USRE38455E1 - Controllable integrator - Google Patents
Controllable integrator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USRE38455E1 USRE38455E1 US09/950,086 US95008601A USRE38455E US RE38455 E1 USRE38455 E1 US RE38455E1 US 95008601 A US95008601 A US 95008601A US RE38455 E USRE38455 E US RE38455E
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- differential
- pair
- common
- amplifiers
- output
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06G—ANALOGUE COMPUTERS
- G06G7/00—Devices in which the computing operation is performed by varying electric or magnetic quantities
- G06G7/12—Arrangements for performing computing operations, e.g. operational amplifiers
- G06G7/18—Arrangements for performing computing operations, e.g. operational amplifiers for integration or differentiation; for forming integrals
- G06G7/184—Arrangements for performing computing operations, e.g. operational amplifiers for integration or differentiation; for forming integrals using capacitive elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03G—CONTROL OF AMPLIFICATION
- H03G1/00—Details of arrangements for controlling amplification
- H03G1/0005—Circuits characterised by the type of controlling devices operated by a controlling current or voltage signal
- H03G1/0017—Circuits characterised by the type of controlling devices operated by a controlling current or voltage signal the device being at least one of the amplifying solid state elements of the amplifier
- H03G1/0029—Circuits characterised by the type of controlling devices operated by a controlling current or voltage signal the device being at least one of the amplifying solid state elements of the amplifier using FETs
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03G—CONTROL OF AMPLIFICATION
- H03G5/00—Tone control or bandwidth control in amplifiers
- H03G5/02—Manually-operated control
- H03G5/04—Manually-operated control in untuned amplifiers
- H03G5/10—Manually-operated control in untuned amplifiers having semiconductor devices
Definitions
- This invention relates to integrators and more particularly to circuitry in an integrated circuit that controls frequency response characteristics over a wide range of frequencies with adjustable capacitance and controllable transconductance.
- Circuit components formed in integrated circuits commonly exhibit wide variations in operating characteristics attributable to variations in the semiconductor processes that form the integrated circuit of such components.
- additional or redundant components may be formed in an integrated circuit during the processing phase, and such additional components may thereafter be connected in or out of a circuit using a laser beam to selectively sever connecting links as required to adjust the operating characteristics of the circuit.
- signal controllable switches may be incorporated into the design of the integrated circuit to selectively connect additional components in response to externally applied control signals.
- switches are not ideal in that they incorporate appreciable resistance into a circuit in the conductive state which can be detrimental to high frequency operating characteristics of the integrated circuit.
- additional capacitive components may be selectively switched into circuit configuration in response to external control signals without introducing significant resistance with the capacitive components.
- controllable gain elements may be selectively controlled to amplify the effectiveness of capacitive components in the circuit for a wide range of operating frequency characteristics of the circuit as selectively configured.
- FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a conventional transconductance integrator
- FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the operating characteristics of a transconductance amplifier
- FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of another embodiment of the present invention for providing wide dynamic control of operating frequency characteristics of the composite circuitry.
- a conventional integrator including a differential pair of gain stages 9 , 11 such as field-effect transistors having control electrodes, or gates, coupled to receive control signals applied to inputs 13 , 15 .
- the source electrodes, or sources, of the gain stages are coupled together and to a controllable current source 17
- each of the drain electrodes, or drains is coupled to a controllable current sources 19 , 21 and to one or more capacitive elements 23 , 25 .
- the sum of the current sources 19 , 21 is usually set equal to the current from source 17 .
- Selected ones of the capacitive elements may be coupled to ground, for example, via links that may be removed via laser-beam machining to alter the operating frequency characteristics of the circuit.
- semiconductor switches may be substituted (not shown) for the links to facilitate control of capacitance in the circuit in response to externally applied signals.
- semiconductor switches commonly introduce significant resistance along with capacitance thus switched into the circuit, and this adversely affects high frequency operating characteristics of the circuit thus configured.
- each capacitive element is formed as a pair of gain elements 27 , 29 such as insulated-gate field-effect transistors with source and drain connected in common as one capacitive electrode and with the gate forming another capacitive electrode.
