US9948542B2 - Filtering on classes and particulars of a packet destination address at lower-protocol layers in a networked device - Google Patents

Filtering on classes and particulars of a packet destination address at lower-protocol layers in a networked device Download PDF

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US9948542B2
US9948542B2 US14/155,582 US201414155582A US9948542B2 US 9948542 B2 US9948542 B2 US 9948542B2 US 201414155582 A US201414155582 A US 201414155582A US 9948542 B2 US9948542 B2 US 9948542B2
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destination address
layer
network
layer protocol
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US20150139225A1 (en
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Pascal Thubert
Shwetha Subray Bhandari
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Cisco Technology Inc
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Cisco Technology Inc
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Priority to EP14793689.2A priority Critical patent/EP3072265B1/en
Priority to CN201480031872.2A priority patent/CN105264862B/zh
Priority to PCT/US2014/060498 priority patent/WO2015073153A2/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/16—Multipoint routing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/02—Details
    • H04L12/16—Arrangements for providing special services to substations
    • H04L12/18—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast
    • H04L12/1886—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast with traffic restrictions for efficiency improvement, e.g. involving subnets or subdomains
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/22—Parsing or analysis of headers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/02—Details
    • H04L12/16—Arrangements for providing special services to substations
    • H04L12/18—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast
    • H04L12/185—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast with management of multicast group membership

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates generally to forwarding packets in a communications network, including, but not limited to, a constrained network (e.g., wireless deterministic network).
  • a constrained network e.g., wireless deterministic network
  • Deterministic networks rely on a set of predetermined time slots, which define at least a time (and possibly frequency to use—especially in a wireless deterministic network), when each specific node can communicate a packet to a second specific node in the deterministic network.
  • network devices in a constrained network e.g., a low power lossy network or “LLN” do not have the memory or processing capabilities of full size packet switching devices, and often have power constraints based on battery life.
  • FIG. 1A illustrates a network operating according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 1B illustrates a network operating according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 1C illustrates a network operating according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 1D illustrates a network operating according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 1E illustrates a communication pattern operating according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 2A illustrates a packet switching device according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 2B illustrates an apparatus according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 3A illustrates a portion of multicast address according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 3B illustrates a portion of a protocol stack according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a process according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a process according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a process according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a process according to one embodiment.
  • a “particular” refers to an individual or specific subclass (e.g., of a class).
  • One embodiment includes: receiving, by a network device in a network, a specific packet containing a destination address of the specific packet, with the destination address including a class and a particular and one or more additional values; determining, by a lower-layer protocol of the network device, whether an upper layer protocol of the network device has subscribed to receive information included in a packet specifying the class and the particular in a destination address of the packet; and in response to said determining that the higher-layer protocol has subscribed to receive information included in the specific packet based on the class and particular; forwarding information from the specific packet to the higher-layer protocol.
  • One embodiment includes: configuring a lower-layer protocol within a particular device in a network to match against a class and a particular contained in a multicast destination address of a received packet to identify whether to send information from the received packet to a higher-layer protocol within the particular device; making the particular device a multicast destination within the network for an identified multicast destination address including the class and the particular; receiving a specific packet sent from a second device in the network, with the destination address of the specific packet including the identified multicast destination address; and in response to determining, by the lower-layer protocol, that the multicast destination address of the specific packet matches the class and the particular, communicating information from the specific packet to the higher-layer protocol.
  • One embodiment includes: generating a type multicast destination address for coupling to a desired service type, with the type multicast destination address including a specific class corresponding to the desired service type and a specific particular corresponding to all particulars of the desired service type; generating one or more multicast distribution group join packets that are subsequently sent from the network appliance for joining a multicast group corresponding to the type multicast destination address; generating a distinctive multicast destination address for coupling to a desired particular service within the desired service type, with the distinctive multicast destination address including the desired specific class and a distinctive particular corresponding to the desired particular service; and generating one or more multicast distribution group join packets that are subsequently sent from the network appliance for joining a multicast group corresponding to the distinctive multicast destination address.
