USRE32475E - Optical waveguide transmitting light wave energy in single mode - Google Patents

Optical waveguide transmitting light wave energy in single mode Download PDF

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Publication number
USRE32475E
USRE32475E US06/711,820 US71182085A USRE32475E US RE32475 E USRE32475 E US RE32475E US 71182085 A US71182085 A US 71182085A US RE32475 E USRE32475 E US RE32475E
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Prior art keywords
optical waveguide
dielectric material
waveguide
core
single mode
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Expired - Lifetime
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US06/711,820
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English (en)
Inventor
Shigeo Nishida
Shojiro Kawakami
Yoichi Ohtaka
Seiichi Onoda
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Hitachi Ltd
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Hitachi Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03622—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only
    • G02B6/03627—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only arranged - +

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an optical waveguide, and more particularly to an optical waveguide transmitting light wave energy in a single mode for optical communication made of transparent dielectric materials such as glass.
  • an optical waveguide for optical communication The important things for an optical waveguide for optical communication are that the reduction of light energy in transmission, i.e. the transmission loss of light energy is low, it has a wide band signal frequency response, and the launching of light in the waveguide, i.e. the connection between a light source and a waveguide or the connection between waveguides is easy.
  • optical waveguide among which a singly cladded optical fiber is known as an effective one as for optical communication.
  • This optical fiber is composed of a transparent central dielectric body, i.e. a core having a high refractive index and a covering layer, i.e. a cladding consisting of a material having a lower refractive index.
  • the optical characteristic of this singly cladded optical fiber is determined mainly by the parameter expressed by the formula ##EQU1## where a is the radius of the core, ⁇ is the wavelength of light, n 1 and n 2 are the refractive indices of the core and the cladding, respectively, and the parameter ⁇ will hereinafter be referred to mainly as the normalized frequency though ordinarily it is called in various ways.
  • the propagation mode of light in the optical waveguide is single, while a plurality of propagation modes occur in the range of v higher than that value.
  • the band width of signal frequency is narrowed by the difference in the group delay for modes.
  • the value of ⁇ has to be designed so that light is propagated in a single mode.
  • the radius (a) of the core or the difference between n 1 and n 2 has to be made small.
  • the radius of the core has been very small. This makes it very difficult to connect a light source with an optical waveguide or to interconnect optical waveguides.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide an optical waveguide effective for optical communication.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical waveguide having a wide band signal frequency response.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide an optical waveguide enabling light to be propagated in a single mode and having a large radius of the core.
  • a still further object of the present invention is to provide an optical waveguide which is low compared with a conventional optical waveguide in transmission loss occurring when the optical waveguide is bent and which has a wide band signal frequency response in a large acceptable angle multimode transmission.
  • the present invention is characterized in that unlike a conventional singly cladded optical fiber composed of a core and a cladding a layer of a transparent material having a refractive index lower than that of the cladding is interposed between the core and the cladding.
  • FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a part of a conventional optical waveguide showing the structure thereof.
  • FIG. 1B is a diagram of the distribution of the refractive index on a cross-section of the optical waveguide of FIG. 1A.
  • FIG. 2 is a mode characteristic diagram for explaining the signal frequency response of an optical waveguide.
  • FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are a side view of a part of, a cross-sectional view of and a refractive index distribution diagram of an optical waveguide according to the present invention, respectively.
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B are a cross-sectional view of a part of and a refractive index distribution diagram of a slab waveguide, respectively, for explaining the principle of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram of the light energy distribution in an optical waveguide.
  • a conventional optical waveguide is composed of a core 1 having a high refractive index and a small radius a and a cladding 2 covering the core 1 and having a refractive index lower than that of the core 1 as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B.
  • the mode characteristic of a wave in a waveguide is expressed, if no attenuation is assumed to occur, by e j ( ⁇ t- ⁇ z), where ⁇ is the angular frequency of light, t is time, ⁇ is the phase constant, and z is the position in the propagation direction.
  • ⁇ the angular frequency of light
  • t time
  • ⁇ the phase constant
  • z the position in the propagation direction.
  • the relation between the phase constant ⁇ and the normalized frequency ⁇ is expressed by the relation between the phase constant ⁇ and the angular frequency ⁇ . It is known that this relation is as shown in FIG. 2.
  • the ordinate is the phase constant ⁇
  • the abscissa is the normalized frequency ⁇ .
  • Two asymptotes ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 represent the propagation constants of light in the media having the refractive indices n 1 and n 2 , respectively. Since the difference between the refractive indices n 1 and n 2 is very small, the angle between the two asymptotes ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 is very small. However, for easy observation the angle is shown magnified in FIG. 2. Dot-dash or chain lines represent the characteristics of a conventional optical waveguide, while solid lines represent the characteristics of the optical waveguide according to the present invention which will be described below in detail.
  • the curve 3 is the transmission characteristic of the mode HE 11
  • the curve 4 is the transmission characteristics of the degenerate modes HE 21 , TM 01 and TE 01
  • the curve 5 is the transmission characteristics of the degenerate modes EH 11 , HE 31 and HE 12 .
  • each component mode approaches the asymptote ⁇ 1 as the normalized frequency v becomes large, while it terminates at the asymptote ⁇ 2 when the normalized frequency v is small. This terminating point is called the "cut off”.
  • the curve 3 does not have the "cut off”. For this reason the curve 3 is convex downward at the range lower than ⁇ 1 .
