WO1982001920A1 - A metal element adapted for securing another element in a hole therethrough and a method of making such a joint - Google Patents

A metal element adapted for securing another element in a hole therethrough and a method of making such a joint Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1982001920A1
WO1982001920A1 PCT/NO1981/000043 NO8100043W WO8201920A1 WO 1982001920 A1 WO1982001920 A1 WO 1982001920A1 NO 8100043 W NO8100043 W NO 8100043W WO 8201920 A1 WO8201920 A1 WO 8201920A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
hole
metal element
deformed
metal
mainly
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NO1981/000043
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Ammunisionsfab As Raufoss
Original Assignee
Slutas Johan
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Slutas Johan filed Critical Slutas Johan
Publication of WO1982001920A1 publication Critical patent/WO1982001920A1/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B17/00—Connecting constructional elements or machine parts by a part of or on one member entering a hole in the other and involving plastic deformation
    • F16B17/006—Connecting constructional elements or machine parts by a part of or on one member entering a hole in the other and involving plastic deformation of rods or tubes to sheets or plates

Definitions

  • a metal element adapted for securing another element in a hole therethrough and a method of making such a joint.
  • the present invention relates to a metal element adapted for securing another element in a through going hole in the metal element. Moreover, the invention relates to a method of making such a joint.
  • the invention relates to the joining of two elements, of which at least one is a metal element, for instanse of light metal.
  • the invention may be applied in a number of technical fields, but a particular application is in cases where the two elements are subjected to repeated loading, in such a manner that it represents a problem how to avoid that the elements are separated or loosened from each other.
  • a steel bolt attached in a hole for instance in a rod and subjected to transverse forces, i.e. bending and/or shear, which, causes compressive strains between the bolt and the hole
  • transverse forces i.e. bending and/or shear
  • the rod is made of steel, it is normally not a severe problem to avoid that the surface of the hole does not withstand the strains, but if the rod is of metal the problem is worse because of the different mechanicalproperties, as for instance less material strength of the metal.
  • a known principle for the solution of this problem is to provide a bushing in the hole, for instance a steel bushing which is pressed into place.
  • the bushing may be provided with an abutment collar in one end.
  • the bushing may overload the surface in the hole in the same manner as a steel rod.
  • temperature changes may lead to a clearance between the bushing and the hole surface, because of mutually different temperature coefficents for the metal and the steel. This is particularly a problem when the metal is a light metal or light metal alloy having a large temperature coefficient.
  • the main object of the present invention is to achieve an improvement of the above circumstances.
  • the hole diverges, for instance conically, towards the ends, a favourable distribution of the stresses is achieved.
  • the second element i.e. the element attached in the hole through the metal element
  • the hole surface will be subjected to forces which increase towards the hole ends.
  • the circumference of the hole is largest, and also the unit area per hole unit length, and the hole surface, hence, has a substantially greater ability to withstand loadings, compared with the surface of a cylindrical hole having diameter corresponding to the smallest diameter of the hole in the metal element in accordance with the present invention, i.e. a hole which diverges towards both ends.
  • Another advantage is the shape of the hole efficiently prevents that the second element can loosen from the hole.
  • At least one of the frusto-conical surfaces inside the hole ends in a bevelled portion at the end of the hole, i.e. the conical surface ends in a conical surface having a substantially increased conus angle or in a double curved, circumferential surface.
  • a bevelled portion is particularly advantageous for the purpose of avoiding clearance between the metal element and the second element when the second element is made of a material having a less temperature coefficient than the metal.
  • the combination of aluminium and steel where the ratio between the temperature coefficients is about 2:1.
  • Fig. 1 shows a section through a part of a metal element, in which is attached a second element, in the example in the form of a shaft which may for instance be an extension of a wheel spindle for an automobile or a waggon.
  • Fig. 2 also shows a section through a part of a metal element in which is attached a second element in the form of a bushing or sleeve. Moreover, it is indicated a conical shaft attached to the bushing by means of a nut.
  • Fig. 1 shows a metal element 1, which in the example shown is a part of a vehicle wheel suspension, to which element is attached a wheel spindle 6.
  • a wheel spindle 6 On the wheel spindle 6, of which only a fraction is shown, may be mounted a ball or roller bearing for a wheel.
  • the spindle 6 has a flange 7, which usually is used as a sliding surface for a sealing ring.
  • the spindle 6 is attached to the metal element 1 by means of a stud 2, being deformed in such a manner that it completely fills the hole in the element 1.
  • the stud 2 may, as shown, be integral with the spindle 6, and is usually made of steel.
  • the stud may initially be cylindrical, and has been pressed axially in such a manner that it finally fills the hole.
  • the stud 2 may alternatively have been given such an initial shape that the half of the stud nearest to the spindle 6 mainly is complementary to the shape of the corresponding half of the hole, the other half of the stud being cylindrical. This is advantageous in case the stud is not accessible to be pressed by means of a tool on the half nearest to the spindle, as in the example shown.
  • the hole in the element 1 comprises two conical surfaces 3 which adjoin each other in the middle of the hole.
  • Each end of the hole has a widened portion completely occupied by corresponding portions of the stud 2.
  • the widened portions 4 have a conus angle of about 90o.
  • Fig 2 also shows an element, which in this embodiment may be a bar, and the second element is a sleeve having a conical hole. Also indicated is a conical pin 8 which has been pulled into the sleeve 2 by means of a nut 9 resting against a washer 10, shown in dotted lines.
  • the hole in the element 1 has in this embodiment mainly the same shape as shown in Fig. 1, comprising conical surfaces 3 and bevelled portions 4.
  • the hole comprises a cylindrical middle portion 5. This may be an advantage with respect to the making of the hole, because the axial length of said cylindrical portion constitutes a measure indicating whether the conical milling tool has come to the appropriate depth in the hole.
  • the sleeve 2 shown in Fig. 2 may initially be manufactured with a cylindrical outer surface.
  • the sleeve may have a hole, but it may also be massive all through, i.e. being in fact a massive cylinder, because the conical hole must under all circumstances be machined after being deformed by pressing. Because the sleeve 2 is accessible from both ends, a cylindrical sleeve can be pressed from both ends by means of a suitable tool, until it completely fills the hole in the element 1.
  • the stud 2 shown in Fig. 1 and the sleeve 2 shown in Fig. 2, respectively, making what is called the second element in this specification, will usually not have its end surface or surfaces completely coplanar with the surface or surfaces of the element 1 after the pressing operation. When it is desired that said surfaces are coplanar, the end or ends of the stud or sleeve may of course be machined, for instance by milling in order to achieve coplanar surfaces.
  • Fig. 1 shows an embodiment which, as already mentioned, may be used to secure a wheel spindle in a carrying element
  • Fig. 2 shows an embodiment in which the element 1 may be an arm in the wheel suspension of a vehicle
  • the pin 8 may be provided with a ball, for instance of the type used in order to permit the turning movement of the front wheel and the springing movement of the chassis.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Connection Of Plates (AREA)
  • Insertion Pins And Rivets (AREA)