  • a lower protocol layer in a network device filters packets based on a class and a particular of a destination address prior to sending information from the received packet to a higher protocol layer.
  • certain constrained networks include network nodes that do not have the ability to maintain a multicast distribution entry for each multicast address used in the network.
  • packets are often delivered to the actual multicast subscribers and additionally to other non-subscribing nodes (because of their common portion of the multicast address which is used to forward the packets).
  • a lower protocol layer e.g., layer-2 or layer-3
  • processing cycles at higher protocol layers may be reduced or avoided.
  • class and particulars are deterministically determined (e.g., using a same hashing function) such that services can be discovered and used by subscribing to a corresponding multicast group.
  • Embodiments described herein include various elements and limitations, with no one element or limitation contemplated as being a critical element or limitation. Each of the claims individually recites an aspect of the embodiment in its entirety. Moreover, some embodiments described may include, but are not limited to, inter alia, systems, networks, integrated circuit chips, embedded processors, ASICs, methods, and computer-readable media containing instructions. One or multiple systems, devices, components, etc., may comprise one or more embodiments, which may include some elements or limitations of a claim being performed by the same or different systems, devices, components, etc.
  • a processing element may be a general processor, task-specific processor, a core of one or more processors, or other co-located, resource-sharing implementation for performing the corresponding processing.
  • any block and flow diagrams and message sequence charts may typically be performed in the same or in a different serial or parallel ordering and/or by different components and/or processes, threads, etc., and/or over different connections and be combined with other functions in other embodiments, unless this disables the embodiment or a sequence is explicitly or implicitly required (e.g., for a sequence of read the value, process said read value—the value must be obtained prior to processing it, although some of the associated processing may be performed prior to, concurrently with, and/or after the read operation). Also, nothing described or referenced in this document is admitted as prior art to this application unless explicitly so stated.
  • first,” “second,” etc. are typically used herein to denote different units (e.g., a first element, a second element). The use of these terms herein does not necessarily connote an ordering such as one unit or event occurring or coming before another, but rather provides a mechanism to distinguish between specific units.
  • the phrases “based on x” and “in response to x” are used to indicate a minimum set of items “x” from which something is derived or caused, wherein “x” is extensible and does not necessarily describe a complete list of items on which the operation is performed, etc.
  • the phrase “coupled to” is used to indicate some level of direct or indirect connection between two elements or devices, with the coupling device or devices modifying or not modifying the coupled signal or communicated information.
  • the term “or” is used herein to identify a selection of one or more, including all, of the conjunctive items.
  • transitional term “comprising,” which is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.
  • a reference to a “specific machine” or similar when recited in a method claim for performing steps refers to a specific machine within the 35 USC ⁇ 101 machine statutory class.
  • a “time slot” refers to an elementary communications entity including a period of time for sending or receiving information (e.g., a packet).
  • a time slot is also typically associated with a frequency, as the information is not only transmitted within a time slot, but also at a frequency (e.g., channel).
  • FIG. 1A illustrates a network 100 operating according to one embodiment.
  • Host 101 is a networked apparatus (e.g., appliance) such as, but not limited to, a networked computer, mobile or fixed host device, or packet switching device.
  • Network 105 may or may not comprise or include a constrained network (e.g., low power lossy network or “LLN”).
  • LLC low power lossy network
  • Host 101 determines classes and particulars and filters on classes and particulars of a packet destination address at lower protocol layers in host 101 .
  • Network 105 communicates packets, including based on destination addresses of packets. These destination addresses may include a class and a particular. For some packets, these destination addresses are multicast destination addresses.
  • FIG. 1B illustrates a network 110 operating according to one embodiment.
  • Host 111 is a networked apparatus (e.g., appliance) such as, but not limited to, a networked computer, mobile or fixed host device, packet switching device.
