USPP11066P - Kiwi plant named `Hort16A` - Google Patents

Kiwi plant named `Hort16A` Download PDF

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Publication number
USPP11066P
USPP11066P US08/996,829 US99682997V US11066P US PP11066 P USPP11066 P US PP11066P US 99682997 V US99682997 V US 99682997V US 11066 P US11066 P US 11066P
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Prior art keywords
fruit
hort16a
hayward
leaf
chinensis
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US08/996,829
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Russell G Lowe
Hinga D Marsh
Mark A McNeilage
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Zespri Group Ltd
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Individual
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Assigned to HORTICULTURE AND FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF NEW ZEALAND LIMITED, THE reassignment HORTICULTURE AND FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF NEW ZEALAND LIMITED, THE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MCNEILAGE, MARK A., LOWE, RUSSELL G., MARSH, HINGA D.
Assigned to ZESPRI GROUP LIMITED reassignment ZESPRI GROUP LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HORTICULTURE AND FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF NEW ZEALAND LIMITED
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01HNEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H5/00Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their plant parts; Angiosperms characterised otherwise than by their botanic taxonomy
    • A01H5/08Fruits
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01HNEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H6/00Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their botanic taxonomy

Definitions

  • Kiwi plants in cultivation are deciduous vines of A.deliciosa. There are more than 50 species in the genus Actinidia originating in China and parts of Asia.
  • the kiwi cultivar ⁇ Hayward ⁇ , developed in New Zealand, is the most widely grown cultivar because of its distinctive green flesh, good flavor and long storage life.
  • A. chinensis is closely related to A. deliciosa. Fruit can be as large as the kiwi, generally have much finer, softer hairs on the fruit skin, and can have either green or yellow flesh. Many Chinese prefer fruit of A. chinensis rather than the kiwi of commerce, considering the flavor to be superior. Like the kiwi, plants are dioecious, so male pollinizers are required as well as female plants to ensure fruit production.
  • A. chinensis plants grow vigorously in spring, and rapidly develop canes up to 4 m long if not managed correctly. Plants require a mild, warm-temperate climate, free from spring and early autumn frosts, and need well-drained soils to produce consistent heavy crops. Regular irrigation is necessary in dry spells.
  • the present invention relates to a new and distinctive kiwi plant having a generally ovoid shaped fruit which tapers towards the stylar end and which has soft, silky hair. More particularly, the new cultivar is designated ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ and is derived from a controlled pollination of A. chinensis CK15 -- 01, a male selection of unknown parentage, and A. chinensis female CK01 -- 01 -- 01. Both parents were derived from seedling plants grown from two introductions of seeds from China in 1981 and 1978 and are unpatented.
  • the new cultivar of kiwi was created in the course of a plant breeding program which was initiated during 1987 at Hort Research in Auckland, New Zealand. The cross made by Mark McNeilage in November 1987. Seed were sown in winter 1988 and 312 seedlings from this cross were planted out in the field at Te Puke Research Centre in spring,1988. The seedlings first fruited in May 1990 and ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ (breeding code CK01 -- 02 -- 01 -- 01) was selected, after storage and sensory evaluation in 1991 and 1992 by Russell Lowe and Hinga Marsh.
