US9874303B2 - Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same - Google Patents
Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US9874303B2 US9874303B2 US14/953,756 US201514953756A US9874303B2 US 9874303 B2 US9874303 B2 US 9874303B2 US 201514953756 A US201514953756 A US 201514953756A US 9874303 B2 US9874303 B2 US 9874303B2
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- Prior art keywords
- jacket
- fitting
- tube
- vacuum insulated
- insulated structure
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
- F16L59/06—Arrangements using an air layer or vacuum
- F16L59/065—Arrangements using an air layer or vacuum using vacuum
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L9/00—Rigid pipes
- F16L9/14—Compound tubes, i.e. made of materials not wholly covered by any one of the preceding groups
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L11/00—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes
- F16L11/14—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rigid material, e.g. metal or hard plastics
- F16L11/16—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rigid material, e.g. metal or hard plastics wound from profiled strips or bands
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L11/00—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes
- F16L11/04—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics
- F16L2011/047—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics with a diffusion barrier layer
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
- F16L59/06—Arrangements using an air layer or vacuum
- F16L59/075—Arrangements using an air layer or vacuum the air layer or the vacuum being delimited by longitudinal channels distributed around the circumference of a tube
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P3/00—Waveguides; Transmission lines of the waveguide type
- H01P3/12—Hollow waveguides
- H01P3/14—Hollow waveguides flexible
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to the field of vacuum-insulated structures and methods of fabricating such structures.
- Vacuum insulated structures have many practical uses and can be constructed as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,681,299 and 7,374,063, in which tube walls and jacket walls are vacuum brazed together to create a strong metallurgical joint that has a higher melting temperature than the braze material itself.
- the tube walls and the outer jacket walls of such vacuum insulated structures are quite thin, often less than about 0.010′′ inches. Consequently, it can be difficult to affix a fitting onto a vacuum insulated structure to enable the structure to be mounted or supported by an external device.
- an attempt to weld or solder a fitting to a tube wall or the outer jacket wall of the structure risks perforating the thin wall and destroying the vacuum seal.
- acid that is commonly contained in solder materials can erode into and eventually perforate the thin outer jacket wall.
- the thin walls of the vacuum insulated structure may not be capable of supporting a threaded or compression-type fitting without sustaining damage.
- a vacuum insulated structure including a tube having an outer wall and a jacket surrounding the tube to enclose an annular insulating space between the tube and the jacket.
- the jacket has an end that terminates adjacent to the outer wall of the tube.
- a seal is formed between the end of the jacket and the outer wall of the tube to preserve a vacuum within the insulating space.
- a fitting is affixed to one of the tube and the jacket for coupling the vacuum insulated structure to an external device.
- the fitting may be affixed at any point along the length of the jacket, including near one of the ends of the jacket or at an intermediate portion along the jacket. Alternatively, the fitting may be affixed on the outer wall of the tube beyond the jacket.
- the seal is formed by a first brazing process and the fitting is affixed by a second brazing process.
- the two brazing process may be performed concurrently.
- the two brazing processes may be performed sequentially, first sealing the vent and then affixing the fitting.
- the fitting may be any type of fitting, including but not limited to a welding socket, a female threaded fitting, a male threaded fitting, a compression fitting, a flange fitting, a custom fitting, and combinations thereof
- An embodiment of a method of making a vacuum insulated structure with a fitting includes forming a tube having an outer diameter defined by an outer wall and forming a jacket having an end and an inner diameter at least slightly larger than the outer diameter of the tube.
- the jacket is positioned over the tube to form an annular insulating space between the jacket and the tube, with the end of the jacket being positioned adjacent to the outer wall of the tube to form a vent between the end of the jacket and the outer wall of the tube.
- a vacuum is drawn on the annular insulating space by causing air to evacuate the space through the vent, and the vent is then sealed to preserve the vacuum within the insulating space.
- a fitting is affixed to one of the tube and the jacket.
- sealing the vent includes positioning a bead of first braze material within the insulating space adjacent to the vent, heating the tube to cause the bead of first braze material to flow into the vent and form a joint between the tube and the jacket, and allowing the joint to cool, thereby sealing the vent.
- affixing the fitting includes positioning a bead of second braze material between an inner surface of the fitting and an outer wall of the jacket, heating the jacket to cause the bead of second braze material to melt and form a joint between the jacket and the fitting, and allowing the joint to cool, thereby fusing the fitting to the jacket.
- the steps of heating the tube and heating the jacket may be performed concurrently or sequentially; if sequentially, heating the tube and sealing the vents is preferable performed before heating the jacket and affixing the fitting.