  • Network 115 may or may not comprise or include a constrained network (e.g., low power lossy network or “LLN”).
  • FIG. 1B is used to illustrate that a network device such as, but not limited to, edge node 117 may be a proxy for host 101 and filter on classes and particulars of a packet destination address at lower protocol layers in host 101 before a higher protocol layer sends the information to host 111 .
  • Network 115 communicates packets, including based on destination addresses of packets. These destination addresses may include a class and a particular. For some packets, these destination addresses are multicast destination addresses.
  • FIG. 1C illustrates network 140 (e.g., deterministic wireless network, which is bandwidth constrained) operating according to one embodiment.
  • network 140 includes a high-speed (e.g., Ethernet) backbone network 154 including one or more path computation engines 151 - 152 .
  • Deterministic wireless network 140 includes three overlapping different radio frequency (RF) domains 141 , 142 and 143 , each containing a plurality of nodes as shown in FIG. 1C . Note, typically and not shown, each of these network nodes (e.g., when a node operates as a bridge or router) is connected to a network of devices and/or directly connected to one or more devices.
  • RF radio frequency
  • FIG. 1D illustrates the communication links established between nodes in RF domains 141 , 142 and 143 to provide access to one or more path computation engines 151 - 152 .
  • a communications path for transmitting packets between first and second nodes may traverse any set of nodes, and is not limited to one or more of the paths shown in FIG. 1D .
  • FIG. 1E illustrates a communication pattern 180 according to one embodiment of a deterministic network.
  • Communication pattern 180 includes time slots 191 - 195 , each of which provide a predetermined time for a sender to transmit a packet and for a receiver to listen to receive the transmitted packet.
  • a slot frame 181 e.g., a Superframe when repeated typically with channel rotation
  • a second dimension of frequency ( 182 ) is associated with each time slot 191 - 195 .
  • a Superframe 181 is established by one or more path computation engines that define a matrix of n time slots by m frequencies (e.g., channels).
  • m frequencies e.g., channels
  • packet switching device 200 includes multiple line cards 201 and 205 , each with one or more network interfaces for sending and receiving packets over communications links, and with one or more processing elements that are used in one embodiment associated with filtering on classes and particulars of a packet destination address at lower protocol layers in a networked device.
  • Packet switching device 200 also has a control plane with one or more processing elements 202 for managing the control plane and/or control plane processing of packets associated with filtering on classes and particulars of a packet destination address at lower protocol layers in a networked device.
  • Packet switching device 200 also includes other cards 204 (e.g., service cards, blades) which include processing elements that are used in one embodiment to process packets associated with filtering on classes and particulars of a packet destination address at lower protocol layers in a networked device, and some communication mechanism 203 (e.g., bus, switching fabric, matrix) for allowing its different entities 201 , 202 , 204 and 205 to communicate.
  • packet switching device 200 has one or more RF interfaces (possibly only one such interface), such as, but not limited to that based on IEEE 802.15.4e.
  • FIG. 2B is a block diagram of an apparatus 220 (e.g., path computation engine or a network node, or portion thereof) used in one embodiment associated with filtering on classes and particulars of a packet destination address at lower protocol layers in a networked device.
  • apparatus 220 performs one or more processes, or portions thereof, corresponding to one of the flow diagrams illustrated or otherwise described herein, and/or illustrated in another diagram or otherwise described herein.
  • apparatus 220 includes one or more processing element(s) 221 , memory 222 , storage device(s) 223 , specialized component(s) 225 (e.g. optimized hardware such as for performing lookup and/or packet processing operations, etc.), and interface(s) 227 for communicating information (e.g., sending and receiving packets, user-interfaces, displaying information, etc.), which are typically communicatively coupled via one or more communications mechanisms 229 , with the communications paths typically tailored to meet the needs of a particular application.
  • interface 227 is one or more RF interfaces, such as, but not limited to that based on IEEE 802.15.4e.