  • the new cultivar can be asexually reproduced as cuttings or by grafting or budding on to seedling or cutting-grown rootstocks of A. deliciosa or A. chinenis.
  • ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ flowers four weeks ahead of the unpatented ⁇ Hayward ⁇ variety, so the usual pollinizers used for ⁇ Hayward ⁇ are ineffective as well as being of a different species and ploidy.
  • FIG. 1 shows typical fruit of the cultivar ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ on the vine
  • FIG. 2 shows typical fruit of the cultivar ⁇ Hort16A ⁇
  • FIG. 3 shows ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ fruit in cross-section and profile
  • FIG. 4 shows ⁇ Hayward ⁇ fruit in cross-section and profile
  • FIG. 5 shows flowers of the cultivar ⁇ Hort16A ⁇
  • FIG. 6 shows flowers of the cultivar ⁇ Hayward ⁇
  • FIG. 7 shows mature leaves of ⁇ Hort16A ⁇
  • FIG. 8 shows a mature leaf of ⁇ Hayward ⁇
  • Photographs of fruit were taken after the normal harvest date. Colors may vary depending upon growing conditions under different climate, soil, and cultivation conditions and the fruit skin color may vary depending upon extent of exposure to direct sunlight.
  • the fruit of ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ is ovoid in shape and has a protruding distal end unlike ⁇ Hayward ⁇ which has a rounded distal end.
  • ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ fruit are generally circular in cross-section although slightly flattened.
  • ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ fruit has a much smaller core than ⁇ Hayward ⁇ and the flesh of ripe fruit is golden yellow whereas ⁇ Hayward ⁇ flesh is green.
  • the hairs on the skin of the fruit of ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ are much finer, soft to the touch, and are very easily removed by rubbing or brushing to reveal a leathery, almost shiny skin.
  • the skin color of ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ fruit is a yellow-brown in contrast to that of ⁇ Hayward ⁇ which is a medium brown color.
  • ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ fruit have a higher dry matter content at harvest and are much sweeter tasting than ⁇ Hayward ⁇ fruit when ripe. While ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ fruit soften more rapidly than ⁇ Hayward ⁇ in coolstorage, fruit will stay at about 1 kg firmness for up to 3 months without further significant softening.
  • the new cultivar ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ is pistillate, with imperfect flowers, i.e. the flowers produce only sterile pollen and thus require a pollinizer for fruit production.
  • Rootstocks currently being used in New Zealand include A.deliciosa seedlings, ⁇ Hayward ⁇ rooted cuttings and Hortkiwi ⁇ Kaimai ⁇ .
  • Cropping young vines of ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ carry higher yields than ⁇ Hayward ⁇ when plants of equivalent ages are compared, although at maturity, yields are likely to be similar.
  • the storage life of ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ fruit is about 75% of that of ⁇ Hayward ⁇ fruit under a coolstorage temperature of 0° C.
  • ⁇ Hort16A ⁇ fruit soften in coolstore more rapidly than ⁇ Hayward ⁇ fruit initially, but will hold at a ready to eat firmness of about 1 kg for over two months after the initial softening period.
  • Fruit size Data from a random harvest of 1940 fruit which were graded to measure fruit size in May 1995. Individual fruit weights collected electronically from the grader.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physiology (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Breeding Of Plants And Reproduction By Means Of Culturing (AREA)