- the source-drain connections are connected in common to a control switch 31 that may also include a gain element responsive to an applied control signal for switching in or out the differential pair of capacitive components 27 , 29 .
- control input 33 representsative of the ON condition for NMOS type transistors 27 , 29
- the source-drain connections form conductive channels in the region of the respective gates in known manner to form capacitive components differentially connected across the outputs of the gain stages 35 , 37 .
- the differential connection of such components yields C/ 2 capacitance, without the equivalent resistance 39 of a control switch (in the biasing circuit) affecting the capacitance in the circuit thus configured.
- control input 33 At high-level applied control signal appearing on control input 33 (representative of the OFF condition for NMOS type transistors 27 , 29 ), wide depletion regions form adjacent the sources-drains, or essentially no channels form in the vicinities of the gates to contribute only a small fraction of the original capacitance introduced into the circuit.
- One or more banks of differentially connected capacitive components, each controlled by such bias-adjusting switching circuitry, may be provided to facilitate adjustment or control of the frequency response characteristics of the circuit thus configured.
- FIG. 3 there is shown a graph of the transfer function of the differential amplifier of FIG. 2 that includes gain elements 35 , 37 and current sources 41 , 43 , 45 connected as shown.
- the sum of the drain currents 41 , 43 substantially equals the combined current 45 , and reducing these current levels typically alters the transfer function of the semiconductor amplifier, as shown by curve 53 .
- the range of control voltages 55 over which the transfer function remains substantially linear diminishes with reduced current levels, as illustrated with reference to curve 53 .
- the substantially linear range of the transfer function on applied control voltages is narrow, and widens 55 with increased current levels.
- significant increases in applied signal voltages appearing at inputs 47 , 49 introduces significant non-linearity in the transfer function for operation at applied signal levels beyond the substantially linear range 55 .
- a plurality of amplifiers similar to the amplifier of FIG. 2 are assembled in parallel, as illustrated in FIG. 4, between the differential inputs 47 , 49 and the differential outputs 57 , 59 .
- Each of the amplifiers may be selectively controlled, for example, via a controllable current source 45 that conducts the currents from the commonly connected sources in each amplifier.
- each of the amplifiers 61 , 63 , 65 may be selectively disabled or enabled to selectively expand the linear range 55 , 55 ′ of the combined transfer function.
- the range of frequencies over which the integrated circuit may be operated can be greatly increased, for example, to over 6:1 for operations at about 40 MHz to about 270 MHz.
- control of one or more of the current sources in the amplifiers 61 , 63 , 65 may thus be externally controlled to maintain the transconductance (g m ) to capacitance (C) ratio (g m /C) substantially constant over a population of integrated circuits thus configured, and for operation of a particular integrated circuit with selected frequency response characteristics.
- various known semiconductor technologies such as bi-polar or NMOS or CMOS processes may be used to form integrated circuits including amplifiers and capacitive components, as described above.