- evacuation of the insulating space and brazing is conducted in a vacuum oven.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B are a side view and a side cross-sectional view, respectively, showing an embodiment of a vacuum insulated structure with a fitting;
- FIGS. 2A and 2B are a side view and a side cross-sectional view, respectively, of another embodiment of a vacuum insulated structure with a fitting;
- FIGS. 3A-3D are side cross-sectional views illustrating a method of assembling a vacuum insulated structure with a fitting.
- FIGS. 4A-4C are side or axial cross-sectional views illustrating another embodiment of a vacuum insulated structure with different types of fittings.
- FIGS. 5A and 5B are side views of another embodiment of a vacuum insulated structure with a fitting.
- FIGS. 1A-1B and 2A-2B Two embodiments of a vacuum insulated structure 10 are shown in FIGS. 1A-1B and 2A-2B . Those embodiments are merely illustrative, it being understood that infinite other embodiments may be constructed having the same features as described herein.
- the structure 10 includes a tube 20 having an inner wall 23 , a jacket 30 surrounding at least a portion of the tube 20 and having at least one end 32 , and a fitting 40 affixed to the jacket 30 .
- the tube 20 is an elongate tube with a length many times its diameter.
- the jacket 30 has a geometry similar to that of the tube 20 , to form a narrow annular space between the tube 20 and the jacket 30 .
- the same principles of construction as described herein may be applied to a tube 20 of any shape with a correspondingly shaped jacket 20 and annular space.
- the tube 20 and the jacket 30 may be generally spherical in shape.
- the tube 20 has an outer diameter defined by an outer wall 22 of the tube 20 .
- the jacket 30 has an inner diameter that is at least slightly larger than the outer diameter of the tube 20 , so that an annular insulating space 36 is formed between the tube 20 and the jacket 30 .
- the annular insulating space 36 is formed as a volume that will be put under vacuum, whereas the tube interior 26 can formed for accommodating devices, materials, or components that are desired to be insulated by annular insulating space 36 , for example a surgical probe, or a cooling device for infrared imaging electronics.
- Structure 10 can also be used for, but is not limited to, insulating and installing aviation electronics and instruments for transporting tubes for oil, for transporting and storing fuel for hydrogen fuel cells, as thermal insulation for spacecraft components such as electronics, for thermal control of components of weapon systems.
- structure 10 is particularly suitable when devices or materials have to be insulated from effects of very large changes in temperature.
- the temperature difference may be in a range between ⁇ 200.degree. C. and +150.degree. C., and structure 10 can be exposed to temperature difference of about .DELTA.600.degree. C.
- the annular insulating space 36 may be evacuated through a vent 34 located adjacent to the end 32 of the jacket 30 .
- the vent 34 is a small gap between the end 32 of the jacket 30 and the outer wall 22 of the tube 20 .
- the insulating space 30 may be evacuated by placing the entire structure 10 into a vacuum chamber and then drawing a vacuum in the chamber. As the pressure in the vacuum chamber decreases, gas (usually air) escapes from the insulating space 36 via the vent 34 . Other methods for applying suction to the vent 34 may alternatively be used.
- the evacuation of the insulating space 36 achieves a pressure lower than the pressure applied to the vent 34 (i.e., the level of vacuum achieved in the vacuum insulating space 36 is deeper than the level of vacuum applied to the vent 34 ) as a result of the geometry of the walls bounding the vacuum insulating space 36 in the vicinity of the vent 34 .
- the ends 32 of the jacket 30 are configured in the vicinity of the vents 34 to preferentially direct gas molecules toward the vent 34 in an ultra-low pressure free molecular flow regime in which the frequency of gas molecule collisions with the walls exceeds the frequency of gas molecule collisions with each other.
- the relative geometry of the jacket 30 and the tube 20 at the jacket ends 32 adjacent to the vent 34 has a guiding effect on gas molecules in a free molecular flow regime so that the flux of gas molecules out the vent 34 is greater than the flux of gas molecules into the vent 34 .
- a highly insulating space having a low vacuum created by such geometry can be used in devices of miniature scale or in devices having insulating spaces of extremely narrow width. For example, insulating spaces 30 have been created incorporating this geometry with gaps on the order of 0.004′′or smaller.
- a free molecular flow regime takes over because the scarcity of gas molecules causes the number of interactions between the gas molecules and the walls of the container to be large in comparison with the interactions between the gas molecules themselves.
- the geometry of a space to which vacuum is applied becomes a controlling factor in the rate at which gas molecules exit the space via a vent as compared with the rate at which gas molecules enter the space via the vent.
- the structure 10 may be heated to accelerate the motion of the gas molecules within the insulating space 36 , so as to further bias the flux of gas molecules outward from the vent 34 as compared with inward into the vent 34 .