Abstract

A new and distinct kiwi plant of the species Actinidia chinensis Planch. is described. The cultivar results from a controlled pollination using a male A. chinensis selection CK15-- 01 of unknown parentage, and a female A. chinensis selection CK01-- 01-- 01-- 01. Both named parents (CK15-- 01 and CK01-- 01-- 01-- 01) are unpatented cultivars. The new cultivar is distinguished by its short silky hair, protruding stylar end, golden flesh and sweet tropical taste.

Description

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
Kiwi plants in cultivation are deciduous vines of A.deliciosa. There are more than 50 species in the genus Actinidia originating in China and parts of Asia. The kiwi cultivar `Hayward`, developed in New Zealand, is the most widely grown cultivar because of its distinctive green flesh, good flavor and long storage life.
Less well known outside of mainland China is the species A. chinensis, closely related to A. deliciosa. Fruit can be as large as the kiwi, generally have much finer, softer hairs on the fruit skin, and can have either green or yellow flesh. Many Chinese prefer fruit of A. chinensis rather than the kiwi of commerce, considering the flavor to be superior. Like the kiwi, plants are dioecious, so male pollinizers are required as well as female plants to ensure fruit production.
A. chinensis plants grow vigorously in spring, and rapidly develop canes up to 4 m long if not managed correctly. Plants require a mild, warm-temperate climate, free from spring and early autumn frosts, and need well-drained soils to produce consistent heavy crops. Regular irrigation is necessary in dry spells. A. chinensis flowers in spring (mid-October to mid-November) in New Zealand. Harvest of A. chinensis fruit may occur between April and mid-May in New Zealand, depending on the selection and location of plantings.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a new and distinctive kiwi plant having a generally ovoid shaped fruit which tapers towards the stylar end and which has soft, silky hair. More particularly, the new cultivar is designated `Hort16A` and is derived from a controlled pollination of A. chinensis CK15-- 01, a male selection of unknown parentage, and A. chinensis female CK01-- 01-- 01. Both parents were derived from seedling plants grown from two introductions of seeds from China in 1981 and 1978 and are unpatented.
The new cultivar of kiwi was created in the course of a plant breeding program which was initiated during 1987 at Hort Research in Auckland, New Zealand. The cross made by Mark McNeilage in November 1987. Seed were sown in winter 1988 and 312 seedlings from this cross were planted out in the field at Te Puke Research Centre in spring,1988. The seedlings first fruited in May 1990 and `Hort16A` (breeding code CK01-- 02-- 01-- 01) was selected, after storage and sensory evaluation in 1991 and 1992 by Russell Lowe and Hinga Marsh.
The new cultivar can be asexually reproduced as cuttings or by grafting or budding on to seedling or cutting-grown rootstocks of A. deliciosa or A. chinenis. Trial plantings on seedling rootstocks, established in 1992 at Te Puke, have shown that the unique combination of characteristics come true to form and are established and transmitted through succeeding asexual propagations.
`Hort16A` flowers four weeks ahead of the unpatented `Hayward` variety, so the usual pollinizers used for `Hayward` are ineffective as well as being of a different species and ploidy. Two new and unpatented early-flowering A. chinensis male pollinizers, designated Hortkiwi `Meteor` and Hortkiwi `Sparkler`, have been selected as males for use in new plantings of `Hort16A`.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS
FIG. 1 shows typical fruit of the cultivar `Hort16A` on the vine
FIG. 2 shows typical fruit of the cultivar `Hort16A`
FIG. 3 shows `Hort16A` fruit in cross-section and profile
FIG. 4 shows `Hayward` fruit in cross-section and profile
FIG. 5 shows flowers of the cultivar `Hort16A`
FIG. 6 shows flowers of the cultivar `Hayward`
FIG. 7 shows mature leaves of `Hort16A`
FIG. 8 shows a mature leaf of `Hayward`
Photographs of fruit were taken after the normal harvest date. Colors may vary depending upon growing conditions under different climate, soil, and cultivation conditions and the fruit skin color may vary depending upon extent of exposure to direct sunlight.
COMPARISON TO CLOSEST CULTIVAR
The distinctive characteristics of this new kiwi cultivar, described in detail below, were observed in 1994 at Te Puke, New Zealand. The age of the plants was 3 years from the graft. Comparison `Hayward` vines were grown in another block on the same orchard.
