USRE49822E1 - Patch antenna with wire radiation elements for high-precision GNSS applications - Google Patents

Patch antenna with wire radiation elements for high-precision GNSS applications Download PDF

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Publication number
USRE49822E1
USRE49822E1 US17/365,977 US201717365977A USRE49822E US RE49822 E1 USRE49822 E1 US RE49822E1 US 201717365977 A US201717365977 A US 201717365977A US RE49822 E USRE49822 E US RE49822E
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Prior art keywords
polarized antenna
ground plane
radiating patch
antenna
band circularly
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English (en)
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Andrey Vitalievich Astakhov
Dmitry Vitalievich Tatarnikov
Pavel Petrovich Shamatulsky
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Topcon Positioning Systems Inc
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Topcon Positioning Systems Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0428—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna radiating a circular polarised wave
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/30—Arrangements for providing operation on different wavebands
    • H01Q5/378—Combination of fed elements with parasitic elements
    • H01Q5/385—Two or more parasitic elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0414—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna in a stacked or folded configuration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0442—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna with particular tuning means

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to antennas, and more particularly to patch antennas used in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).
  • GNSS Global Navigation Satellite Systems
  • GNSS Global Positioning System
  • GLONASS Russian GLONASS
  • a navigation receiver receives and processes radio signals transmitted by satellites located within a line-of-sight of the navigation receiver.
  • a critical component of a GNSS is the receiver antenna. Key properties of the receiver antenna include bandwidth, multipath rejection, size, and weight.
  • High-accuracy navigation receivers typically process signals from two frequency bands. For example, two common frequency bands are a low-frequency (LF) band in the range of 1164-1300 MHz, and a high-frequency (HF) band in the range of 1525-1610 MHz.
  • LF low-frequency
  • HF high-frequency
  • GNSS positioning accuracy of land objects is related to receiving not only line-of-sight satellite signals but also signals reflected from surrounding objects, and especially from the Earth's surface (i.e., the ground).
  • the strength of such signals depends directly on the antenna's directional pattern (DP) in the rear hemisphere.
  • DP antenna's directional pattern
  • a right-hand circularly polarized signal is used as a working signal in navigation systems.
  • a low level of directional pattern in the lower hemisphere is a standard antenna requirement, and typically a reduction in the antenna's weight and overall dimensions is desirable.
  • a conventional patch antenna typically includes a radiating patch located over a ground plane such that the lateral dimension (i.e., length) of the ground plane is longer than that of the patch.
  • the patch antenna should also have a wide enough Directional Pattern (DP) in the forward (i.e., upper) hemisphere.
  • DP Directional Pattern
  • the length of the patch is normally 0.2 . . . 0.3 ⁇ , wherein ⁇ is the wavelength in free space and the minimal length is determined by the operational bandwidth.
  • a dielectric between the ground plane and patch or capacitive elements is used.
  • a low DP level should be provided in the backward hemisphere, and one conventional solution is to choose a ground plane length equal to at least 0.5 ⁇ .
  • the size of the ground plane determinates the overall antenna dimension, and the aforementioned wavelength corresponding to the minimal frequency of the operation range. For GNSS, this frequency is 1164 MHz, which corresponds to 258 mm which translates to an antenna size of at least 130 mm. Any further reduction in the length of the ground plane results in a noticeable increase in DP level in the backward hemisphere.
  • the DP level in the backward hemisphere is the same as in the forward hemisphere which is unacceptable for the standard operation of high-precision GNSS receivers. Therefore, a minimal dimension of standard patch antennas is limited by the length of the ground plane which provides the desired low level of DP in the lower hemisphere, and particularly in the nadir direction (i.e., the desired level of multipath suppression).
  • an antenna providing for low DP level in the nadir direction is described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,184,503 where the antenna's design includes a length of ground plane that is equal to or smaller than the length of the patch.
  • a loop radiator is located around the patch whereby the radiator is excited by dual-wire lines connected to a separate power supply.
  • the power supply provides excitation of the loop radiator with such amplitude and phase that the field of the patch is subtracted from the field of the loop radiator.
  • potential drawbacks of such a design are the overall design complexity and the requirement of a separate supply line to power the loop radiator.