- one design of integrated circuit according to the present invention facilitates formation of g m /C integrators operable over a wide range of frequencies, with dynamic responses conveniently controllable by signals that may be internal or external to the integrated circuit.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Software Systems (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Amplifiers (AREA)
- Control Of Amplification And Gain Control (AREA)
- Networks Using Active Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (27)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/609,007 USRE37739E1 (en) | 1997-04-28 | 2000-06-22 | Controllable integrator |
US09/950,086 USRE38455E1 (en) | 1997-04-28 | 2001-09-12 | Controllable integrator |
US10/614,084 USRE41792E1 (en) | 1997-04-28 | 2003-07-08 | Controllable integrator |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/848,549 US5805006A (en) | 1997-04-28 | 1997-04-28 | Controllable integrator |
US09/950,086 USRE38455E1 (en) | 1997-04-28 | 2001-09-12 | Controllable integrator |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08/848,549 Reissue US5805006A (en) | 1997-04-28 | 1997-04-28 | Controllable integrator |
US09/609,007 Continuation USRE37739E1 (en) | 1997-04-28 | 2000-06-22 | Controllable integrator |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08/848,549 Continuation US5805006A (en) | 1997-04-28 | 1997-04-28 | Controllable integrator |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
USRE38455E1 true USRE38455E1 (en) | 2004-03-09 |
Family
ID=25303601
Family Applications (4)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08/848,549 Ceased US5805006A (en) | 1997-04-28 | 1997-04-28 | Controllable integrator |
US09/609,007 Expired - Lifetime USRE37739E1 (en) | 1997-04-28 | 2000-06-22 | Controllable integrator |
US09/950,086 Expired - Lifetime USRE38455E1 (en) | 1997-04-28 | 2001-09-12 | Controllable integrator |
US10/614,084 Expired - Lifetime USRE41792E1 (en) | 1997-04-28 | 2003-07-08 | Controllable integrator |
Family Applications Before (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08/848,549 Ceased US5805006A (en) | 1997-04-28 | 1997-04-28 | Controllable integrator |
US09/609,007 Expired - Lifetime USRE37739E1 (en) | 1997-04-28 | 2000-06-22 | Controllable integrator |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/614,084 Expired - Lifetime USRE41792E1 (en) | 1997-04-28 | 2003-07-08 | Controllable integrator |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (4) | US5805006A (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20070290724A1 (en) * | 2006-06-14 | 2007-12-20 | Shigeyasu Iwata | Comparator circuit |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6473010B1 (en) | 2000-04-04 | 2002-10-29 | Marvell International, Ltd. | Method and apparatus for determining error correction code failure rate for iterative decoding algorithms |
US6633197B1 (en) | 2000-10-27 | 2003-10-14 | Marvell International, Ltd. | Gate capacitor stress reduction in CMOS/BICMOS circuit |
US6525590B2 (en) * | 2001-02-01 | 2003-02-25 | Intersil Americas Inc. | Spatially redundant and complementary semiconductor device-based, single event transient-resistant linear amplifier circuit architecture |
US7397288B2 (en) * | 2005-03-21 | 2008-07-08 | Semiconductor Components Industries, L.L.C. | Fan out buffer and method therefor |
US7863941B1 (en) * | 2009-02-04 | 2011-01-04 | Altera Corporation | Techniques for canceling offsets in differential circuits |
US10320374B2 (en) | 2017-04-17 | 2019-06-11 | Ciena Corporation | Fine resolution high speed linear delay element |
Citations (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4370572A (en) * | 1980-01-17 | 1983-01-25 | Trw Inc. | Differential sample-and-hold circuit |
US4484089A (en) | 1982-08-19 | 1984-11-20 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Switched-capacitor conductance-control of variable transconductance elements |
US4499387A (en) | 1981-12-15 | 1985-02-12 | Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Integrated circuit formed on a semiconductor substrate with a variable capacitor circuit |
US4555673A (en) | 1984-04-19 | 1985-11-26 | Signetics Corporation | Differential amplifier with rail-to-rail input capability and controlled transconductance |
US5252865A (en) * | 1991-08-22 | 1993-10-12 | Triquint Semiconductor, Inc. | Integrating phase detector |
US5283631A (en) | 1991-11-01 | 1994-02-01 | Hewlett-Packard Co. | Programmable capacitance delay element having inverters controlled by adjustable voltage to offset temperature and voltage supply variations |