The fruit of `Hort16A` is ovoid in shape and has a protruding distal end unlike `Hayward` which has a rounded distal end. `Hort16A` fruit are generally circular in cross-section although slightly flattened. `Hort16A` fruit has a much smaller core than `Hayward` and the flesh of ripe fruit is golden yellow whereas `Hayward` flesh is green. The hairs on the skin of the fruit of `Hort16A` are much finer, soft to the touch, and are very easily removed by rubbing or brushing to reveal a leathery, almost shiny skin. The skin color of `Hort16A` fruit is a yellow-brown in contrast to that of `Hayward` which is a medium brown color. `Hort16A` fruit have a higher dry matter content at harvest and are much sweeter tasting than `Hayward` fruit when ripe. While `Hort16A` fruit soften more rapidly than `Hayward` in coolstorage, fruit will stay at about 1 kg firmness for up to 3 months without further significant softening.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT
The new cultivar `Hort16A` is pistillate, with imperfect flowers, i.e. the flowers produce only sterile pollen and thus require a pollinizer for fruit production. Two specific A. chinensis pollinizers, named Hortkiwi `Meteor` and Hortkiwi `Sparkler`, have been developed for `Hort16A`. Characteristics of the new cultivar, in which it differs from the standard kiwi cultivar `Hayward`, include earlier flowering time, protruding stylar end on the fruit, silky easily-removed hairs on the skin, golden flesh when ripe, and yellow-brown colored skin.
______________________________________
TABLE OF CHARACTERISTICS
Horticultural terminology is used in accordance with revised UPOV
guidelines for kiwi.
Characters of comparison cultivar ` Hayward`  are noted opposite that
character in  brackets!  when significantly different.
`Hayward` plants were observed in a planting on the same orchard, but
not
the same plot.
All dimensions in millimeters unless otherwise stated, weights in grams.
             Hort16A     Hayward
______________________________________
PLANT
Plant: sex expression
               female (flowers
               imperfect)
Plant: ploidy  diploid (2n = 2x = 58)
                              hexaploid!
Plant: vigor   strong         medium!
Young shoot: hairs
               present
Young shoot: density of hairs
               medium
Young shoot: type of hairs
               short          hirsute!
Young shoot: anthocyanin
               absent         medium!
coloration of growing tip
Young shoot: anthocyanin
               absent
coloration of leaf axil
STEM
Stem: coloration of leaf axil
               absent         weak!
Stem: diameter medium -
                  Mean 11.0 mm
               (Range 8.3-13.3 mm)
Stem: dormant bud diameter
               6.9 mm (4.9-8.3 mm)
Stem: color on upper side of
               dark-brown
shoot
Stem: character of bark
               smooth         medium!
Stem: hairs    present
Stem: conspicuousness of
               conspicuous
lenticels
Stem: number of lenticels
               medium
Stem: color of lenticels
               brownish-white
                              greyish-white!
Stem: size of bud support
               medium
Stem: visibility of bud
               visible        almost buried!
(dormant canes)
Stem: number of hairs visible
                medium
on bud (dormant canes)
Stem: leaf scar
                              medium
LEAF (Mature)
Leaf: general shape of blade
               very broadly ovate
Leaf: length   170.3 mm
                (145-198 mm)
Leaf: width    186.3 mm
                (159-217 mm)
Leaf: petiole length
               166.8 mm
                (100-250 mm)
Leaf: shape of tip of blade
               cuspidate      mucronate!
Leaf: shape of base of blade
               cordate
Leaf: arrangement of leaf
               overlapping
bases
Leaf: puckering/blistering on
               weak           medium!
upper side of blade
Leaf: margin   ciliate
Leaf: green color of upper
               light-medium
side of blade
Leaf: glossiness of upper
               medium
surface of blade
Leaf: color of lower side of
               light green
blade
Leaf: glaucosity (lower side
                absent
of blade)
Leaf: hairs on petiole
               present
Leaf: density of hairs on
               medium
petiole
Leaf: anthocyanin coloration
               medium
on upper side of petiole
FLOWER
(Measurements are from a 20
flower sample)
Inflorescence: predominant
               one
number of flowers
Pedicel: length
               medium - 42.0 mm
               (29.9-49.20 mm)
Pedicel: hairs present
Pedicel: length of hairs
               very short
Flower: number of sepals
               >5
Flower: color of sepals
               pale green
Flower: diameter (terminal or
               large - 47.9 mm (42.3-
king flower when fully open)
               52.5 mm)
Flower: petal length
               23.1 mm
                (20.8-25.4 mm)
Flower: petal width
               17.7 mm
                (15.8-19.1 mm)
Flower: petal length/width
               1.31 mm
ratio           (1.14-1.45 mm)
Flower: mean number of
               8 (6-10)
petals per flower
Flower: number of flowers
               17 out of 20 flowers
with more than six petals
Flower: arrangement of petals
               overlapping
Flower: petal shoulder
               present
Flower: primary color of
               white
petals (when fully open)
Flower: type of coloration of