  • a single-band right-hand circularly-polarized patch antenna comprises a ground plane and a patch connected to each other with at least four (4) wires for which the wire shape and location of the end points are selected such that they do not cause an antenna mismatch, and the electrical current carried in the wires produces an extra electromagnetic field subtracted from the patch electromagnetic field in the nadir direction.
  • this facilitates an antenna with low DP level (i.e., Down/Up level) in the nadir direction and with a smaller (and shorter) ground plane such that the size of the ground plane becomes practically as long as the patch, and there is no additional power supply necessary to power the wires.
  • the patch antenna is a single-band right-hand circularly-polarized patch antenna providing a reduced directional pattern in the backward hemisphere.
  • the patch antenna is a dual-band right-hand circularly-polarized stacked-patch antenna comprising a ground plane, a low-frequency (LF) patch, a high-frequency (HF) patch, and at least four wires.
  • Each of the wires is connected to the ground plane and LF patch via reactive impedance elements, and the current flowing through these wires produces an additional electromagnetic field that is subtracted from the electromagnetic field of the LF patch in the nadir direction.
  • the mode of operation for reactive impedance elements is selected such that undesirable effects of the wires in the HF range are minimized or eliminated completely.
  • FIG. 1 shows a conventional patch antenna
  • FIG. 2 shows a conventional antenna with a loop radiator
  • FIG. 3 shows an illustration of a GNSS antenna positioned above the Earth
  • FIG. 4 shows an illustrative antenna reference coordinate system
  • FIG. 5 A shows a single band antenna in accordance with an embodiment
  • FIG. 5 B shows a configuration of wires connecting a ground plane and a patch in accordance with an embodiment
  • FIG. 6 A shows a dual-band antenna in accordance with an embodiment
  • FIG. 6 B shows reactive impedance elements associated with the dual-band antenna of FIG. 6 A ;
  • FIG. 6 C shows a side view of the dual-band antenna in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 6 A ;
  • FIG. 6 D shows a bottom view of a micro strip line of FIG. 6 C ;
  • FIG. 7 shows a plot of phase of reflection factor versus frequency
  • FIG. 8 A shows a side view of the dual-band antenna in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 6 A ;
  • FIG. 8 B shows an isometric view of the dual-band antenna in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 6 A ;
  • FIG. 9 A shows a dual-band antenna in accordance with an embodiment wherein wires connecting the ground plane and patch are turned in a certain angle
  • FIG. 9 B shows the dual-band antenna of FIG. 9 A wherein wires connecting the ground plane and patch are bent in accordance with an embodiment
  • FIG. 10 A shows an antenna wherein capacitive elements are used in accordance with an embodiment
  • FIG. 10 B shows a side view of the antenna embodiment shown in FIG. 10 A ;
  • FIG. 11 A illustrates Down/Up ratio for the antenna embodiment shown in FIG. 10 A , for frequency 1230 MHz;
  • FIG. 11 B illustrates Down/Up ratio for the antenna embodiment shown in FIG. 10 A , for frequency 1575 MHz.
  • a single-band right-hand circularly-polarized patch antenna comprises a ground plane and a patch connected to each other with at least four (4) wires for which the wire shape and location of the end points are selected such that they do not cause an antenna mismatch, and the electrical current carried in the wires produces an extra electromagnetic field subtracted from the patch electromagnetic field in the nadir direction.
  • this facilitates an antenna with low DP level (i.e., Down/Up level) in the nadir direction and with a smaller (and shorter) ground plane until the size (i.e., length) of the ground plane is as long as the patch, and there is no additional power supply necessary to power the wires.
  • a conventional patch antenna includes radiating patch 101 located over ground plane 102 , the lateral dimension (length) of ground plane 102 being longer than that of patch 101 .
  • an antenna providing for low DP level in the nadir direction is described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,184,503, and shown in FIG. 2 , where the antenna's design includes the length of ground plane 206 that is equal to or smaller than the length of patch 201 which is disposed above flat metal ground plane 202 .
  • loop radiator 207 is located around patch 205 hereby the radiator is excited by dual-wire lines 209 connected to a separate power supply (not shown).
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic of GNSS antenna 302 positioned above Earth 304 .
  • Earth includes both land and water environments.