US5371474A (en) | 1992-05-08 | 1994-12-06 | Philips Electronics North America Corporation | Differential amplifier having rail-to-rail input capability and square-root current control |
US5510738A (en) | 1995-03-01 | 1996-04-23 | Lattice Semiconductor Crop. | CMOS programmable resistor-based transconductor |
US5517141A (en) | 1993-11-05 | 1996-05-14 | Motorola, Inc. | Differential high speed track and hold amplifier |
US5600275A (en) | 1994-04-29 | 1997-02-04 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Low-voltage CMOS comparator with offset cancellation |
US5631607A (en) * | 1995-09-06 | 1997-05-20 | Philips Electronics North America Corporation | Compact GM-control for CMOS rail-to-rail input stages by regulating the sum of the gate-source voltages constant |
US5666083A (en) | 1995-11-17 | 1997-09-09 | Harris Corporation | Discrete programming methodology and circuit for an active transconductance-C filter |
US5682119A (en) | 1995-03-01 | 1997-10-28 | Nec Corporation | Variable gain circuit |
US5914638A (en) | 1997-06-06 | 1999-06-22 | Omnivision Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for adjusting the common-mode output voltage of a sample-and-hold amplifier |
US6040732A (en) | 1997-04-09 | 2000-03-21 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Switched-transconductance circuit within integrated T-switches |
Family Cites Families (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3617855A (en) * | 1970-04-24 | 1971-11-02 | Nippon Oceanics Inst Ltd | Phase-detecting circuits |
NL8100033A (en) * | 1981-01-07 | 1982-08-02 | Philips Nv | SIGNAL TRANSFER WITH STEP-ADJUSTABLE TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS. |
US4481480A (en) * | 1982-10-04 | 1984-11-06 | Tektronix, Inc. | Feedback amplifier having a voltage-controlled compensation circuit |
JPS60260222A (en) * | 1984-06-07 | 1985-12-23 | Nec Corp | Adaptive variable switched capacitor filter |
US4598252A (en) * | 1984-07-06 | 1986-07-01 | Itt Corporation | Variable gain power amplifier |
US4656871A (en) * | 1985-07-16 | 1987-04-14 | Motorola, Inc. | Capacitor sensor and method |
US4868516A (en) * | 1988-04-14 | 1989-09-19 | John Fluke Mfg. Co., Inc. | Alternating current amplifier with digitally controlled frequency response |
US5039872A (en) * | 1989-09-28 | 1991-08-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Commerce | Digitally synthesized audio frequency voltage source |
JP2680936B2 (en) * | 1991-02-13 | 1997-11-19 | シャープ株式会社 | Semiconductor memory device |
US5313172A (en) * | 1992-12-11 | 1994-05-17 | Rockwell International Corporation | Digitally switched gain amplifier for digitally controlled automatic gain control amplifier applications |
FR2714237B1 (en) * | 1993-12-17 | 1996-01-26 | Thomson Csf Semiconducteurs | Variable gain amplifier. |
US6137355A (en) * | 1994-04-17 | 2000-10-24 | Sevic; John F. | Dual-mode amplifier with high efficiency and high linearity |
JPH0879116A (en) * | 1994-09-09 | 1996-03-22 | Toshiba Corp | Gain switching circuit and radio equipment using the same |
JPH08102628A (en) * | 1994-09-30 | 1996-04-16 | Ando Electric Co Ltd | Differential amplifier circuit |
US5708391A (en) * | 1996-05-02 | 1998-01-13 | Altmann; Michael | High frequency differential filter with CMOS control |
US5974041A (en) * | 1995-12-27 | 1999-10-26 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Efficient parallel-stage power amplifier |
US5834975A (en) * | 1997-03-12 | 1998-11-10 | Rockwell Science Center, Llc | Integrated variable gain power amplifier and method |
US6480064B1 (en) | 2001-05-25 | 2002-11-12 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Method and apparatus for an efficient low voltage switchable Gm cell |
-
1997
- 1997-04-28 US US08/848,549 patent/US5805006A/en not_active Ceased
-
2000
- 2000-06-22 US US09/609,007 patent/USRE37739E1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-09-12 US US09/950,086 patent/USRE38455E1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-07-08 US US10/614,084 patent/USRE41792E1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4370572A (en) * | 1980-01-17 | 1983-01-25 | Trw Inc. | Differential sample-and-hold circuit |
US4499387A (en) | 1981-12-15 | 1985-02-12 | Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Integrated circuit formed on a semiconductor substrate with a variable capacitor circuit |
US4484089A (en) | 1982-08-19 | 1984-11-20 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Switched-capacitor conductance-control of variable transconductance elements |