  • FIGS. 3A to 3C show the structure of the optical waveguide according to the present invention.
  • This structure is such that a third transparent dielectric layer is interposed between the core 1 and the cladding 2 of the singly cladded optical fiber of FIG. 1. That is, this structure consists of a core 6 of a first transparent dielectric material and second and third transparent dielectric layers 7 and 8 cladding the core 6, the refractive index of the first dielectric material 6 being higher than that of the third dielectric material 8, and the refractive index of the second dielectric material 7 being lower that that of the third dielectric material 8.
  • the thickness and the refractive index of the second layer 7 vary depending on the frequency of light, the diameter of the core, the difference between the refractive indices of the first and third dielectric materials 6 and 8, and the use of the optical waveguide.
  • the thickness of the second dielectric layer 7 effective for the purpose of the present invention is 0.05 to 5 times the radius of the core.
  • dielectric material glass is at present most desirable from the standpoint of loss. However, it is evident that high polymers may be used as well.
  • the solid curves 3, 4 and 5 in FIG. 2 represent the mode characteristics of the optical waveguide according to the present invention.
  • the curve 3 is the transmission characteristic of the mode HE 11
  • the curve 4 is those of the degenerate modes HE 21 , TM 01 and TE 01
  • the curve 5 is those of the degenerate modes EH 11 , HE 31 and HE 12 .
  • these transmission characteristics can be theoretically derived, its calculating formula is very complicated. Hence, these transmission characteristics will be derived referring to a slab type optical waveguide having qualitatively the same properties as those of a cylindrical one.
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B are of a slab type optical waveguide.
  • Materials 6, 7 and 8 are the same materials as those 6, 7 and 8 in FIG. 3B, respectively.
  • the refractive indices of these materials 6, 7 and 8 are denoded by n, qn and pn, respectively. It is assumed that this waveguide is uniform in the Y direction and light is propagated in the Z direction. In such a waveguide there are the transversal electric (TE) modes and the transversal magnetic (TM) modes. However, since there is no essential difference between the transmission characteristics of the two modes, a description will be made below of the TE mode.
  • TE transversal electric
  • TM transversal magnetic
  • the cut off of the mode will next be considered.
  • the upper limit of the single mode region for the waveguide having the structure of FIGS. 4A and 4B can be made ##EQU11## times as high as that of the conventional waveguide.
  • A is large, it is 2 times.
  • equation (7) result as follows: ##EQU14## Consequently, in the optical waveguide according to the present invention the cut off occurs for the lowest degree of mode HE 11 and the single mode region becomes ⁇ 1 ' to ⁇ 2 ' to magnify the upper limit of the lowest degree of mode.
  • the diameter of the core of the waveguide capable of performing single mode transmission can be extended.
  • the cut off normalized frequency ##EQU15## changes from .[.2.408.]. .Iadd.2.40483 .Iaddend.around .[.3.8317.]. .Iadd.3.83171.Iaddend.
  • the radius a can be extended by about 60% when ##EQU16## is constant.
  • the single frequency band width can be extended compared with the single mode transmission by a conventional optical waveguide.
  • the factor to determine the single frequency band width of the waveguide is the group velocity characteristic of light in the waveguide.
  • the group velocity is expressed by d ⁇ /d ⁇ as is well known.
  • the group velocity of signal light generally varies depending on the frequency of the light. When the spectral width of the signal light is wide, a delay distortion occurs due to the difference in the group velocity therein to narrow the transmission capacity of the waveguide and hence the signal frequency band width.
  • the differential d(d ⁇ /d ⁇ )/d ⁇ of the group velocity with respect to the frequency will hereinafter be referred to as the dispersion.
  • the dispersion there are the dispersion due to the refractive index characteristic of the material of the waveguide (hereinafter referred to as the material dispersion) and the dispersion due to the characteristic inherent in the propagation mode (hereinafter referred to as the mode dispersion).
  • the combination of both dispersions will hereinafter be referred to as the overall dispersion.
  • the dielectric decreases in the refractive index with the increase in the waveguide of light at the wavelength range of from 0.6 to 1.06 micron. Consequently, the material dispersion depending on the refractive characteristic of the material is negative.
  • the mode dispersion is also negative due to the fact that the curve 3 shown in FIG. 2 is downwardly convex at the range 0 to ⁇ 1 corresponding to the range 0 to ⁇ 1 , i.e. at the single mode region. Consequently, the negativity is further amplified for the overall dispersion.
  • the overall dispersion at the near infrared region of a wavelength of 1 micron for borosilicate glass is about -10 -8 meter. If a light pulse having a spectral width of 100 angstroms is transmitted through such an optical waveguide, there occurs a pulse widening of about 5 ns per 1 km. That is, even for an optical waveguide of the single mode the signal frequency band width is considerably limited for the transmission of a light signal having a spectral width.
  • the characteristic of the single mode region has the cut off as shown at 3 in FIG. 2 so that the mode dispersion is positive. Consequently, the positivity of the mode dispersion and the negativity of the material dispersion compensate for each other to diminish the absolute value of the overall dispersion. For this reason the limitation due to the group velocity dispersion is moderated and the signal frequency band width is extended.
  • the optical waveguide according to the present invention has a further advantage compared with a conventional waveguide that the energy of light is more concentrated in the core.
  • the eigen value u 2 is augmented, so that the energy distribution is as shown in FIG. 5.
  • the abscissa is the radial direction of the waveguide and the ordinate is the intensity of light which is normalized to 1 at the center of the waveguide.
  • Such a concentration of the energy of light in the core provides the advantage that the loss due to the bending of the waveguide is reduced and the acceptable angle of the waveguide is increased.
  • the latter is almost determined by the loss of the core material. Consequently, as the layers other than the core, materials having a larger loss than conventional ones can be employed, so that the manufacture of the waveguide is easier than a conventional one.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
  • Waveguides (AREA)
  • Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
US06/711,820 1973-06-07 1985-03-14 Optical waveguide transmitting light wave energy in single mode Expired - Lifetime USRE32475E (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP48-64533 1973-06-07
JP6453373A JPS5525643B2 (en, 2012) 1973-06-07 1973-06-07