  • apparatus 220 may include more or fewer elements.
  • the operation of apparatus 220 is typically controlled by processing element(s) 221 using memory 222 and storage device(s) 223 to perform one or more tasks or processes.
  • Memory 222 is one type of computer-readable/computer-storage medium, and typically comprises random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), flash memory, integrated circuits, and/or other memory components.
  • RAM random access memory
  • ROM read only memory
  • flash memory integrated circuits
  • Memory 222 typically stores computer-executable instructions to be executed by processing element(s) 221 and/or data which is manipulated by processing element(s) 221 for implementing functionality in accordance with an embodiment.
  • Storage device(s) 223 are another type of computer-readable medium, and typically comprise solid state storage media, disk drives, diskettes, networked services, tape drives, and other storage devices.
  • Storage device(s) 223 typically store computer-executable instructions to be executed by processing element(s) 221 and/or data which is manipulated by processing element
  • class 301 corresponds to a generic group, and particular 302 defines to a specific item in the group, or all specific items of the generic group.
  • class 301 may correspond to .local, .home, .cisco.com, etc., while the particular may be to communicate to all subscribers of class 301 , or to an individual subscriber.
  • mDNS multicast Domain Name System
  • class 301 may represent a group of printers, and the particular correspond to all printers, a class of printers (e.g., one or more printers of a class such as, but not limited to, HP color printers, or a specific printer (e.g., a specific printer in a specific room).
  • a class of printers e.g., one or more printers of a class such as, but not limited to, HP color printers, or a specific printer (e.g., a specific printer in a specific room).
  • class 301 is determined using a hashing function to change one value (e.g., alphanumeric such as .home) into a different value of class 301 .
  • particular 302 is determined using a hashing function to change one value (e.g., alphanumeric such as HP color printer-A) into a different value of class 302 .
  • class 301 and particular 302 as a portion of a layer-2 (e.g., Ethernet) or layer-3 network address (e.g., Internet Protocol version 4 or 6).
  • IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6
  • an Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) address may take the form of FFOx:y:: ⁇ class 301 > ⁇ particular 302 >/64, where x denotes a sufficiently wide scope and y is a value selected to make a valid IPv6 address.
  • class 301 is a thirty-two bit value and particular 302 is a thirty-two bit value.
  • a network device (or its proxy) that is desirous to be a provider or consumer of a service will subscribe to a multicast distribution tree for the multicast address including class 301 and particular 302 .
  • packets may be delivered to non-intended recipients. These packets are filtered at the application layer in one embodiment, but that requires processing at multiple layers in a protocol stack.
  • FIG. 3B illustrates processing of a portion of a protocol stack 300 according to one embodiment. Illustrated are higher-layer protocol 331 (e.g., application layer), lower-layer protocol 333 (e.g., Layer-2 or Layer-3 protocol layer), with intermediate protocol layer(s) 332 and lower-layer(s) 334 .
  • higher-layer protocol 331 e.g., application layer
  • lower-layer protocol 333 e.g., Layer-2 or Layer-3 protocol layer
  • intermediate protocol layer(s) 332 and lower-layer(s) 334 e.g., Layer-2 or Layer-3 protocol layer
  • higher protocol layer 331 registers with lower-layer protocol layer 333 classes and particulars thereof for which it would like to receive (or not receive) information from packets received with a matching class and particular.
  • Lower-layer protocol layer 333 performs this filtering and selectively forwards information from a packet whose class and particular in its destination address match one of the subscribed classes/particulars.
  • exact matching is performed on the class of the destination address of a received packet.
  • partial matching is performed on the particular of the destination address of a received packet.
  • a receiving node may not have enough memory and/or processing capability to maintain an entry in a data structure for every possible class/particular pairing.
  • partial matching is performed by lower-layer protocol layer 333 on the class and/or particular which allows the number of entries in a matching data structure to be reduced.