Abstract

A metal element (1) adapted for securing another element (2) in a through going hole, said hole diverging from its middle portion towards both ends. The second element (2) is placed in the hole and deformed into contact with the hole surface, substantially by being pressed axially. A method of making such ajoint between a metal element and another element consists of making the hole such that it diverges from its middle portion towards both ends, placing the other element, which is mainly cylindrical in its forward end, having there a diameter being substantially equal to the smallest diameter in the hole, in the hole and pressing the other element axially in such a manner that it is deformed into contact with the hole surface.

Description

A metal element adapted for securing another element in a hole therethrough and a method of making such a joint.
The present invention relates to a metal element adapted for securing another element in a through going hole in the metal element. Moreover, the invention relates to a method of making such a joint.
More specifically the invention relates to the joining of two elements, of which at least one is a metal element, for instanse of light metal. The invention may be applied in a number of technical fields, but a particular application is in cases where the two elements are subjected to repeated loading, in such a manner that it represents a problem how to avoid that the elements are separated or loosened from each other.
As an example of such a joint is mentioned a steel bolt attached in a hole for instance in a rod and subjected to transverse forces, i.e. bending and/or shear, which, causes compressive strains between the bolt and the hole, If the rod is made of steel, it is normally not a severe problem to avoid that the surface of the hole does not withstand the strains, but if the rod is of metal the problem is worse because of the different mechanicalproperties, as for instance less material strength of the metal.
A known principle for the solution of this problem is to provide a bushing in the hole, for instance a steel bushing which is pressed into place. The bushing may be provided with an abutment collar in one end. Experience has, however, shown that the bushing may overload the surface in the hole in the same manner as a steel rod. Moreover, temperature changes may lead to a clearance between the bushing and the hole surface, because of mutually different temperature coefficents for the metal and the steel. This is particularly a problem when the metal is a light metal or light metal alloy having a large temperature coefficient. The main object of the present invention is to achieve an improvement of the above circumstances.
In accordance with the invention this is achieved with a metal element and a method, respectively, as defined in the succeeding patent claims.
Because the hole diverges, for instance conically, towards the ends, a favourable distribution of the stresses is achieved. When the second element, i.e. the element attached in the hole through the metal element, is subjected to bending and/or shear, the hole surface will be subjected to forces which increase towards the hole ends. In the end areas of the hole the circumference of the hole, however, is largest, and also the unit area per hole unit length, and the hole surface, hence, has a substantially greater ability to withstand loadings, compared with the surface of a cylindrical hole having diameter corresponding to the smallest diameter of the hole in the metal element in accordance with the present invention, i.e. a hole which diverges towards both ends.
Another advantage is the shape of the hole efficiently prevents that the second element can loosen from the hole.
According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention at least one of the frusto-conical surfaces inside the hole ends in a bevelled portion at the end of the hole, i.e. the conical surface ends in a conical surface having a substantially increased conus angle or in a double curved, circumferential surface. Such a bevelled portion is particularly advantageous for the purpose of avoiding clearance between the metal element and the second element when the second element is made of a material having a less temperature coefficient than the metal. As an example is mentioned the combination of aluminium and steel, where the ratio between the temperature coefficients is about 2:1. By means of the bevelled surface or surfaces itcan be achieved that the two materials "follow" each other during temerature changes. The reason for this is that the bevelled portion or portions compensate for the difference with respect to the coefficients.
In many applications it is of substantial importance to avoid clearances between the elements. If a clearance occurs, there may occur impacts, i.e. a kind of "hammering" of the metal.