Related Parent Applications (2)

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US47631074A Continuation-In-Part 1973-06-07 1974-06-04
US05/619,518 Reissue US3997241A (en) 1973-06-07 1975-10-03 Optical waveguide transmitting light wave energy in single mode

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4842783A (en) 1987-09-03 1989-06-27 Cordis Corporation Method of producing fiber optic chemical sensors incorporating photocrosslinked polymer gels
US5037615A (en) * 1987-10-30 1991-08-06 Cordis Corporation Tethered pair fluorescence energy transfer indicators, chemical sensors, and method of making such sensors
US20050277037A1 (en) * 2004-06-10 2005-12-15 Zbigniew Tokarski Bridged charge transport materials having two bicyclic heterocycle hydrazones
US9547122B2 (en) 2011-12-28 2017-01-17 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Multi-core optical fiber

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5645568B2 (en, 2012) * 1974-11-09 1981-10-27
JPS5256548A (en) * 1975-11-05 1977-05-10 Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd Fiber for optical transmission
JPS583206B2 (ja) * 1979-10-08 1983-01-20 日本電信電話株式会社 中間層付単一モ−ド光フアイバ
CN115995663B (zh) * 2023-02-15 2024-10-11 广东大湾区空天信息研究院 一种少模太赫兹波导

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3785718A (en) * 1972-09-11 1974-01-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Low dispersion optical fiber

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3785718A (en) * 1972-09-11 1974-01-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Low dispersion optical fiber

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4842783A (en) 1987-09-03 1989-06-27 Cordis Corporation Method of producing fiber optic chemical sensors incorporating photocrosslinked polymer gels
US5037615A (en) * 1987-10-30 1991-08-06 Cordis Corporation Tethered pair fluorescence energy transfer indicators, chemical sensors, and method of making such sensors
US20050277037A1 (en) * 2004-06-10 2005-12-15 Zbigniew Tokarski Bridged charge transport materials having two bicyclic heterocycle hydrazones
US9547122B2 (en) 2011-12-28 2017-01-17 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Multi-core optical fiber

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS5525643B2 (en, 2012) 1980-07-08
JPS5015565A (en, 2012) 1975-02-19

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