  • electrical ground (as used in reference to a ground plane)
  • geographical ground (as used in reference to land) is not used herein.
  • supporting structures for GNSS antenna 302 are not shown.
  • Shown in FIG. 3 is a reference Cartesian coordinate system with X-axis 301 and Z-axis 305 .
  • the Y-axis points into the plane of the illustration of FIG. 3 .
  • the +Z (up) direction referred to as the zenith
  • the ⁇ Z (down) direction referred to as the nadir
  • the X-Y plane lies along the local horizon plane.
  • electromagnetic waves (carrying electromagnetic signals) are represented by rays with an elevation angle ⁇ e with respect to the horizon.
  • Rays incident from the open sky, such as ray 310 and ray 312 have positive values of elevation angle.
  • Rays reflected from Earth 304 such as ray 314 , have negative values of elevation angle.
  • the region of space with positive values of elevation angle is referred to as the “direct signal region” and is also alternatively referred to as the “forward (or top) hemisphere”.
  • the region of space with negative values of elevation angle is referred to as the “multipath signal region” and is also alternatively referred to as the “backward (or bottom) hemisphere”.
  • Ray 310 impinges directly on the antenna 302 and is referred to as the direct ray 310 ; the angle of incidence of the direct ray 310 with respect to the horizon is ⁇ e .
  • Ray 312 impinges directly on Earth 304 ; the angle of incidence of ray 312 with respect to the horizon is ⁇ e , and assume ray 312 is specularly reflected.
  • DU ( ⁇ e ) F ( - ⁇ e ) F ( ⁇ e ) ( E1 )
  • the parameter DU( ⁇ e ) (Down/Up ratio) is equal to the ratio of the antenna pattern level F( ⁇ e ) in the backward hemisphere to the antenna pattern level F( ⁇ e ) in the forward hemisphere at the mirror angle, where F represents a voltage level.
  • FIG. 4 shows a perspective view with a Cartesian coordinate system having origin o 401 , x-axis 403 , y-axis 405 , and z-axis 407 .
  • the coordinates of point P 411 are P(x, y, z).
  • the vector ⁇ right arrow over (R) ⁇ can be decomposed into the vector ⁇ right arrow over (r) ⁇ 427 and the vector h 429 , where r is the projection of ⁇ right arrow over (R) ⁇ onto the x-y plane, and ⁇ right arrow over (h) ⁇ is the projection of ⁇ right arrow over (R) ⁇ onto the z-axis 407 .
  • the coordinates of P 411 can also be expressed in the spherical coordinate system and in the cylindrical coordinate system.
  • is the radius, ⁇ is the azimuthal angle, and h
  • the z-axis In the cylindrical coordinate axis, the z-axis is referred to as the longitudinal axis. In geometrical configurations that are azimuthally symmetric about z-axis 407 , the z-axis is referred to as the longitudinal axis of symmetry, or simply the axis of symmetry (if there is no other axis of symmetry under discussion).
  • the polar angle ⁇ is more commonly measured down from the +z-axis 0 ⁇ ).
  • FIG. 5 A shows single band antenna 500 in accordance with an embodiment.
  • a single-band right-hand circularly polarized patch antenna comprising ground plane 502 , patch 501 and dielectric substrate 503 .
  • the right-hand circular-polarization mode can be implemented in a well-known manner by an excitation circuit connected to excitation pins (not shown).
  • Each wire has starting point P 1 and end point P 4 as will be further discussed herein below. At starting point P 1 the wire is connected to ground plane 502 , and at end point P 4 the wire is connected to patch 501 .
  • Wires 505 - 1 , 505 - 2 , 505 - 3 and 505 - 4 have the same (or substantially the same) design and are arranged in a rotational symmetrical manner about vertical z-axis 407 (as shown in FIG. 4 ) as such passing through a center of the antenna.
  • Wire 505 -n (e.g., 505 - 1 ) consists of three segments 506 -n (e.g., 506 - 1 ), 507 -n (e.g., 507 - 1 ) and 508 -n (e.g., 508 - 1 ) and has four characteristic points P 1 , P 2 , P 3 and P 4 , as shown in FIG. 5 B , and each of the segments has starting and end points.