               uniform color over
petals         whole petal
Flower: style number
               30.85 (26-36)
Flower: attitude of styles
               erect          semi-erect!
Flower: curvature of styles
               straight       strongly
                             curved!
Flower: amount of hair on
               strongly expressed
ovary
FRUIT
(Measurements are from a 10
fruit sample)
Fruit: overall size
               large 98.3 g
                (43-176 g)
Fruit: length  79.1 mm
                (76.0-84.2 mm)
Fruit: width (max.)
               53.1 mm
                (55.4-48.1 mm)
Fruit: width (min.)
               49.1 mm
                (47.0-51.2 mm)
Fruit: core diameter (max.)
               13.1 mm
                (9.3-17 mm)
Fruit: core diameter (min.)
               4.9 mm
                (4.1-6.1 mm)
Fruit: locule number
               34.5 (26-37)
Fruit: peduncle length
               48.3 mm
                (44.7-50.3 mm)
Fruit: peduncle width
               3.57 mm
                (3.22-4.28 mm)
Fruit: general shape
               ovoid          cylindrical!
Fruit: cross-section at median
               elliptic
Fruit: general shape of stylar
               protruding     flat!
end
Fruit: shape of shoulder on
               rounded
stalk end
Fruit: skin color at harvest
               yellow-brown   brown!
(fruit still hard)
Fruit: skin color change
               absent
during ripening
Fruit: skin color at maturity
               yellow-brown   brown!
for consumption
Fruit: hairs   present
Fruit: density of hairs
               medium
Fruit: type of hair
               pubescent      hirsute!
Fruit: hair length
               short          medium!
Fruit: concentration of hairs
               uniform
Fruit: adherence of hairs to
               weak           strong!
skin (when rubbed)
Fruit: core diameter (at
               small          large!
largest diameter)
Fruit: core shape (in cross
               elliptical
section)
Fruit: core woody spike
               present
Fruit: prominence of core
               weak           medium!
woody spike
Fruit: outer pericarp color at
               golden yellow  green!
maturity for consumption
Fruit: inner pericarp color
               brownish-yellow
                              green!
(locules) at maturity for
consumption
Fruit: core color at maturity
               white          greenish white!
Fruit: sweetness (Brix level)
               15.6% (14.4-17.0%)
at maturity for consumption
Fruit: Vitamin C content
               medium (125 mg/l00 g
               fresh weight)
Fruit: seed color at maturity
               dark brown
Fruit: seed color when dry
               brown
EVENTS (at Te Puke,
New Zealand)
Time of vegetative budbreak
               late August to first
               week of September
Time of beginning of
               late October to first
flowering      week of November
Time of maturity for harvest
                first-second week of
(at 10.0% SSC) May
______________________________________
HORTICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
Details below relate to observations made on plants growing at Te Puke Research Centre, New Zealand. These plants were grafted on to A. deliciosa seedling rootstocks.
`Hort16A` vines can be grown on the same rootstocks as can `Hayward`. Rootstocks currently being used in New Zealand include A.deliciosa seedlings, `Hayward` rooted cuttings and Hortkiwi `Kaimai`.
Cropping: young vines of `Hort16A` carry higher yields than `Hayward` when plants of equivalent ages are compared, although at maturity, yields are likely to be similar. The storage life of `Hort16A` fruit is about 75% of that of `Hayward` fruit under a coolstorage temperature of 0° C. `Hort16A` fruit soften in coolstore more rapidly than `Hayward` fruit initially, but will hold at a ready to eat firmness of about 1 kg for over two months after the initial softening period.
OTHER DATA
Fruit size: Data from a random harvest of 1940 fruit which were graded to measure fruit size in May 1995. Individual fruit weights collected electronically from the grader.
Mean fruit weight: 98.3 g.
Minimum.--43 g.
Maximum.--176 g.
Standard error of the mean (SEM): 0.574.
______________________________________
COLOR CHART RHS Colour Chart, the Royal Horticultural
Society, London 1966.
______________________________________
Flesh Color at maturity:
Outer pericarp
Hort16A       12C-12B      Hayward 138B-138C!
Inner pericarp
Hort16A       162A-162C
Fruit core at harvest:
Hort16A       159C         Hayward 155A!
Seed color (in flesh):
              200A
Seed color (dry seed):
              200D
Fruit skin at maturity:
              combination of
Hort16A        199A plus 161A
Leaf color:
mature leaf after petal fall
Upper side of leaf
Hort16A       146A         Hayward 147A!
Lower side of leaf
Hort16A       147B         Hayward 147C!
Flower petals:
main body of petal
              155D
Plant stem:
exposed side  200B-200C-165A
                           Hayward 147C!
______________________________________

