USPP5772P - Mushroom plant - Google Patents

Mushroom plant Download PDF

Info

Publication number
USPP5772P
USPP5772P US06/663,098 US66309884V US5772P US PP5772 P USPP5772 P US PP5772P US 66309884 V US66309884 V US 66309884V US 5772 P US5772 P US 5772P
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
mushroom
hybrid
lines
variety
white
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US06/663,098
Inventor
Daniel J. Royse
Bernard P. May
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
RESEARCH Corp A NEW YORK NOT-FOR-PROFIT CORP
Pennsylvania Research Corp
Original Assignee
Research Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Research Corp filed Critical Research Corp
Priority to US06/663,098 priority Critical patent/USPP5772P/en
Assigned to RESEARCH CORPORATION, A NEW YORK NOT-FOR-PROFIT CORP reassignment RESEARCH CORPORATION, A NEW YORK NOT-FOR-PROFIT CORP ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: MAY, BERNARD P., CARUTHERS, MARVIN H.
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of USPP5772P publication Critical patent/USPP5772P/en
Assigned to PENNSYLVANIA RESEARCH CORPORATION, THE, reassignment PENNSYLVANIA RESEARCH CORPORATION, THE, ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: RESEARCH CORPORATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC., A CORP OF DE
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Definitions

  • Agaricus brunnescens Peck Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. This situation has been due exclusively to the unique genetic life history of this fungus which hinders and often precludes manipulation of the germ plasm without the use of specific codominant markers. Unlike other Agaricus spp., Agaricus brunnescens is primarily two-spored.
  • Isozyme analysis has proved to be a potent genetic tool because of the interpretable, one-to-one relationship of isozyme phenotype to the organism's genotype.
  • the single-gene basis of observed electrophoretic variation in fungi by the use of single-spore-derived isolates has been shown for Conidiobolus thromboides Dreschler [syn, Entomophthora virulenta Hall et Dunn] (May et al. Exp. Mycol 3:289-297 (1979)), Agaricus campestris (May and Royse Mush. Sci. 11(2):799-817 (1981); and Biochem. Genet. 20:1165-1173, (1982)), and A.
  • the novel variety described herein was produced as a result of the breeding program in the Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University.
  • the invention was completed in two major phases: (1) crossing of two compatible breeding stocks (homokaryons) and (2) evaluation of desirable cultivation characteristics of the new hybrid.
  • the new line was produced by crossing homokaryons derived from a golden white parent (232) commonly used in cave culture and a light cream parent (266) not commonly used for commercial cultivation.
  • the improved characteristic of this mushroom line is its increased yield in Kg/m 2 as compared to the yield and size of the golden white variety (232).
  • the A. brunnescens isolates (232 and 266) were from The Pennsylvania State University Mushroom Culture Collection (PSUMCC). These lines have been electrophoretically typed by Royse and May (supra, 1982) and May and Royse (supra, 1982). Allelic variability represented in the PSUMCC is diagramatically represented in FIG. 1. The alleles for lines 232 and 266 at six biochemical loci are listed in Table 1.
  • Homokaryons were derived from lines 232 and 266 and used as breeding stock. The general scheme followed that presented in FIG. 2. The alleles for these homokaryons (232-58 and 266-324) are listed in Table 2. The cultures 232-58 and 266-324 were set up in dual culture as outlined by May and Royse (supra 1982). The alleles possessed by the resulting hybrid are listed in Table 3. The hybrid's allelic combination is unique to any commercial or PSUMCC isolates and can be easily distinguished from any of these isolates.
  • Mushroom size (Table 5) was significantly greater for BB32 than for the commercial line 348 for both crops. BB32 also was significantly larger than the commercial MoonliteTM line for crop 82-14, but there was no significant difference in size between these two lines for crops 82-18. In summary, the newly developed line has advantages in both size and yield when compared to two commercially used lines (348 and MoonliteTM).
  • Mushroom hybrid BB32 is of a type similar to one called "off-white” in the trade such as Darlington 11 or Darlington 76.
  • the cap is scaly and "off-white” in color. Normally, this mushroom is colored an off-white and is moderately scaled; however, under drought conditions or relatively high air movement the caps are quite scaly and colored creamish-white. At maturity the cap frequently is domed. The caps and stalks of this mushroom are thicker than the typical "white” and "off-white” mushrooms.
  • the cap or pileus of the mushroom, when the veil breaks, varies between 25-150 mm in diameter and is of generally convex shape.
  • the stipe is 25-80 mm long, 8-25 mm thick, strongly bulbous in the button stage but becoming cylindrical at maturity.
  • the lamellae are whitish at first but become a pinkish flesh color by the time the veil breaks. Later the gills become a purplish brown and finally a chocolate brown as the spores mature.
  • the gills are free, crowded, conspicuously white-marginate, with lamellae interspersed.
  • the annulus is prominent and fairly persistent, composed of a single type, formed from a velar sheath over the stipe extending up to the margin of the unexpanded pileus.
  • the flesh is white, turning bright pinkish red in approximately 2 min. when cut or bruised (particularly int the stipe) and later turning brown.
  • the flesh is quite thick below the disc.
  • the pileus cuticle is composed of radially arranged, repent, parallel to interwoven, clampless, hyaline to creamish hyphae measuring 2.5-12 ⁇ m diameter.
  • the pileus trama is composed of large, thin-walled, interwoven, clampless hyphae measuring 4-32 ⁇ m diameter.
  • Pleurocystidia are lacking. Cheilocystidia are abundant and form a continuous sterile tissue, clavate to cylindrical or fusoid, often rather irregular in shape, not clamped at the base, and measuring 14-35 ⁇ 5.5-14 ⁇ m.
  • the basidia are mostly 2-spored (rarely 1, 3, or 4-spored), clavate, not clamped at the base, and measure 18-36 ⁇ 6-8 ⁇ m.
  • the basidiospores are broadly elliptical to slightly ovate in face view, unilaterally flattened- elliptical to -ovate in side view, smooth, thick-or thin-walled, lacking a germ pore, dark brown in mass, and measure 6.1-9.2 ⁇ 4.6-7.0 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the allelic variability of Agaricus brunnescens cultures from The Pennsylvania State University Mushroom Culture Collection and from commercial spawn makers.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a strategy for confirmation of hybridization and subsequent hybrid evaluation in the common cultivated mushroom.
  • FIG. 3 is a photograph showing two forms of the mushroom plants of the present invention.

