US9643978B2 - Methods and compounds for synthesizing fused thiophenes - Google Patents

Methods and compounds for synthesizing fused thiophenes Download PDF

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US9643978B2
US9643978B2 US15/133,668 US201615133668A US9643978B2 US 9643978 B2 US9643978 B2 US 9643978B2 US 201615133668 A US201615133668 A US 201615133668A US 9643978 B2 US9643978 B2 US 9643978B2
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Mingqian He
Weijun Niu
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Corning Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D495/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains four or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
    • C07D333/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D333/22—Radicals substituted by doubly bound hetero atoms, or by two hetero atoms other than halogen singly bound to the same carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
    • C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D333/30—Hetero atoms other than halogen
    • C07D333/34—Sulfur atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having sulfur atoms, with or without selenium or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/655345—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having sulfur atoms, with or without selenium or tellurium atoms, as the only ring hetero atoms the sulfur atom being part of a five-membered ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6561—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing systems of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system, with or without other non-condensed hetero rings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
    • H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
    • H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
    • H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
    • H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons

Definitions

  • the disclosure relates generally to methods and compounds for making fused thiophene compounds, and more particularly to intermediate thiophene compounds, methods for making such compounds, and their use in forming ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compounds.
  • Highly conjugated organic materials have been the focus of great research activity, chiefly due to their interesting electronic and optoelectronic properties. They have been investigated for use in a variety of applications, including field effect transistors (FETs), thin-film transistors (TFTs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), electro-optic (EO) applications, as conductive materials, as two photon mixing materials, as organic semiconductors, and as non-linear optical (NLO) materials.
  • FETs field effect transistors
  • TFTs thin-film transistors
  • OLEDs organic light-emitting diodes
  • EO electro-optic
  • Highly conjugated organic materials may find utility in devices such as RFID tags, electroluminescent devices in flat panel displays, and in photovoltaic and sensor devices.
  • Organic semiconductors may substantially reduce production costs as compared to inorganic materials such as silicon, as they can be deposited from solution, which can enable fast, large-area fabrication routes such as spin-coating, ink-jet printing, gravure printing, or transfer printing, to name a few.
  • the performance of an organic transistor can be evaluated by several parameters such as carrier mobility, current on/off ratio, threshold voltage, and/or on/off current magnitude.
  • Materials such as pentacene, poly(thiophene), poly(thiophene-co-vinylene), poly(p-phenylene-co-vinylene) and oligo(3-hexylthiophene) have been studied for use in various electronic and optoelectronic applications. More recently, fused thiophene compounds have been found to have advantageous properties.
  • Oligomers and polymers of fused thiophenes such as oligo- or poly(thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (2) and oligo- or poly(dithieno[3,2-b:2′-3′-d]thiophene) (1)
  • fused thiophene-based materials have also been suggested for use in electronic and optoelectronic devices, and have been shown to have acceptable conductivities and non-linear optical properties.
  • unsubstituted fused thiophene-based materials tend to suffer from low solubility, marginal processability and oxidative instability.
  • fused thiophene-based materials having improved solubility, processability and/or oxidative stability.
  • fused thiophene compounds may be produced according to the methods herein using far fewer steps as compared to prior art methods and, thus, the disclosed methods may exhibit higher yields and/or faster production times. Methods for producing fused thiophene compounds disclosed herein may also be easier to scale up for commercial production.
  • the disclosure relates, in various embodiments, to thiophene compounds of formulae (I), (I′), (II), (II′), (II′′), and (II′′′), and their use in methods for synthesizing fused thiophene compounds.
  • Methods for making such compounds are also disclosed herein, as well as methods for making ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compounds by coupling such compounds.
  • ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compounds made according to the disclosed methods and compounds or compositions comprising them may exhibit improved solubility, processability and/or oxidative stability.
  • the synthesis methods disclosed herein may be shorter and/or less complex and/or costly than prior art methods for preparing ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compounds.
  • FIG. 1 is a reaction scheme for making a ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compound comprising four fused rings (FT4) according to various embodiments of the disclosure;
  • FIG. 2 is a reaction scheme for making a ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compound comprising six fused rings (FT6) according to various embodiments of the disclosure;
  • FIG. 3 is a reaction scheme for making a ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compound comprising five fused rings (FT5) according to various embodiments of the disclosure;
  • FIG. 4 is a reaction scheme for making ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compounds comprising four or five fused rings (FT4, FT5) according to various embodiments of the disclosure;
  • FIG. 5 is a reaction scheme for making a ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compound comprising seven or eight fused rings (FT7, FT8) according to various embodiments of the disclosure;
  • FIG. 6 is a reaction scheme for making a ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compound comprising nine or ten fused rings (FT9, FT10) according to various embodiments of the disclosure.
  • FIGS. 7A-B are reaction schemes for making thiophene compounds of formulae (II) and (II′) according to various embodiments of the disclosure.
  • alkyl as used herein (e.g., alkyl group, etc.), is intended to denote a linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon.
  • the alkyl can, for example, comprise from 1 to 48 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, decyl, or tetradecyl, and the like.
  • unsubstituted alkyl is intended to denote a group composed of carbon and hydrogen.