  • P 1 and P 2 are starting and end points
  • P 2 and P 3 are starting and end points respectively
  • P 3 and P 4 are starting and end points respectively
  • Coordinates of points P 1 , P 2 , P 3 and P 4 can be determined in a cylindrical coordinate system with the origin at point O 510 located onto patch 501 , i.e., the vertical coordinate of patch 501 is zero.
  • the cylindrical coordinate system has vertical axis 407 in the antenna center that is oriented from ground plane 502 to patch 501 .
  • the angular coordinate is counted from the x-axis, the direction of which can be arbitrarily selected. As shown in FIG. 5 B , this direction is parallel to the side of patch 501 .
  • the angular coordinate increases counterclockwise as observed from the side of the positive direction of the vertical axis.
  • Point P 1 has coordinates r 1 , ⁇ 1 ,z 1
  • P 2 has coordinates r 2 , ⁇ 2 ,z 2
  • point P 3 has coordinates r 3 , ⁇ 3 ,z 3
  • point P 4 has coordinates r 4 , ⁇ 4 ,z 4 .
  • Segment 506 -n is connected to the ground plane at point P 1
  • segment 508 -n is connected to the patch at P 4 .
  • Horizontal segment 507 -n is located over the patch (e.g., patch 501 ), i.e., z 2 >0.
  • Angular coordinate ⁇ 1 of segment 506 -n connected to the ground plane is greater than angular coordinate ⁇ 3 of segment 508 -n being connected to the patch.
  • ⁇ 1 > ⁇ 3 angular coordinate ⁇ 1 of segment 506 -n connected to the patch.
  • the imaginary line connecting any point of wire 505 -n will rotate counterclockwise when moving from the end point of wire 505 -n (i.e., P 4 ) to the starting point of wire 505 -n (i.e., P 1 ). In this way, it will be understood that when moving along vertical segments ( 508 -n, 506 -n) the imaginary line does not rotate.
  • the orientation and the positional relationship of the wires, as described above, in the right-hand circularly polarized antenna results in an electric current in horizontal segments 507 -n such that the associated field is subtracted from the field of patch 501 in the nadir direction.
  • the total antenna field in the nadir direction is substantially reduced.
  • the reduction is due, in part, to the specific orientation of the plurality of wires such that the reduction of the total antenna field in the nadir direction is, illustratively, a function of variations between the first electromagnetic field associated with the plurality of wires and the second electromagnetic field associated with the radiating patch. In accordance with the embodiment, this variation is represented and determined by subtracting the second and first electromagnetic fields.
  • each horizontal segment 507 -n lies close to a quarter of the wavelength, and the segments along with ground plane 502 can be interpreted as segments of a transmission line which are shorted at their ends by segments 506 -n. These transmission lines are connected to patch 501 by segments 508 -n. It is well-known that a short-circuited transmission line that is a quarter wavelength long has open-circuit impedance, and this why these connections do not cause the mismatch of the antenna formed by patch 501 and ground plane 502 .
  • FIG. 6 A shows a further embodiment of dual-band stacked-patch antenna 600 comprising ground plane 602 , LF patch 601 and HF patch (HF) 609 .
  • dielectric 610 In the space between HF 609 patch and LF 601 patch there is dielectric 610 .
  • dielectric 603 In the space between LF patch 601 and ground plane 602 there is dielectric 603 .
  • LF patch 601 is a ground plane for patch HF 609 .
  • wires 505 - 1 , 505 - 2 , 505 - 3 , and 505 - 4 the design and orientation of which is as described herein above, for example, with respect to FIG.
  • wire 505 -n there is the division of wire 505 -n into segments 506 -n, 507 -n and 508 -n, and segments 507 -n are above LF patch 601 .
  • the total antenna field in the nadir direction is substantially reduced as described previously.
  • each horizontal segment 507 -n is close to a quarter of a wavelength on the frequency of LF band (i.e., around 60 mm).
  • the segments along with ground plane 602 can be considered as segments of a transmission line shorted at their ends by segments 506 -n.
  • the transmission lines are connected to LF patch 601 via segments 508 -n. It is well-known, as noted above, that a short-circuited transmission line that is a quarter wavelength long has an open-circuit impedance such that these connections do not cause the mismatch of the antenna formed by patch 601 and ground plane 602 .