Landscapes

  • Breeding Of Plants And Reproduction By Means Of Culturing (AREA)

Abstract

A new and distinct variety of mushroom is described. This variety is similar to a type called "off-white" in the trade. The new variety possesses advantages of both productivity and yield when compared to two commercially available line 348 and Moonlite™. The novel variety also displays a unique electrophoretic isozyme pattern.

Description

The present invention relates to a new and distinct variety of mushroom plant of Agaricus brunnescens Peck [=A. bisporus (Lange) Imbach].
No other major commercially important crop has experienced as little genetic improvement as the common edible mushroom, Agaricus brunnescens Peck. [=Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach]. This situation has been due exclusively to the unique genetic life history of this fungus which hinders and often precludes manipulation of the germ plasm without the use of specific codominant markers. Unlike other Agaricus spp., Agaricus brunnescens is primarily two-spored.
Selective breeding programs for A. brunnescens have been proposed which utilize auxotrophic mutants (Raper and Raper, Mush. Sci. 8:1-9 (1972)); Raper et al., Mycologia 64:1088-1172, (1972)), mycelial fusion and nuclear exchange between heterokaryotic lines (Moessner, Mush. Sci. 5:197-203 (1962)), multispore-derived cultures (Stubnya, Mush. Sci. 10(1); 83-89 (1979)), or resistance to biocides (Elliott, Mush. Sci. 10 (1):73-81 (1979)). Each of these approaches has the disadvantage that a limited number of crosses can be made, corroborated, and uniquely marked.
Isozyme analysis has proved to be a potent genetic tool because of the interpretable, one-to-one relationship of isozyme phenotype to the organism's genotype. The single-gene basis of observed electrophoretic variation in fungi by the use of single-spore-derived isolates has been shown for Conidiobolus thromboides Dreschler [syn, Entomophthora virulenta Hall et Dunn] (May et al. Exp. Mycol 3:289-297 (1979)), Agaricus campestris (May and Royse Mush. Sci. 11(2):799-817 (1981); and Biochem. Genet. 20:1165-1173, (1982)), and A. brunnescens (May and Royse supra (1981); and Royse and May Mycologia 74:93-102 (1982). For A. brunnescens isozyme analysis allows the ability to distinguish homokaryotic from heterokaryotic single-spore-derived lines.
On the basis of five variable biochemical loci Royse and May, (supra, 1982) were able to partition lines of A. brunnescens into genotypic classes. Combining the number of genotypes possible at each locus would allow over 20,000 recognizable genotypic classes. The finding of only five genotypic classes among 34 commercial lines and only 27 classes in 162 lines in The Pennsylvania State University Mushroom Culture Collection is further evidence that little of the potential genotypic variability is expressed in the stocks examined.
The novel variety described herein was produced as a result of the breeding program in the Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University. The invention was completed in two major phases: (1) crossing of two compatible breeding stocks (homokaryons) and (2) evaluation of desirable cultivation characteristics of the new hybrid. The new line was produced by crossing homokaryons derived from a golden white parent (232) commonly used in cave culture and a light cream parent (266) not commonly used for commercial cultivation. The improved characteristic of this mushroom line is its increased yield in Kg/m2 as compared to the yield and size of the golden white variety (232).
The A. brunnescens isolates (232 and 266) were from The Pennsylvania State University Mushroom Culture Collection (PSUMCC). These lines have been electrophoretically typed by Royse and May (supra, 1982) and May and Royse (supra, 1982). Allelic variability represented in the PSUMCC is diagramatically represented in FIG. 1. The alleles for lines 232 and 266 at six biochemical loci are listed in Table 1.
Homokaryons were derived from lines 232 and 266 and used as breeding stock. The general scheme followed that presented in FIG. 2. The alleles for these homokaryons (232-58 and 266-324) are listed in Table 2. The cultures 232-58 and 266-324 were set up in dual culture as outlined by May and Royse (supra 1982). The alleles possessed by the resulting hybrid are listed in Table 3. The hybrid's allelic combination is unique to any commercial or PSUMCC isolates and can be easily distinguished from any of these isolates.
Evaluation of the hybrid's characteristics for commercial desirability were performed at the Mushroom Research Center of The Pennsylvania State University, University Park Pa. The hybrid was subjected to two (2) crop evaluations on two (2) different composts using commercial lines for comparisons. A summary of the results are presented in Tables 4 and 5. As can be seen from these tables, BB32 (F1 hybrid) is generally superior in yield to the checks or commercial lines examined (Table 4). In both evaluations (Table 4) the novel line was significantly better than the Moonlite™ line. Yield for BB32 was also significantly higher than the commercial line (348) in crop 82-24 (Table 4). There was no significant difference in yield between 348 and BB32 for crop 82-18.