  • higher protocol layer 331 subscribes to particulars whose last three bits are 101 and 010 (even though the particular might be a thirty-two bit value), as these are the only particulars of interest to the higher protocol layer.
  • the hashing function(s) used to hash values to produce the class and particular used in a destination address of a packet are selected to match the routing performed in a constrained network and/or size of filtering data structures available in lower-layer protocol layer 333 .
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a process performed in one embodiment. Processing begins with process block 400 .
  • a class is identified by a higher-layer protocol for which it desires to subscribe and receive packets (which could be directly or via a proxy in a network node).
  • one or more particulars (e.g., single entities, all entities) of the class is identified by a higher-layer protocol for which it desires to subscribe and receive packets (which could be directly or via a proxy in a network node).
  • the filtering is to be performed by a remote proxy
  • process block 406 the class and particular are sent to the proxy, which performs the operations of process blocks 410 - 419 .
  • process block 410 wherein the class and particular(s) are typically hashed to generate the class and particular values to be included in a destination address (e.g., multicast destination address).
  • the class and particular(s) are registered (e.g., subscribed) with the lower-layer protocol layer (e.g., Layer-2 or Layer-3), which updates a data structure for filtering received packets.
  • the lower-layer protocol layer e.g., Layer-2 or Layer-3
  • a multicast distribution group is subscribed to by the lower-layer protocol layer for the class and all particulars (e.g., where the particular is a wildcard matching all particulars) and for all registered class-particular pairings. Processing of the flow diagram of FIG. 4 is complete as indicated by process block 419 .
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a process performed in one embodiment for sending packet of a selected class and particular.
  • Processing begins with process block 500 .
  • a class is identified.
  • a particular is identified (e.g., a specific entity or all entities of the class).
  • the sending of the packet is to be performed by a remote proxy, then in process block 506 , the class and particular are sent to the proxy, which performs the operations of process blocks 510 - 519 .
  • processing continues to process block 510 , wherein the class and particular(s) are typically hashed to generate the class and particular values to be included in a destination address (e.g., multicast destination address).
  • the lower-layer protocol layer includes the (hashed) class and particular in the (multicast) destination address of the packet, which is sent from the network device. Processing of the flow diagram of FIG. 5 is complete as indicated by process block 519 .
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a process performed in one embodiment by a network device receiving a packet. Processing begins with process block 600 . In process block 602 , a packet is received. If it is determined that it is not packet with a destination address including a class/particular in process block 603 , then the packet is processed normally in process block 604 . Otherwise, processing proceeds to process block 607 .
  • processing proceeds to process block 610 . Otherwise, the packet is dropped (or otherwise processed) in process block 608 .
  • the lower-layer protocol layer e.g., Layer-2 or Layer-3
  • the lower-layer protocol layer forwards information from the received packet (e.g., the lower-layer protocol is typically stripped), and in process block 612 , the higher protocol layer processes this information.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a process performed in one embodiment by a network device. Processing begins with process block 700 .
  • a type multicast destination address is generated for a specific class and all particulars of the specific class. For example, the host wants to subscribe to an all “printers” group or “mDNS” group.
  • the multicast group for the type multicast destination address is joined (e.g., one or more join packets are sent out).
  • process blocks 706 and 708 are repeatedly performed.
  • process block 706 a multicast destination address for the class-particular pairing is generated, with the corresponding multicast group joined in process block 708 .
  • process block 710 When a multicast group for all particulars has been joined (if any), then in process block 710 , the higher protocol layer registers with the lower-layer protocol layer to subscribe to the class/all particular and class/each particular pairings so at least some of the packets will be filtered by the lower-layer protocol. Processing of the flow diagram of FIG. 7 is complete as indicated by process block 719 .

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CN201480031872.2A CN105264862B (zh) 2013-11-18 2014-10-14 在较低网络协议层进行的过滤
PCT/US2014/060498 WO2015073153A2 (en) 2013-11-18 2014-10-14 Filtering at lower network protocol layers

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