- tube 20 or the structure 10 may be heated to an elevated temperature and held at that temperature for a period of time during the evacuation process. Longer hold times may be used to further increase the vacuum achievable in the insulating space 36 .
- the vent 34 is sealed to maintain the vacuum.
- the vent 34 is sealable by a first braze material 24 that melts and flows into the vent 34 when heated to a brazing temperature, so that the end 32 of the jacket 30 is brazed to the outer wall 22 of the tube and the insulating space 36 is sealed off.
- the use of brazing to seal the evacuation vent of a vacuum-sealed structure is generally known in the art.
- a bead of first braze material 24 is positioned on the outer wall 22 of the tube 20 , slightly within the insulating space 36 , near the vent 34 and the end 32 of the jacket, as shown in FIG. 3A .
- the bead of first braze material 24 Prior to heating, the bead of first braze material 24 is solid and is preferably adhered to the outer wall 22 of the tube 20 .
- the first braze material is preferably free from flux, since flux can off-gas after brazing, thereby reducing the vacuum within the insulating jacket 36 .
- the first braze material 24 is positioned between the tube 20 and the jacket 30 near the vent 34 in such a manner that during the evacuation process (i.e., prior to the brazing process) the vent 34 is not blocked by the braze material 24 .
- Toward the end of the evacuation process as the desired level of vacuum is being achieved in the insulating space 36 , sufficient heat is applied to the tube 20 or to the entire structure 10 to melt the first braze material 24 such that it flows by capillary action into the vent 34 .
- the flowing braze material 24 seals the vent 34 and blocks the evacuation path from the insulating space 36 , as shown in FIG. 3B .
- first braze material 24 Flowing of the first braze material 24 is facilitated by any preheating that occurs by heating of the tube 20 or the structure 10 during the evacuation phase in order to enhance the ultimate level of vacuum achieved in the insulating space 36 .
- the first braze material forms an alloyed joint between the tube 20 and the jacket 30 .
- the joint formed by the first braze material 24 is then allowed to cool, so as to solidify and seal the vent 34 closed.
- other processes can be used for sealing the vent 34 , including but not limited to a metal surgical process or a chemical process.
- Fitting 40 may be attached to the structure 10 , either to the tube 20 or to the jacket 30 .
- the fitting 40 is attached to the jacket 30 , noting that essentially the same process can be used for attachment to the tube 20 or the jacket 30 .
- the fitting 40 is slipped over the end 32 of the jacket 30 and a bead of second braze material 44 is positioned between an outer wall 38 of the jacket 38 and an inner surface 42 of the fitting 40 .
- fitting 40 is a weld or braze socket
- the fitting 40 may be any fitting that enables attachment of the structure 10 to another device, and may include but is not limited to a weld socket, a braze socket, a threaded fitting, a compression-type fitting, a flange fitting, a custom fitting, and the like.
- the fitting 40 and the bead of second braze material 44 are positioned as desired with respect to the jacket 30 , sufficient heat is applied to the jacket 30 or to the entire structure 10 to melt the second braze material 44 .
- the second braze material forms an allowed joint between the jacket 30 and the fitting 40 .
- the second braze material may be the same as or different from the first braze material.
- the joint formed by the second braze material 44 is then allowed to cool, so as to solidify and secure the fitting 40 to the jacket 30 .
- Fitting 40 shown has an L-shape from a cross-sectional view, and can be used to attach structure 10 to a bracket (not shown).
- fittings 50 , 60 , 70 , and 80 can be arranged at the tube interior 26 on the inner wall 23 , and a similar attachment process can be used as described for fitting 40 .
- FIG. 4A shows a fitting 50 on the left side of tube 20 , having a hollow structure and being threaded for engaging with a treaded rod or screw.
- FIG. 4A shows another fitting 60 is illustrated, comprised of webs 62 that hold a nut 64 substantially in the center of tube 20 , as shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 4B .
- Nut 64 may have a thread in the inner bore with or without a thread. Nut 64 could also just be a thread bore, as in fitting 50 .
- FIG. 4C shows a fitting 70 arranged on the left side of the tube 20 , having a blocking body 72 and a threaded rod 74 protruding in an axial direction away from tube 20 .
- a fitting 80 illustrated on the left side of the figure can be formed as a nut or another structure with a bore.
- Fittings 50 , 60 , 70 , and 80 can be used for various attachment purposes.
- fittings 50 , 60 , 70 , and 80 can be used to attach structure 10 to another tube, to an additional casing or insulating structure, or for connection with dewars.
- FIG. 5A shows an alternative embodiment in which the fitting 90 is arranged directly onto the tube 20 by use of braze material 94 , and is located between tube 20 and jacket 30 as a spacer.