Mushroom size (Table 5) was significantly greater for BB32 than for the commercial line 348 for both crops. BB32 also was significantly larger than the commercial Moonlite™ line for crop 82-14, but there was no significant difference in size between these two lines for crops 82-18. In summary, the newly developed line has advantages in both size and yield when compared to two commercially used lines (348 and Moonlite™).
Mushroom hybrid BB32 is of a type similar to one called "off-white" in the trade such as Darlington 11 or Darlington 76. The cap is scaly and "off-white" in color. Normally, this mushroom is colored an off-white and is moderately scaled; however, under drought conditions or relatively high air movement the caps are quite scaly and colored creamish-white. At maturity the cap frequently is domed. The caps and stalks of this mushroom are thicker than the typical "white" and "off-white" mushrooms.
The cap or pileus of the mushroom, when the veil breaks, varies between 25-150 mm in diameter and is of generally convex shape.
The stipe is 25-80 mm long, 8-25 mm thick, strongly bulbous in the button stage but becoming cylindrical at maturity.
The lamellae are whitish at first but become a pinkish flesh color by the time the veil breaks. Later the gills become a purplish brown and finally a chocolate brown as the spores mature. The gills are free, crowded, conspicuously white-marginate, with lamellae interspersed.
The annulus is prominent and fairly persistent, composed of a single type, formed from a velar sheath over the stipe extending up to the margin of the unexpanded pileus.
The flesh is white, turning bright pinkish red in approximately 2 min. when cut or bruised (particularly int the stipe) and later turning brown. The flesh is quite thick below the disc.
The pileus cuticle is composed of radially arranged, repent, parallel to interwoven, clampless, hyaline to creamish hyphae measuring 2.5-12 μm diameter. The pileus trama is composed of large, thin-walled, interwoven, clampless hyphae measuring 4-32 μm diameter. Pleurocystidia are lacking. Cheilocystidia are abundant and form a continuous sterile tissue, clavate to cylindrical or fusoid, often rather irregular in shape, not clamped at the base, and measuring 14-35×5.5-14 μm. The basidia are mostly 2-spored (rarely 1, 3, or 4-spored), clavate, not clamped at the base, and measure 18-36×6-8 μm. The basidiospores are broadly elliptical to slightly ovate in face view, unilaterally flattened- elliptical to -ovate in side view, smooth, thick-or thin-walled, lacking a germ pore, dark brown in mass, and measure 6.1-9.2×4.6-7.0 μm.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 illustrates the allelic variability of Agaricus brunnescens cultures from The Pennsylvania State University Mushroom Culture Collection and from commercial spawn makers.
FIG. 2 illustrates a strategy for confirmation of hybridization and subsequent hybrid evaluation in the common cultivated mushroom.
a. Selection from germ plasm bank of parental breeding stock with alternate electrophoretic types.
b. Dual culture of parental lines on agar plates.
c. Selection of possible hybrid mycelium from interaction zone.
d. Culture of selection in liquid medium.
e. Electrophoretic confirmation of hybrid; types 1 and 2=parental lines; type 3=hybrid (note "extra" band); type 4=mix only of parental lines.
f. Production of spawn from confirmed hybrids for spawning compost.
g. Selection among different hybrid lines for desirable traits.
FIG. 3 is a photograph showing two forms of the mushroom plants of the present invention.
              TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Alleles possessed by the parental lines used to                           
derive homokaryotic breeding stock for hybrid                             
production                                                                
BIOCHEMICAL LOCI                                                          
Line                 Pep-    Pep-                                         
No.  Gpt      Mpi    LLL-1   LLL-2  Adh    Aat                            
______________________________________                                    
232  100/165  .0..sup.a                                                   
                     100/115 100/100                                      
                                    100/149                               
                                           81/100                         
266  100/139  .0..sup.                                                    
                     100/115 100/111                                      
                                    100/165                               
                                           81/100                         
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.a No activity                                                       