  • Each of wires 505 -n is connected to ground plane 602 and LF patch 601 through reactive impedance elements 611 -n (e.g., 611 - 1 , 611 - 2 , 611 - 3 , and 611 - 4 ) and 612 -n (e.g., 612 - 1 and 612 - 2 ).
  • Wire 505 - 1 has a starting point P 1 and end point P 4 .
  • At point P 1 wire 505 - 1 is connected to reactive impedance element 611 - 1 .
  • Element 611 - 1 is in turn connected to ground plane 603 .
  • At point P 4 wire 505 - 1 is connected to impedance element 612 - 1 .
  • Element 612 - 1 is in turn connected to LF patch 601 .
  • Elements 611 -n and 612 -n ensure a short circuit mode within LF band and an operation mode with practically open-circuit conditions within HF band. Such connecting eliminates undesirable effects of wires 505 -n in HF band. Also, in accordance with an embodiment, elements 612 -n can be eliminated such that wires 505 -n can be directly connected to patch 601 at points P 4 .
  • Wires 505 -n and reactive impedance elements 611 -n and 612 -n are arranged in a rotational symmetrical manner to vertical z-axis 407 passing through the antenna center.
  • Each of reactive impedance elements 611 -n and 612 -n can be made as a segment of a shorted-circuit transmission line 613 -n with series capacitor 614 -n. Also, as shown in FIG. 6 B , a reference plane from which the phase of the element's reflection factor is counted out is depicted with circles 618 .
  • FIG. 6 C shows a side view of dual band antenna 600 in a further embodiment where only reactive impedance elements 611 -n are present, and there are no reactive impedance elements 612 -n.
  • Each transmission line 613 -n (see, FIG. 6 B ) is implemented in the form of micro strip line 616 -n (i.e., one or more of the reactive impedance elements include a micro strip line), and dielectric substrate 615 is located under ground plane 602 such that on this substrate there are micro strip lines 616 -n shorted at their ends by employing metallized holes 617 -n.
  • Antenna ground plane 602 serves as a ground plane for micro strip lines 616 -n, and each wire 505 -n passes through an opening in the dielectric substrate with the respective end connected to capacitor 614 -n. The other end of capacitor 614 -n is connected to a segment of micro strip line 616 -n.
  • FIG. 6 D shows a bottom view of micro strip line 616 -n from FIG.
  • elements 614 -n e.g., elements 614 - 1 , 614 - 2 , 614 - 3 , and 614 - 4
  • elements 616 -n e.g., 616 - 1 , 616 - 2 , 616 - 3 , and 616 - 4
  • 617 -n e.g., 617 - 1 , 617 - 2 , 617 - 3 , and 617 - 4
  • FIG. 7 shows plot 700 of phase of reflection factor versus frequency for element 611 -n (as depicted in FIGS. 6 C and 6 D ) where the length of line 616 -n is 1180 mil, the capacity of capacitor 614 -n is 1 pF, dielectric permeability of the substrate 615 is 3.2 and the height of the substrate is 31 mil. It can be seen from plot 700 that on LF frequencies (i.e., approximately 1200 MHz) the phase of the reflection factor is close to 180 degrees which corresponds to a shorted-circuit mode. On HF frequencies (i.e., approximately 1570 MHz) the phase of the reflection factor is approximately 0 degrees which corresponds to open-circuit conditions.
  • LF frequencies i.e., approximately 1200 MHz
  • HF frequencies i.e., approximately 1570 MHz
  • wires 505 -n can be arranged such that the wires do not protrude outside of LF patch 601 in the top view, and this is depicted in FIG. 8 A illustrating a side view thereof. Only wire 505 -n (e.g., 505 - 1 ) is visible and passes through opening 801 - 1 in dielectric 603 and LF patch 601 without connecting with it. In this case, the size of ground plane 602 can be both greater than that of LF patch 601 and equal to it.
  • FIG. 8 A illustrating a side view thereof. Only wire 505 -n (e.g., 505 - 1 ) is visible and passes through opening 801 - 1 in dielectric 603 and LF patch 601 without connecting with it.
  • the size of ground plane 602 can be both greater than that of LF patch 601 and equal to it.