In order to achieve the advantageous effect of the bevelled portion or portions it or they should be conical and have a conus angle which is correctly chosen.
The invention will hereinafter be described more in detail, with reference to the accompanying drawin, which shows two embodiments of a metal element according to the invention.
Fig. 1 shows a section through a part of a metal element, in which is attached a second element, in the example in the form of a shaft which may for instance be an extension of a wheel spindle for an automobile or a waggon.
Fig. 2 also shows a section through a part of a metal element in which is attached a second element in the form of a bushing or sleeve. Moreover, it is indicated a conical shaft attached to the bushing by means of a nut.
Fig. 1 shows a metal element 1, which in the example shown is a part of a vehicle wheel suspension, to which element is attached a wheel spindle 6. On the wheel spindle 6, of which only a fraction is shown, may be mounted a ball or roller bearing for a wheel. The spindle 6 has a flange 7, which usually is used as a sliding surface for a sealing ring. The spindle 6 is attached to the metal element 1 by means of a stud 2, being deformed in such a manner that it completely fills the hole in the element 1. The stud 2 may, as shown, be integral with the spindle 6, and is usually made of steel. In accordance with the invention the stud may initially be cylindrical, and has been pressed axially in such a manner that it finally fills the hole. The stud 2, however, may alternatively have been given such an initial shape that the half of the stud nearest to the spindle 6 mainly is complementary to the shape of the corresponding half of the hole, the other half of the stud being cylindrical. This is advantageous in case the stud is not accessible to be pressed by means of a tool on the half nearest to the spindle, as in the example shown.
The hole in the element 1 comprises two conical surfaces 3 which adjoin each other in the middle of the hole. Each end of the hole has a widened portion completely occupied by corresponding portions of the stud 2. In the example shown the widened portions 4 have a conus angle of about 90º.
Fig 2 also shows an element, which in this embodiment may be a bar, and the second element is a sleeve having a conical hole. Also indicated is a conical pin 8 which has been pulled into the sleeve 2 by means of a nut 9 resting against a washer 10, shown in dotted lines.
The hole in the element 1 has in this embodiment mainly the same shape as shown in Fig. 1, comprising conical surfaces 3 and bevelled portions 4. The hole, however, comprises a cylindrical middle portion 5. This may be an advantage with respect to the making of the hole, because the axial length of said cylindrical portion constitutes a measure indicating whether the conical milling tool has come to the appropriate depth in the hole.
The sleeve 2 shown in Fig. 2 may initially be manufactured with a cylindrical outer surface. The sleeve may have a hole, but it may also be massive all through, i.e. being in fact a massive cylinder, because the conical hole must under all circumstances be machined after being deformed by pressing. Because the sleeve 2 is accessible from both ends, a cylindrical sleeve can be pressed from both ends by means of a suitable tool, until it completely fills the hole in the element 1. The stud 2 shown in Fig. 1 and the sleeve 2 shown in Fig. 2, respectively, making what is called the second element in this specification, will usually not have its end surface or surfaces completely coplanar with the surface or surfaces of the element 1 after the pressing operation. When it is desired that said surfaces are coplanar, the end or ends of the stud or sleeve may of course be machined, for instance by milling in order to achieve coplanar surfaces.
The present invention is in particular useful in cases where it is desirable to achieve a weight reduction compared with making the element 1 of steel, and in particular when the joint between the elements must be able to transfer largedynamic forces. Fig. 1 shows an embodiment which, as already mentioned, may be used to secure a wheel spindle in a carrying element, while Fig. 2 shows an embodiment in which the element 1 may be an arm in the wheel suspension of a vehicle, and the pin 8 may be provided with a ball, for instance of the type used in order to permit the turning movement of the front wheel and the springing movement of the chassis. By making such suspension arms from for instance light metal it is achieved a reduction of the weight of the automobile and improved road performance (less unsprung masses), compared with the use of steel arms.

