the slope decreases, the point of greatest slope has just been passed.
  • the X position is then computed by summing the detector element number at which the slope decreased, a constant, and a factor linearly related to the output values for the 4 detector elements spanning the edge.
  • the Y position is given by a similar factor which is linearly related to outputs of elements observing the horizontal (X axis) component of the frame synchronization marker at a specific distance to the right of the left edge 230 of the marker.
  • FIG. 7 depicts an alternative form of frame synchronization marker in which like features are highlighted by like reference numerals.
  • each marker is defined by a pair of horizontal bars, one shorter than the other to form a step 232'.
  • Edges 230', 231' and 232' are parallel to the channel at prescribed displacements, parallel to the frame, from the first data entry 26' in frame 24b'.
  • Edge 233' is at an exact Y location between frames, i.e.
  • any individual position marker such as either of .the characterizing edges 230, 233 of markers 32 or any of the several analysed edges of markers 30, is susceptible to drastic local modification. Typical causes of such modification, especially given the size of markers 32, are dust specks, condensation, scratches, soiling, or other like "weathering".
  • the technique essentially comprises observing and storing a predetermined number of successive values, in this case position indicating values, determining whether each observed value is outside a selected trend established by the stored values by more than a predetermined margin, and, if so, reducing the effect of that value - typically by rejecting it.
  • synchronization markers 30, 32 are being read and analysed under microprocessor control, with a microfichelayout as in Figures 1A and 1B, a reader configuration as in Figure 2, and a control circuit substantially as in Figure 4.
  • the position for the first bit in the leading frame of the first channel is determined by analysis of the preceeding channel synchronization marker (30 in Figure 1A), as described above. This position is stored at all ten (say) sites in a First-in-First-out (FIFO) buffer register, sometimes referred to as a SILO.
  • Marker 30 is sufficiently large and adequately scanned so it is able to be observed with greater confidence in the observation than in the case of the much smaller markers 32, simply because the large marker provides the opportunity for repeated observation.
  • the initial position stored in the FIFO buffer thus sets the initial trend required to practice the invention.
  • the successive frame synchronization markers (32 in Figures 1A and 6) are analysed, also as already described, to check the aforesaid position.
  • the dangers of relying too heavily on a reading of any one marker 32 are avoided by practising the second aspect of the invention by way of the steps set out in the flow chart of Figure 8, in which Vn is the observed value at position n, in this case position marker n.
  • the initial equal values in the FIFO buffer obtained from marker 30 are replaced in sequence by subsequent observations so that the set contains the latest ten observations.
  • the processor computes 250 the simple average V p of the stored values and treats this as an established trend with respect to which the currently observed value V o is compared 252. If V o exceeds V e by more than a predetermined margin 254, then V p is disregarded and the true value V t is taken as the predicted value V p 256. If not, then V t is set as V o 257 and the cycle proceeds.
  • This approach relying on a trend established with some confidence by analysis of each marker 30 at the head of each channel, can be employed to reduce the analysis of marker 32 by bypassing the searching aspects of the analysis previously described.
  • the latter analysis may instead employ an X position value for edge 230 derived from an analysis of a trend for that X position, said trend having been established by analysis of X position indications from marker 30, and been continued by X position indications from a series of markers 32.
  • the marker 32 is then observed in accordance with the second aspect of the invention, the trend initially comprising the trend for the X position just mentioned.
  • Figure 9 shows a simplified representation of an electronic arrangement, which could be either analog or digital in nature, for computing the average of the last 10 values, and comparing each new value with that average.
  • Each value 260 representing a position is presented to the FIFO buffer 262 and substractor 264 which also receives the output of FIFO 262.
  • the output of subtractor 264 is applied to adder 266, the output of which is applied to sum of 10 register 268.
  • the output of sum of 10 register 268 represents the sum of the previous 10 values, since adder 266 produces the total of the previous sum of 10 values and the extent to which the newest value alters the sum of 10 values (as received by subtractor 264).
  • the average of the previous 10 values is produced by the "Divide by 10" circuit 274, and is compared with the most recent value by the subtractor 278 which produces a positive signal equal to the modulus of the difference. Provided that the modulus is less than a prescribed error limit, then the output of a further comparator 279 will be true, so that the gate 286 will allow the clock signal to enable the additions and subtractions provided by the adder 266 and subtractor 264, and thereby update the sum of 10 value with the newly arrived position value. In this case, where the output of comparator 279 is true, the received value 260 is presented at the output by a gate 284.
  • a higher order trend is obtained by computing an average of the stored values in which weights, positive or negative, are assigned to the values according to their age.
  • Figure 10 is a flow chart for an example of such a variation, in which the predicted value V p is 8/25 (V 1 +V 2 +V 3 +V 4 +V 5 ) - 3/25 (V 6 +V 7 +V 8 +V 9 +V 10 ) .
  • V p a linear trend is computed as V p
  • V d the difference between the observed position V o and the predicted position V p is calculated.
  • V d exceeds an error limit V e then the true position is taken as a position V e units from V p in the direction towards V o (but not as far). In effect the magnitude of the deviation from the predicted path has been limited.
  • IX INT(X+0.5) ! Get nearest Integer to X