  • substituted alkyl is intended to denote a group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is substituted with a different group, such as, for example, an aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ether, hydroxyl, alkoxy, thiol, thioalkyl, or halide group.
  • Alkyl groups can also include “heteroalkyl” groups which can be interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorous, e.g., at least one of the carbon atoms in the group can be substituted with a heteroatom.
  • alkyl can also include cycloalkyl groups.
  • cycloalkyl as used herein is intended to denote a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl, to name a few. Cycloalkyl groups can also include heterocycloalkyl groups, where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is substituted with a heteroatom such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus.
  • aryl group as used herein is intended to denote any carbon-based aromatic group including, but not limited to, benzene, naphthalene, and the like.
  • Aryl groups can also include heteroaryl groups, where at least one heteroatom is incorporated within the ring of the aromatic group. Examples of heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
  • the aryl group can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • the aryl group can, for instance, be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, aryl, halide, ether, hydroxy, or alkoxy groups.
  • alkenyl as used herein is intended to denote a linear or branched hydrocarbon group with a structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
  • alkynyl as used herein is intended to denote a linear or branched hydrocarbon group with a structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • Alkenyl and alkynyl groups can comprise, for example, from 2 to 48 carbon atoms.
  • each of the combinations A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are contemplated and should be considered as part of the disclosure.
  • any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed. This concept applies to all aspects of this disclosure including, but not limited to, method steps for making the disclosed compositions.
  • steps for making the disclosed compositions are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed methods, and that each such combination is specifically contemplated and should be considered as part of the disclosure.
  • thiophene compounds of formulae (I) and (I′) which can, in some embodiments, be used to form ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compounds:
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently chosen from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or aralkyl groups, which can be substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, and optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom; and R 3 is chosen from C 1 -C 6 linear alkyl radicals.
  • R 3 is chosen from C 1 -C 6 linear alkyl radicals; Y is chosen from butyl and phenyl groups; and X ⁇ is chosen from halogen ions, such as bromine, chlorine, and iodine ions.
  • R 1 ′ and R 2 ′ are independently chosen from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or aralkyl groups, which can be substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, and optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom;
  • R 3 is chosen from C 1 -C 6 linear alkyl radicals;
  • Y is chosen from butyl and phenyl groups;
  • X ⁇ is chosen from halogen ions, such as bromine, chlorine, and iodine ions.
  • R 1 and R 2 can be independently chosen from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or aralkyl groups, which can be substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, and optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom.
  • R 1 or R 2 can comprise from 1 to 48 carbon atoms, such as from 2 to 40 carbon atoms, from 3 to 36 carbon atoms, from 4 to 30 carbon atoms, from 6 to 24 carbon atoms, from 8 to 20 carbon atoms, or from 12 to 16 carbon atoms, including all ranges and subranges therebetween.
  • R 1 and R 2 can be groups comprising at least 4 carbon atoms.
  • R 1 and R 2 can be chosen from C 1 -C 36 linear alkyl groups or C 3 -C 48 branched alkyl groups, which can be unsubstituted or substituted (substituted alkyl), and optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom (heteroalkyl).
  • R 1 and R 2 can be chosen from linear or branched alkyl groups comprising at least 4 carbon atoms.
  • R 1 or R 2 When R 1 or R 2 is substituted, suitable substituents can be chosen, for example, from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, ether, hydroxyl, alkoxy, thiol, thioalkyl, or halide, groups.
  • R 1 or R 2 is interrupted (hetero group)
  • suitable heteroatoms can be chosen, for instance, from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous.
  • the substituents can similarly be substituted or interrupted with heteroatoms as described above.
  • R 3 can be chosen, for example, from alkyl groups, such as C 1 -C 6 linear alkyl groups (e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , or C 6 linear alkyl radicals).
  • the alkyl group R 3 is an ethyl or methyl group.
  • R 3 is a methyl group.
  • Y can be a butyl group and X′ can be a bromine ion.
  • fused thiophene moieties described herein can have any number of fused rings.
  • the fused thiophene moieties can be tetracyclic (FT4), pentacyclic (FT5), hexacyclic (FT6), heptacyclic (FT7), octacyclic (FT8), nonacyclic (FT9), decacyclic (FT10), or higher, e.g., up to sixteen rings (FT16) or more.
  • an ⁇ position refers to a non-fused carbon center that is directly adjacent to the sulfur of the thiophene, while a ⁇ position refers to a non-fused carbon center that is separated from the sulfur by an ⁇ position.
  • formulae (IV), (IV′), (IV′′), (IV′′′), (VI), (VI′), (VIII), (VIII′), (VIII′′′), and (VIII′′′) below, which depict exemplary fused thiophene compounds the ⁇ positions are unsubstituted, while the ⁇ positions are R-substituted.
  • R 1 , R 1 ′, R 2 , and R 2 ′ in the above formulae can be identical or different and can be independently chosen from any groups described with respect to the R 1 , R 1 ′, R 2 , and R 2 ′ substituents of compounds (I), (I′), (II′′), and (II′′′) above.
  • at least one of R 1 , R 1 ′, R 2 , or R 2 ′ can be an unsubstituted alkyl group.