  • 8 B shows an isometric view of this embodiment where all four wires 505 - 1 , 505 - 2 , 505 - 3 , and 505 - 4 are visible, and including openings 801 - 2 , 801 - 3 , and 801 - 4 in dielectric 603 and in LF patch 601 .
  • antenna 900 shown in FIG. 9 A includes each wire 505 -n (e.g., 505 - 1 ) turned in a certain angle ⁇ about vertical z-axis 901 -n (e.g., z-axis 901 - 1 ) located in the center of segment 508 -n (e.g., 508 - 1 ) belonging to wire 505 -n.
  • the wire segments are formed to be straight in nature.
  • wire 505 -n The division of wire 505 -n into segments 506 -n (e.g., 506 - 1 ), 507 -n (e.g., 507 - 1 ) and 508 -n (e.g., 508 - 1 ) is shown in FIG. 5 B .
  • Wires 505 -n are arranged in a rotational symmetrical manner to vertical z-axis 407 located in the antenna center.
  • segments 507 -n are formed to be bent (i.e., not straight) as illustrated in FIG. 9 B showing illustrative antenna 905 .
  • the LF patch and HF patch can be circular with capacitive elements being used instead of dielectric.
  • antenna 1000 has LF patch 1001 over ground plane 1002
  • HF patch 1009 is over LF patch.
  • Capacitive elements of the LF band are made in the form of interdigital structure 1020 arranged along the perimeter of LF patch 1001
  • capacitive elements of the HF band are also made as interdigital structure 1021 along the perimeter of HF patch 1009 .
  • an interdigital structure e.g., interdigital structures 1020 and 1021
  • LF interdigital structure 1020 For LF interdigital structure 1020 , one wire in the pair is connected to ground plane 1002 , and the other wire to LF patch 1001 .
  • HF interdigital structure 1021 one wire in the pair is connected to LF patch 1001 , and the other wire to HF patch 1009 .
  • FIG. 10 B shows a side of view of the antenna embodiment shown in FIG. 10 A .
  • the parameters of the antenna structure according to designations 1025 - 1 , 1025 - 2 , 1025 - 3 , 1030 - 1 , 1030 - 2 , and 1030 - 3 shown in FIG. 10 B are as follows:
  • FIGS. 11 A and 11 B show graphs 1100 and 1105 , respectively, reflecting experimental results of DU ratio for the antenna embodiment shown in FIG. 10 A .
  • Elements with reactive impedance 611 -n are configured in accordance with FIGS. 6 C and 6 D .
  • graph 1100 is representative of a frequency 1230 MHz (LF band).
  • Plot 1101 corresponds to the presence of wires 505 -n, and plot 1102 to the absence of wires 505 -n.
  • the presence of wires 505 -n results in a substantial reduction in DU ratio such that this ratio decreases from ⁇ 8 dB up to ⁇ 22 dB in the nadir direction.
  • graph 1105 is representative of a frequency 1575 MHz (HF band).
  • Plot 1103 corresponds to the presence of impedance elements 611 -n
  • plot 1104 corresponds to the absence of impedance elements 611 -n and at that wires 505 -n are connected directly to ground plane 1002 .
  • the presence of elements 611 -n reduces DU ratio from ⁇ 8 up to ⁇ 15 dB in the nadir direction.

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KR20200075848A (ko) * 2017-10-30 2020-06-26 배 시스템즈 인포메이션 앤드 일렉트로닉 시스템즈 인티크레이션, 인크. 이중 대역 gps/iff 안테나
WO2021033253A1 (ja) * 2019-08-20 2021-02-25 三菱電機株式会社 アンテナ装置
CN112563735B (zh) * 2019-09-26 2022-03-29 华为技术有限公司 毫米波双极化端射波束扫描天线及天线阵列
CN117242645A (zh) * 2021-04-23 2023-12-15 拓普康定位系统公司 具有低相互耦合的紧凑型组合的蜂窝/gnss天线
WO2022231454A1 (ru) * 2021-04-28 2022-11-03 Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Дженерал Майкровейв" Многодиапазонная однослойная антенна для многоканальных систем связи и навигации

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US10381734B2 (en) 2019-08-13
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US20190140354A1 (en) 2019-05-09
EP3593409A4 (de) 2020-11-25

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