Claims (1)

We claim:
1. A new and distinct kiwi plant of the species A. chinensis substantially as described and illustrated, characterized by yellow flesh with a sweet, tropical taste, ovoid fruit shape with a protruding stylar end, and yellow brown skin with soft fine hairs.
US08/996,829 1997-12-23 1997-12-23 Kiwi plant named `Hort16A` Expired - Lifetime USPP11066P (en)

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100011474P1 (en) * 2008-07-09 2010-01-14 Lowe Russell G Kiwifruit variety named 'Bruce'
USPP20893P3 (en) 2007-04-18 2010-03-30 Zespri Group Limited Kiwi plant named ‘Hort22D’
USPP21174P3 (en) 2008-03-12 2010-07-27 JB IP Ltd. Kiwifruit plant named ‘Y374’
USPP22276P3 (en) 2009-06-30 2011-11-29 Zespri Group Limited Kiwifruit plant named ‘ZESH004’
USPP22292P3 (en) 2009-06-30 2011-12-06 Zespri Group Limited Kiwifruit plant named ‘ZESY003’
USPP22355P3 (en) 2009-06-30 2011-12-20 Zespri Group Limited Kiwifruit plant named ‘ZESY002’
USPP29587P2 (en) 2016-10-26 2018-08-14 Auburn University Kiwi plant named ‘AU Gulf Coast Gold’
USPP35296P2 (en) * 2022-11-04 2023-08-08 Douglas A. Phillips Actinidia plant named ‘Y19’

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USPP20893P3 (en) 2007-04-18 2010-03-30 Zespri Group Limited Kiwi plant named ‘Hort22D’
USPP21174P3 (en) 2008-03-12 2010-07-27 JB IP Ltd. Kiwifruit plant named ‘Y374’
US20100011474P1 (en) * 2008-07-09 2010-01-14 Lowe Russell G Kiwifruit variety named 'Bruce'
USPP21613P3 (en) 2008-07-09 2011-01-11 Zespri Group Limited Kiwi plant named ‘Bruce’
USPP22276P3 (en) 2009-06-30 2011-11-29 Zespri Group Limited Kiwifruit plant named ‘ZESH004’
USPP22292P3 (en) 2009-06-30 2011-12-06 Zespri Group Limited Kiwifruit plant named ‘ZESY003’
USPP22355P3 (en) 2009-06-30 2011-12-20 Zespri Group Limited Kiwifruit plant named ‘ZESY002’
USPP29587P2 (en) 2016-10-26 2018-08-14 Auburn University Kiwi plant named ‘AU Gulf Coast Gold’
USPP35296P2 (en) * 2022-11-04 2023-08-08 Douglas A. Phillips Actinidia plant named ‘Y19’

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Effective date: 20061213