Claims

CLAIMS .
1. Metal element adapted for securing another element in a through going hole in said metal element by axial pressing of the other element, characterized in that said hole diverges from its middle portion towards the ends.
2. Metal element as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the hole diverges conically from its middle portion towards both ends, and that at least one of the conical surfaces ends in a bevelled portion at the end of the hole.
3. Metal element as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the conus angles of the conically diverging surfaces are small.
4. Metal element as claimed in claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the middle portion of the hole is a narrow, substantially cylindrical zone.
5. Metal element as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the bevelled portion or portions is or are mainly conical and form an angle of about 45 with the longitudinal axis of the hole.
6. Metal element as claimed in claims 1 to 5, characterized in that said second element has been deformed from an initially substantially cylindrical configuration.
7. Metal element as claimed in claims 2 to 6, characterized in that the second element is a sleeve that has been deformed mainly by axial pressing.
8. Metal element as claimed in claims 1 to 7, characterized in that said second element is made of steel.
9. A method of making a joint between a metal element and another element entered in a through going hole in the metal element, by axial pressing of the other element, characterized in making the hole such that it diverges from the middle portion towards both ends, that said other element, being mainly cylindrical in its forward end and having there a diameter substantially equal to the smallest diameter in the hole, is placed in the hole and pressed axially in such a manner that it is deformed into contact with the hole surface, substantially in the entire length of the hole.
10. A method as claimed in claim 9, characterized in that the rear end of said other element is shaped to mainly the complementary configuration of the corresponding end of the hole prior to being placed in the hole, and that the forward end is substantially cylindrical and is deformed into contact with the corresponding end of the hole.
11. A method as claimed in claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the ther element is pressed mainly axially after having been placed in the hole.
12. A method as claimed in claims 9 to 11, characterized in that the hole is formed with a bevelled portion at least at one end, and that the other element is deformed into contact also with said bevelled portion or portions.
13. A method as claimed in claims 9 to 12, characterized in that the other element is drilled after being deformed, in order to produce a hole adapted for the insertion of a bolt or pin, as for instance a conical steel pin.
14. A method as claimed in claim 9 to 13, characterized in that a steel pin is secured in a metal element adapted to make a bar, in order to transmit forces between the bar and the pin.
PCT/NO1981/000043 1980-12-04 1981-12-04 A metal element adapted for securing another element in a hole therethrough and a method of making such a joint WO1982001920A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO803668801204 1980-12-04
NO803668A NO803668L (en) 1980-12-04 1980-12-04 ELEMENTS OF METAL AND THE PROCEDURE FOR ITS MANUFACTURING

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1982001920A1 true WO1982001920A1 (en) 1982-06-10

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ID=19885781

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/NO1981/000043 WO1982001920A1 (en) 1980-12-04 1981-12-04 A metal element adapted for securing another element in a hole therethrough and a method of making such a joint

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EP (1) EP0065969A1 (en)
NO (1) NO803668L (en)
WO (1) WO1982001920A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1498218A3 (en) * 2003-07-17 2005-07-13 DGS Druckguss Systeme AG Method of manufacturing a functional part of lightweight construction

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE134296C (en) *
DE644230C (en) * 1933-02-01 1937-04-27 Geis G M B H Method for connecting metallic bodies with bodies made of non-conductive material, e.g. B. ceramic bodies, with the help of electrodes
DE962028C (en) * 1953-09-08 1957-04-18 Huck Mfg Company Rivet with locking head
DE1262077B (en) * 1958-08-09 1968-02-29 William B Elliott Interference fit connection
FR2178357A5 (en) * 1972-03-29 1973-11-09 Ducellier & Cie
EP0042018A1 (en) * 1980-06-16 1981-12-23 The Boeing Company Method of joining parts with semi-tubular rivets

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE134296C (en) *
DE644230C (en) * 1933-02-01 1937-04-27 Geis G M B H Method for connecting metallic bodies with bodies made of non-conductive material, e.g. B. ceramic bodies, with the help of electrodes
DE962028C (en) * 1953-09-08 1957-04-18 Huck Mfg Company Rivet with locking head
DE1262077B (en) * 1958-08-09 1968-02-29 William B Elliott Interference fit connection
FR2178357A5 (en) * 1972-03-29 1973-11-09 Ducellier & Cie
EP0042018A1 (en) * 1980-06-16 1981-12-23 The Boeing Company Method of joining parts with semi-tubular rivets

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1498218A3 (en) * 2003-07-17 2005-07-13 DGS Druckguss Systeme AG Method of manufacturing a functional part of lightweight construction

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0065969A1 (en) 1982-12-08
NO803668L (en) 1982-06-07

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