Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R21/00—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor
  • G01R21/127—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor by using pulse modulation

Definitions

• the present invention concerns a static kWh meter, comprising members connected to the leads of the distribution network for producing measuring signals proportional to the current and the voltage, a pulse width-pulse height multiplicator for forming a signal representing the product of the measuring signals, a frequency/voltage converter with an analog integrator integrating the multiplicator output, for generating a frequency signal pro ⁇ portional to the power, and a counting device controlled by the frequency signal for determining the energy consumed, and a power pack unit connected to the mains leads.
• Static kWh meters based on a pulse width-pulse height multiplicator i.e., on a time-chopping multiplicator
• a pulse width-pulse height multiplicator i.e., on a time-chopping multiplicator
• a sample pulse sequence is formed in which the width of the pulses is proportional to the momentary value of the voltage and the height of the pulses is proportional to the momentary value of the current, so that the area subtended by the pulses is pro ⁇ portional to the product of voltage and current, i.e., to the power.
• the sample pulse frequency is selected to be approximately ten times higher than the mains frequency in order to account for superharmonics as well.
• the signal modulating the pulse width modulator 1 is a signal proportional to the mains voltage, pro ⁇ cuted by the aid of voltage transformers 2.
• the pulse width modulation has usually been carried out by means of an operator amplifier acting as a comparator, to one input terminal thereof being conducted a triangular wave and to the other input terminal a modulating signal proportional to the voltage.
• the threshold level of the comparator is controlled by the modulating voltage, and at the output of the comparator is obtained a square wave having the same frequency as the triangular wave but dependent on the value of the control voltage, as regards its pulse proportions.
• the pulse width-modulated square wave obtained are controlled analog switches 4 in the secondary circuits of the current measuring transformers 3, from their outputs being obtained pulses with a height proportional to the current in the measuring circuit, and which are still modulated by the mains voltage as regards their width.
• the pulses are filtered so as to obtain a d.c. voltage proportional to the power, and this voltage is supplied to a voltage/frequency converter 5.
• the voltage/ frequency converter 5 consists of an integrator amplifier integrating the output of the multiplicator and a threshold level detector, which initiates a new cycle when the output of the integrator exceeds the threshold level of the detector.
• the output of the converter delivers a pulse frequency which is pro ⁇ portional to the d.c. voltage supplied thereto, that is to the power, and by which the step motor actuating the counter means 7 of the meter is controlled over a divider unit 6.
• the counter means integrates the power, in other words, it displays the energy consumed.
• a power pack 8 is moreover provided, producing the operating voltage from the mains voltage.
• Static kWh meter designs of prior art are comparatively complex, and the units of the meters contain operation amplifiers, of which the offset voltages exert an influence on the accuracy of the meter.
• the purpose with the invention is to solve the design of a static kWh meter in a manner more simple than in prior art, so that the pulse width-pulse height multiplicator part can be carried out without using any operation amplifiers.
• the design solution of the invention is characterized in that the pulse width-pulse height multiplicator contains a summing member, to one input of which has been connected the first measuring signal and to the other input a triangle wave, and a switch controlled by the summing member and which takes samples from the other measuring signal.
• Fig. 1 presents the block diagram of a static kWh meter known in the art.
• Fig. 2 presents the circuit diagram of the pulse width-pulse height multiplicator.
• Fig. 3 shows the wave forms occurring in the circuit of Fig. 2.
• Figs 4 and 4A illustrate the voltage/frequency converter in different operating modes.
• Fig. 5 shows the wave forms occurring in the converter of Fig. 4.
• Fig. 6 presents the circuit diagram of the power source of the meter.
• Fig. 2 is depicted the pulse width-pulse height multiplicator of a static kWh meter.
• the multiplicator comprises a summing circuit and a sampling switch controlled by the summed voltage.
• the summing circuit comprises two resistors R1,R2 joined by one end of each.
• To the other end of the first resistor Rl has been connected the signal U , which is proportional to the voltage, obtained from the measuring transformer 2, and to the other end of the second resistor R2 is carried the triangular wave U from the triangular wave oscillator 9.
• the sum voltage U + U is obtained at the common point of the summing resistors R1,R2.
• the sampling switch 10 is an analog switch receiving a signal U.
• the analog switch 10 which may for instance be a J-FET or a MOS-FET, changes its state at a given threshold value U . , of the control voltage. As shown in Fig. 3, the threshold level U . . of the analog switch 10 then determines the width of the sampling pulse in that the switch is closed when the sum wave Uu + ⁇ o is hig °her than the threshold level Ut.hres.h, and open when the sum wave is lower than the threshold level.
• the output of the sampling switch controlled in such manner will be a square wave sequence in which the width of the pulses is proportional to the voltage and the height is pro ⁇ portional to the current.
• the voltage/frequency converter 5 is controlled.