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Abstract

Support de stockage d'informations dans lequel les informations sont stockées sous la forme d'enregistrements multiples de données (26) pouvant être lus par une machine et arrangés par blocs (24), arrangés à leur tour en une pluralité de canaux généralement parallèles (20). Le support contient en outre des marqueurs de synchronisation (30) pouvant être lus par une machine, positionnés respectivement aux extrémités d'attaque des canaux. Ces marqueurs (30) comprennent un ou plusieurs signes de forme ou dimension caractéristique (par exemple 76, 78, 84) ou disposés de manière caractéristique (par exemple 81, 82, 81a, 82a) sur le support par rapport aux canaux associés. De préférence le support contient également un deuxième jeu de marqueurs analogues (32) arrangés en groupes respectifs le long des canaux respectifs. Sont également décrits un procédé et un dispositif de synchronisation d'une tête de lecture utilisant le support de stockage. On décrit en outre un procédé d'observation d'une suite de marqueurs de position pouvant être lus par une machine, consistant à observer les marqueurs tour à tour, les valeurs observées indiquant la position du marqueur pour un nombre prédéterminé de marqueurs précédant chaque marqueur en observation, à déterminer si chaque valeur observée s'écarte d'une grandeur supérieure à une marge prédéterminée d'une tendance sélectionnée établie par les valeurs stockées et, le cas échéant, à réduire l'effet de la valeur en question.
PCT/AU1984/000228 1980-12-09 1984-11-08 Marqueurs pouvant etre lus par une machine pour supports de stockage d'informations dans un plan cartesien WO1985002284A1 (fr)

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AUPE683180 1980-12-09
AUPG227283 1983-11-08
AUPG2272 1983-11-08
US602,453 1984-04-20
AUPG5161 1984-05-24
AUPG516184 1984-05-24

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EP0210528A2 (fr) * 1985-07-15 1987-02-04 Csk Corporation Milieu d'enregistrement optique et procédé d'enregistrement de données
EP0216859A1 (fr) * 1985-04-01 1987-04-08 Cauzin Systems, Incorporated Bande comportant des donnees imprimees comprenant des informations a codage binaire et une commande de balayage
FR2631182A1 (fr) * 1988-05-05 1989-11-10 Datacode Int Code binaire dynamiquement variable lisible par une machine et procede pour sa lecture et sa production
US4982075A (en) * 1985-03-14 1991-01-01 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Information recording medium with track group indicators
EP0551923A2 (fr) * 1992-01-17 1993-07-21 Eastman Kodak Company Systèmes et méthodes d'échantillonnage de données avec synchronisation par consensus
EP0717398A2 (fr) * 1994-12-16 1996-06-19 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Milieu d'enregistrement d'information et système de reproduction d'information
EP0767454A1 (fr) * 1995-10-03 1997-04-09 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Appareil de lecture des codes à balayage manuel
EP0831481A1 (fr) * 1996-09-24 1998-03-25 Hewlett-Packard Company Méthode et appareil pour l'enregistrement de données
EP0831482A2 (fr) * 1996-09-24 1998-03-25 Hewlett-Packard Company Méthode et dispositif pour l'enrégistrement de données

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WO1988002145A1 (fr) * 1986-09-18 1988-03-24 Hudson-Allen Limited Traitement numerique de signaux de detecteur pour la lecture de supports de stockage binaires