              TABLE 2                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Alleles possessed by homokaryotic breeding                                
stock for hybrid production                                               
BIOCHEMICAL LOCI                                                          
Line No.                                                                  
       Gpt     Mpi    Pep-LLL-1                                           
                              Pep-LLL-2                                   
                                      Adh   Aat                           
______________________________________                                    
232-58 165     .0..sup.a                                                  
                      115     100     100    81                           
266-324                                                                   
       139     .0..sup.                                                   
                      100     111     100   100                           
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.a No activity                                                       

              TABLE 3                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Alleles possessed by novel hybrid as a result                             
of crossing homokaryotic breeding stock                                   
BIOCHEMICAL LOCI                                                          
Line                  Pep-   Pep-                                         
No.   Gpt      Mpi    LLL-1  LLL-2  Adh    Aat                            
______________________________________                                    
BB32  139/165  .0..sup.a                                                  
                      100/115                                             
                             100/111                                      
                                    100/100                               
                                           81/100                         
(Hy-                                                                      
brid)                                                                     
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.a No activity                                                       

              TABLE 4                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Mushroom yield in lbs/ft.sup.2 for crops 82-18 and                        
82-24 grown at The Mushroom Research Center of The                        
Pennsylvania State University.                                            
                 Crop #                                                   
Line #             82-18    82-24                                         
______________________________________                                    
266 (parent 1)     1.86   a*      1.81 a*                                 
BB32 (F.sub.1 hybrid)                                                     
                   1.54   b       1.57 b                                  
348 (check)        1.53   b       1.32 c                                  
BB32/1169 (F.sub.2 hybrid)                                                
                   1.51   b       1.52 bc                                 
Moonlite ™  (check)                                                    
                   1.22   c       1.22 d                                  
232 (parent 2)     1.02   d       1.31 cd                                 
______________________________________                                    
 *Means followed by the same letter within the same column are not        
 significantly different based on the WallerDuncan KRatio TTest at P =    
 0.05.                                                                    