• Fig. 4 presents the voltage/frequency converter 5 of the meter depicted in Fig. 1 and which has been provided with an offset voltage compensating circuit.
• the voltage/frequency converter includes, in conventional manner, an operator amplifier 11 connected with the aid of a capacitor Gl and a resistor R3 to serve as integrator, a threshold level detector 12 controlled by the output of the integrator, and a timing circuit 13 whereby a constant current source connected to the output of the integrator is controlled.
• the integrator integrates the input current I. until the output of the integrator exceeds the threshold level XL of the comparator 12, when the timing circuit 13 starts to run and by the aid of a switch 14 switches a feedback current pulse I for the duration T to the
• the voltage/frequency converter For compensating the effect on the input current I. from the offset voltage U of the amplifier 11, the voltage/frequency converter
• OS comprises, according to the invention, a compensating arrangement which keeps the terminal on the side of the amplifier 11 of the resistor R3, or the point A in Fig. 4, at zero level during integration.
• the compensating arrangement comprises a sampling switch Kl connecting the integrator to the multiplicator, a switch K2 in series with the integrating capacitor Cl, and a compensating capacitor C2 between the point A and the inverting input of the amplifier 11, a switch K4 connecting the inverting input and the output of the amplifier 11, and a switch K3 grounding the point A.
• the switches Kl and K2 allow the input current I. to be integrated when they are closed in the position as in Fig. 4.
• the switches K3 and K4 are open.
• the integration is interrupted between the sampling periods of the sampling switch Kl by opening the switch K2 in series with the integrating capacitor Cl.
• the output and inverting input of the amplifier 11 are connected by closing the switch K4, and the other terminal of the capacitor C2 is earthed by closing the switch K3, whereby the offset voltage ⁇ of the amplifier 11 is charged into the compensating capacitor C2.
• the switches K1-K4 are thus controlled to be in the state as presented in Fig. 4A.
• the switches K1-K4 are again controlled to be in the state of Fig. 4, whereby the compensating capacitor C2 is so connected to the input circuit that during the integration phase the voltage of the point A remains on zero level, which compensates for the effect of the offset voltage on the input current.
• Fig. 6 presents the power source unit 8 providing the operating voltages for the circuits of a three-phase meter.
• the power source contains capacitors C3,C4,C5 for reducing the mains voltage U R> U S> U and rectifying diodes D1-D6 and a filtering capacitor C7 for filtering the voltage supplied to the load 17. Since the circuits of the meter are required to operate also in the case that only one phase carries a voltage, the voltage reducing capacitors have to be dimensioned to be very large, in a conventional rectifying circuit. In order to avoid this, the power source of Fig. 6 has moreover been provided with a circuit by the aid of which the current passing through the diodes during the negative half-periods of the phase that has remained live can be utilized.
• This circuit comprises a capacitor C6 which has been connected between the zero lead and the anodes of the rectifying diodes D4-D6 connected together, in series with the diodes D8 and D7 so that it can take up a charge during the negative half-cycles of the live phase through the forward diodes D7,D8.
• the positive terminal of the capacitor C6 has been connected to the positive terminal of the load 17 over the diode D9, and the negative terminal of the capacitor C6 has been connected to the negative terminal of the load over the collector- emitter path of the transistor VI, the base of which has been connected to the common point of the diodes D7 and D4-D6 and over the resistor R4 to the cathodes of the diodes D1-D3.
• the voltage present across the diode D7 when the charging current of the capacitor C6 is flowing keeps the base voltage of the transistor VI about 0.7V more negative than the emitter voltage, whereby the transistor is not conductive.
• the charging current of the capacitor C6 is interrupted.
• the base voltage of the transistor VI will then increase to become more positive than the emitter voltage, by effect of the resistor R4.
• the transistor VI becomes conductive and completes the discharge path of the capacitor C6.
• the charge of the capacitor C6 is discharged through the diode D9 to the capacitor C7 and further to the load 17.
• current is moreover received through the diode Dl.
• the discharge current of the capacitor C6 which is added to the said current will approximately double the current going to the load, and this enables the coupling capacitors C3,C4,C5 to be reduced to about one-half and, moreover, reduces the current drawn by the meter from the mains.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Measurement Of Current Or Voltage (AREA)
• Amplifiers (AREA)

Priority Applications (3)

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Publications (1)

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ID=8517618

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Cited By (5)

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Citations (4)

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• 1983
  • 1983-08-18 FI FI832962A patent/FI67961C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
• 1984
  • 1984-08-17 WO PCT/FI1984/000057 patent/WO1985000893A1/en active IP Right Grant
  • 1984-08-17 EP EP84903283A patent/EP0152476B1/en not_active Expired
  • 1984-08-17 DE DE8484903283T patent/DE3473044D1/de not_active Expired
• 1985
  • 1985-04-17 DK DK173585A patent/DK173585A/da active IP Right Grant
  • 1985-04-17 SU SU853882456A patent/SU1429948A3/ru active
• 1987
  • 1987-05-28 US US07/055,511 patent/US4775834A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime

Patent Citations (4)

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