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US3896295A (en) * 1974-08-02 1975-07-22 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Data processing form
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4982075A (en) * 1985-03-14 1991-01-01 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Information recording medium with track group indicators
EP0216859A1 (fr) * 1985-04-01 1987-04-08 Cauzin Systems, Incorporated Bande comportant des donnees imprimees comprenant des informations a codage binaire et une commande de balayage
US4782221A (en) * 1985-04-01 1988-11-01 Cauzin Systems, Incorporated Printed data strip including bit-encoded information and scanner control
EP0216859A4 (fr) * 1985-04-01 1989-03-07 Cauzin Systems Inc Bande comportant des donnees imprimees comprenant des informations a codage binaire et une commande de balayage.
EP0210528A3 (en) * 1985-07-15 1989-01-18 Computer Services Corporation Optical recording medium and method for writing data thereinto
EP0210528A2 (fr) * 1985-07-15 1987-02-04 Csk Corporation Milieu d'enregistrement optique et procédé d'enregistrement de données
US5473151A (en) * 1988-05-05 1995-12-05 International Data Matrix, Inc. Dynamically variable machine readable binary code and method for reading and producing thereof
GR890100297A (el) * 1988-05-05 1990-03-12 Datacode Int Δυναμικως μεταβλητος δυαδικος κωδικας αναγνωσιμος απο μηχανη καιμεθοδος αναγνωσεως και παραγωγης του.
BE1002654A3 (fr) * 1988-05-05 1991-04-23 Internat Data Matrix Inc Code binaire dynamiquement variable et lisible par une machine, procede pour lire et produire ce code.
US5464974A (en) * 1988-05-05 1995-11-07 International Data Matrix, Inc. Dynamically variable machine readable binary code and method for reading and producing thereof
US5468953A (en) * 1988-05-05 1995-11-21 International Data Matrix, Inc. Dynamically variable machine readable binary code and method for reading and producing thereof
FR2631182A1 (fr) * 1988-05-05 1989-11-10 Datacode Int Code binaire dynamiquement variable lisible par une machine et procede pour sa lecture et sa production
US5477045A (en) * 1988-05-05 1995-12-19 International Data Matrix, Inc. Dynamically variable machine readable binary code and method for reading and producing thereof
US5479004A (en) * 1988-05-05 1995-12-26 International Data Matrix, Inc. Dynamically variable machine readable binary code and method for reading and producing thereof
US5484999A (en) * 1988-05-05 1996-01-16 International Data Matrix, Inc. Dynamically variable machine readable binary code and method for reading and producing thereof
EP0551923A2 (fr) * 1992-01-17 1993-07-21 Eastman Kodak Company Systèmes et méthodes d'échantillonnage de données avec synchronisation par consensus
EP0551923A3 (en) * 1992-01-17 1996-01-03 Eastman Kodak Co Consensus sync" data-sampling systems and methods
EP0717398A2 (fr) * 1994-12-16 1996-06-19 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Milieu d'enregistrement d'information et système de reproduction d'information
EP0717398A3 (fr) * 1994-12-16 1996-07-10 Olympus Optical Co
US5866895A (en) * 1994-12-16 1999-02-02 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Information recording medium and information reproduction system
US6116507A (en) * 1994-12-16 2000-09-12 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Information reproduction system for reproducing multimedia information recorded in the form of an optically readable dot code pattern wherein the optical readable dot code comprises address dots
US6131807A (en) * 1994-12-16 2000-10-17 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Information recording medium and information reproduction system
EP0767454A1 (fr) * 1995-10-03 1997-04-09 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Appareil de lecture des codes à balayage manuel
US5886335A (en) * 1995-10-03 1999-03-23 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Manual scanning apparatus for reading an optical code representing multimedia information
EP0831481A1 (fr) * 1996-09-24 1998-03-25 Hewlett-Packard Company Méthode et appareil pour l'enregistrement de données
EP0831482A2 (fr) * 1996-09-24 1998-03-25 Hewlett-Packard Company Méthode et dispositif pour l'enrégistrement de données
EP0831482A3 (fr) * 1996-09-24 1998-04-15 Hewlett-Packard Company Méthode et dispositif pour l'enrégistrement de données

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AU586810B2 (en) 1989-07-27

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