- fitting 90 is made of a hollow concentric structure having an inner diameter that is slightly bigger than the outer diameter of tube 20 , so that fitting 90 can be placed over tube 20 for brazing, or by another sealed attachment procedure. Fitting has a narrowed protrusion that is threaded, allowing to secure the structure 10 to a corresponding thread.
- jacket 30 is affixed to tube 29 on one side, and on the other side is affixed to the fitting 90 . It is also possible that two fittings 90 are concentrically arranged at two different locations of tube 20 , and that the jacket 30 is not directly attached to the tube 20 , but to fittings 90 .
- FIG. 5B is an exemplary method of making the vacuum inside the annular insulating space 36 , similar to the method shown with respect to FIG. 3A .
- Space 36 can be evacuated through a vent 34 located adjacent to the end 32 of the jacket 30 and the outer peripheral wall of fitting 90 .
- the front end of jacket is brazed to tube 20 with material 24 .
- the insulating space 30 may be evacuated by placing the entire structure 10 into a vacuum chamber and then drawing a vacuum in the chamber. As the pressure in the vacuum chamber decreases, gas escapes from the insulating space 36 via the vent 34 .
- Other methods for applying suction to the vent 34 may alternatively be used.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (21)
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US14/953,756 US9874303B2 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2015-11-30 | Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same |
US15/841,427 US10495250B2 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2017-12-14 | Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same |
US16/547,749 US11204127B2 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2019-08-22 | Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same |
US17/546,101 US20220099237A1 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2021-12-09 | Vacuum Insulated Structure With End Fitting And Method Of Making Same |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US13/644,199 US9243726B2 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2012-10-03 | Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same |
US14/953,756 US9874303B2 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2015-11-30 | Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US13/644,199 Division US9243726B2 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2012-10-03 | Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same |
Related Child Applications (1)
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US15/841,427 Continuation US10495250B2 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2017-12-14 | Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same |
Publications (2)
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US20160084425A1 US20160084425A1 (en) | 2016-03-24 |
US9874303B2 true US9874303B2 (en) | 2018-01-23 |
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US13/644,199 Expired - Fee Related US9243726B2 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2012-10-03 | Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same |
US14/953,756 Active US9874303B2 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2015-11-30 | Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same |
US15/841,427 Expired - Fee Related US10495250B2 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2017-12-14 | Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same |
US16/547,749 Active 2032-12-18 US11204127B2 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2019-08-22 | Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same |
US17/546,101 Abandoned US20220099237A1 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2021-12-09 | Vacuum Insulated Structure With End Fitting And Method Of Making Same |
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US13/644,199 Expired - Fee Related US9243726B2 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2012-10-03 | Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US15/841,427 Expired - Fee Related US10495250B2 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2017-12-14 | Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same |
US16/547,749 Active 2032-12-18 US11204127B2 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2019-08-22 | Vacuum insulated structure with end fitting and method of making same |
US17/546,101 Abandoned US20220099237A1 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2021-12-09 | Vacuum Insulated Structure With End Fitting And Method Of Making Same |
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US20180106414A1 (en) * | 2012-10-03 | 2018-04-19 | Aarne H. Reid | Vacuum Insulated Structure With End Fitting And Method Of Making Same |
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US10723538B2 (en) | 2014-02-20 | 2020-07-28 | Concept Group Llc | Vacuum insulated articles and methods of making same |
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US20180106414A1 (en) * | 2012-10-03 | 2018-04-19 | Aarne H. Reid | Vacuum Insulated Structure With End Fitting And Method Of Making Same |
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US11702271B2 (en) | 2016-03-04 | 2023-07-18 | Concept Group Llc | Vacuum insulated articles with reflective material enhancement |
US10823326B2 (en) | 2016-11-15 | 2020-11-03 | Concept Group Llc | Enhanced vacuum-insulated articles with controlled microporous insulation |
US11008153B2 (en) | 2016-11-15 | 2021-05-18 | Concept Group Llp | Multiply-insulated assemblies |
US11548717B2 (en) | 2016-11-15 | 2023-01-10 | Concept Group Llc | Multiply-insulated assemblies |
US11320086B2 (en) | 2017-08-25 | 2022-05-03 | Concept Group Llc | Multiple geometry and multiple material insulated components |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20220099237A1 (en) | 2022-03-31 |
US20140090737A1 (en) | 2014-04-03 |
US20190376637A1 (en) | 2019-12-12 |
US11204127B2 (en) | 2021-12-21 |
US20180106414A1 (en) | 2018-04-19 |
US20160084425A1 (en) | 2016-03-24 |
US10495250B2 (en) | 2019-12-03 |
US9243726B2 (en) | 2016-01-26 |
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