US4555673A (en) | 1984-04-19 | 1985-11-26 | Signetics Corporation | Differential amplifier with rail-to-rail input capability and controlled transconductance |
US5252865A (en) * | 1991-08-22 | 1993-10-12 | Triquint Semiconductor, Inc. | Integrating phase detector |
US5283631A (en) | 1991-11-01 | 1994-02-01 | Hewlett-Packard Co. | Programmable capacitance delay element having inverters controlled by adjustable voltage to offset temperature and voltage supply variations |
US5371474A (en) | 1992-05-08 | 1994-12-06 | Philips Electronics North America Corporation | Differential amplifier having rail-to-rail input capability and square-root current control |
US5517141A (en) | 1993-11-05 | 1996-05-14 | Motorola, Inc. | Differential high speed track and hold amplifier |
US5600275A (en) | 1994-04-29 | 1997-02-04 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Low-voltage CMOS comparator with offset cancellation |
US5510738A (en) | 1995-03-01 | 1996-04-23 | Lattice Semiconductor Crop. | CMOS programmable resistor-based transconductor |
US5682119A (en) | 1995-03-01 | 1997-10-28 | Nec Corporation | Variable gain circuit |
US5631607A (en) * | 1995-09-06 | 1997-05-20 | Philips Electronics North America Corporation | Compact GM-control for CMOS rail-to-rail input stages by regulating the sum of the gate-source voltages constant |
US5666083A (en) | 1995-11-17 | 1997-09-09 | Harris Corporation | Discrete programming methodology and circuit for an active transconductance-C filter |
US6040732A (en) | 1997-04-09 | 2000-03-21 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Switched-transconductance circuit within integrated T-switches |
US5914638A (en) | 1997-06-06 | 1999-06-22 | Omnivision Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for adjusting the common-mode output voltage of a sample-and-hold amplifier |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20070290724A1 (en) * | 2006-06-14 | 2007-12-20 | Shigeyasu Iwata | Comparator circuit |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5805006A (en) | 1998-09-08 |
USRE37739E1 (en) | 2002-06-11 |
USRE41792E1 (en) | 2010-10-05 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US3947778A (en) | Differential amplifier | |
US5726597A (en) | Method and circuit for reducing offset voltages for a differential input stage | |
EP0037406B1 (en) | Cmos operational amplifier with reduced power dissipation | |
US5699015A (en) | Low voltage operational amplifier and method | |
US5734296A (en) | Low voltage operational amplifier input stage and method | |
US5045806A (en) | Offset compensated amplifier | |
US6784741B1 (en) | Amplifier | |
US5574401A (en) | Large common mode input range CMOS amplifier | |
US4346344A (en) | Stable field effect transistor voltage reference | |
US5898341A (en) | Differential amplification circuit and method of noise removal | |
US5099205A (en) | Balanced cascode current mirror | |
US5561396A (en) | Rail-to-rail input stages with gm -control by multiple input pairs | |
USRE38455E1 (en) | Controllable integrator | |
JP2003060456A (en) | Variable gain amplifier circuit | |
US5982230A (en) | Amplifier circuit | |
US6400933B1 (en) | Amplifier | |
US20040239426A1 (en) | Operational amplifier generating desired feedback reference voltage allowing improved output characteristic | |
JP2000323936A (en) | Amplifier | |
EP0711032A1 (en) | Input stage for CMOS operational amplifier and method thereof | |
US5777516A (en) | High frequency amplifier in CMOS | |
US5705953A (en) | Device bias based supplemental amplification | |
US6150882A (en) | RF low noise amplifier | |
JPH09219629A (en) | Operational amplifier | |
JPH04323907A (en) | Low-offset, high-speed cmos amplifier which separates noise in supplied electric power | |
JPH051646B2 (en) |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
FPAY | Fee payment |
Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
SULP | Surcharge for late payment |
Year of fee payment: 7 |
|
FPAY | Fee payment |
Year of fee payment: 12 |
|
CC | Certificate of correction | ||
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: CAVIUM INTERNATIONAL, CAYMAN ISLANDS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MARVELL INTERNATIONAL LTD.;REEL/FRAME:052918/0001 Effective date: 20191231 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: MARVELL ASIA PTE, LTD., SINGAPORE Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CAVIUM INTERNATIONAL;REEL/FRAME:053475/0001 Effective date: 20191231 |