              TABLE 5                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Mushroom size in grams/mushroom for crops 82-18                           
and 82-14 grown at The Mushroom Research Center of The                    
Pennsylvania State University.                                            
                 Crop #                                                   
Line #             82-18    82-24                                         
______________________________________                                    
BB32 (F.sub.1 hybrid)                                                     
                   7.30   a*      6.68 a*                                 
232 (parent 2)     7.29   a       5.38 b                                  
Moonlite ™ (check)                                                     
                   6.82   ab      5.10 bc                                 
348 (check)        6.67   b       4.64 c                                  
BB32/1169 (F.sub.2 hybrid)                                                
                   6.41   b       6.20 b                                  
266 (parent 1)     5.35   c       5.14 bc                                 
______________________________________                                    
 *Means followed by the same letter within the same column are not        
 significantly different based on the WallerDuncan KRatio TTest at P =    
 0.05.

Claims (1)

What is claimed is:
1. A new and distinct variety of mushroom plant substantially as shown and described characterized particularly as to novelty by its greater productivity and yield when compared to two commercially available lines, 348 and Moonlite™ and by its unique electrophoretic isozyme phenotype.
US06/663,098 1984-10-19 1984-10-19 Mushroom plant Expired - Lifetime USPP5772P (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/663,098 USPP5772P (en) 1984-10-19 1984-10-19 Mushroom plant

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/663,098 USPP5772P (en) 1984-10-19 1984-10-19 Mushroom plant

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
USPP5772P true USPP5772P (en) 1986-07-22

Family

ID=24660464

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US06/663,098 Expired - Lifetime USPP5772P (en) 1984-10-19 1984-10-19 Mushroom plant

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) USPP5772P (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USPP7339P (en) * 1987-07-20 1990-09-25 Hokken Sangyo Co., Ltd. Shiitake mushroom plant named `Hokken 601`

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USPP7339P (en) * 1987-07-20 1990-09-25 Hokken Sangyo Co., Ltd. Shiitake mushroom plant named `Hokken 601`

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US4607453A (en) Hybrid corn plants with improved standability
Brewbaker et al. New tree crops from interspecific Leucaena hybrids
Li et al. Inheritance of strain instability (sectoring) in the commercial button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus
USPP5772P (en) Mushroom plant
USPP5773P (en) Mushroom plant
US4996390A (en) Novel interspecific mushroom strains
EP3358942B1 (en) CHRYSANTHEMUM RESISTANT TO WHITE RUST
CN105165589B (en) Hydroponic plant container
CN1057752A (en) Food (medicine) a kind of segment wood cultivated method of bacterium
US6521817B2 (en) Hybrid strains of Agaricus bisporus, germination of the spores of which provides mainly homokaryons, production and use thereof
McKenzie et al. Inheritance of oat stem rust resistance in a Tunisian strain of Avena sterilis
US20100218294P1 (en) Agaricus bisporus mushroom plant named J10165
San Antonio Origin and improvement of spawn of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus brunnescens Peck
CN118389293A (en) Lentinus edodes strain (Lentinus edodes) fragrance-retaining 706 and application thereof
USPP7636P (en) Mushroom plant named Brown Hybrid X618
DE69331275T2 (en) Heterocaryotic mycelium and homocaryon from Agaraicus bisporus, which has a tetrasporal character, their use and production method
USPP19313P3 (en) Agaricus subrufescens mushroom plant named ‘H1X1’
Ogunleye et al. Assessment of cross compatibility in three strains of Pleurotus species and yield attributes of the surviving progenies
Wu Mushroom genetics and breeding
JP4377969B2 (en) Breeding method of non-seed formation strain
JP2542392Y2 (en) Strawberry seedling seedling pot
US5571717A (en) Biologically pure culture of Lyophyllum ulmarium
CN1125588C (en) Cabbage hybrid breeding method
USPP30282P3 (en) Cauliflower mushroom named ‘Shirobanabijin’
USPP7339P (en) Shiitake mushroom plant named `Hokken 601`

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: RESEARCH CORPORATION 405 LEXINGTON AVENUE NEW YORK

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:CARUTHERS, MARVIN H.;MAY, BERNARD P.;REEL/FRAME:004373/0712;SIGNING DATES FROM 19850226 TO 19850306

AS Assignment

Owner name: PENNSYLVANIA RESEARCH CORPORATION, THE,

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:RESEARCH CORPORATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC., A CORP OF DE;REEL/FRAME:005521/0945

Effective date: 19900626