  • the unsubstituted alkyl group can be a linear alkyl group (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, ocytl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, hexadecyl, and so forth), a branched alky group (e.g., sec-butyl, neo-pentyl, 4-methylpentyl, etc.), or a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group (e.g., cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like).
  • a linear alkyl group e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, ocytl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl,
  • R 1 , R 1 ′, R 2 , or R 2 ′ comprises at least four carbon atoms and is substituted or unsubstituted, and optionally interrupted with at least one heteroatom.
  • R 1 , R 1 ′, R 2 , and/or R 2 ′ can be substituted with at least one group chosen from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, ether, hydroxyl, alkoxy, thiol, thioalkyl, or halide groups.
  • substituted alkyl groups can include, for example, 6-hydroxyhexyl and 3-phenylbutyl, to name a few.
  • the methods disclosed herein can be used to form ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compounds having a wide variety of R groups, and the selection of these R groups (whether identical or different) can depend on the desired end use of the compound.
  • the fused thiophene compounds disclosed herein are substituted at both ⁇ positions. In other words, there are no ⁇ -hydrogens on the ring system.
  • neither R group (R 1 , R 1 ′, R 2 , or R 2 ′) in formulae (IV), (IV′), (IV′′) (IV′′′), (VI), (VI′), (VIII), (VIII′), (VIII′′), or (VIII′′′) are hydrogen.
  • Such fused thiophenes may have increased oxidative stability and may be incorporated into more complex compounds having substantially no ⁇ -hydrogen content.
  • the fused thiophene compounds disclosed herein can exist as monomeric fused thiophenes or can be incorporated into more complex compounds, such as oligomers or polymers.
  • any of the sulfur atoms of the ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compounds can be oxidized to produce SO 2 .
  • the oxidized fused thiophene compounds can be prepared by oxidation, for example, with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA). Oxidation can be selective at the centralmost ring of the polycyclic structure; however, it is possible to oxidize any of the sulfur atoms in fused ring structure.
  • MCPBA meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid
  • Oxidation can be selective at the centralmost ring of the polycyclic structure; however, it is possible to oxidize any of the sulfur atoms in fused ring structure.
  • the oxidized fused thiophene compounds can be incorporated into conjugated fused thiophene polymers or oligomers.
  • the oxidized fused thiophene compounds can also be incorporated into a polymer comprising a polyester, a polyurethane, a polyamide, a polyketone, a polyacrylate, a polymethacrylate, or a poly(vinyl)ether to name a few.
  • the fused thiophene compounds prepared according to the methods disclosed herein can be incorporated into compositions for electronic or optoelectronic applications.
  • compositions comprising the fused thiophene compounds can comprise a total concentration of at least 1% by weight of fused thiophene, such as at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 5%, or at least 10% by weight of fused thiophene, including all ranges and subranges therebetween.
  • the composition can have higher fused thiophene concentrations, such as up to about 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% by weight of fused thiophene, including all ranges and subranges therebetween.
  • the fused thiophene compounds can have improved solubility in various solvents and can be used to produce compositions of relatively high concentration.
  • Such compositions can be used to make a wide variety of devices, such as electronic, optoelectronic, or nonlinear optical devices.
  • the compositions can be used, for example, in field effect transistors (FETs), thin film transistors (TFTs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), electro-optic (EO) applications, RFID tags, electroluminescent devices in flat panel displays, and photovoltaic and sensor devices, or as conductive materials, as two photon mixing materials, as organic semiconductors (OSs), or as non-linear optical (NLO) materials.
  • FETs field effect transistors
  • TFTs thin film transistors
  • OLEDs organic light-emitting diodes
  • EO electro-optic
  • RFID tags electroluminescent devices in flat panel displays
  • photovoltaic and sensor devices or as conductive materials, as two photon mixing materials, as organic
  • a method for making a ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compound can comprise the steps of:
  • FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary reaction scheme for making a ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compound.
  • the reaction scheme depicted in FIG. 1 comprises the steps of forming a thiophene compound of formula (I) and coupling two compounds of formula (I) to form a ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compound comprising four fused rings (FT4).
  • FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary reaction scheme for making a ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compound.
  • FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary reaction scheme for making a ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compound.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment in which a compound of formula (I) and a compound of formula (I′) can be coupled to form a ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compound comprising five fused rings (FT5).
  • FIGS. 1-3 illustrate specific substituents and reagents solely for the purposes of illustration and such components are not intended to be limiting on the disclosure or appended claims.
  • FIGS. 1-2 illustrate complete reaction schemes comprising steps for making compounds of formulae (I) and (I′) and subsequently coupling such compounds
  • the appended claims are not so limited and may include one or more portions of the illustrated reaction schemes.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a partial reaction scheme comprising steps for coupling compounds of formulae (I) and (I′), it is to be understood that the appended claims are not so limited and may further include steps for making compounds of formulae (I) and (I′).
  • Compound (A) can then be substituted with an alkylthio group (—SCH 3 illustrated) at the ⁇ ′ or ⁇ ′′ position ( ⁇ ′ illustrated).
  • a substitution can be carried out, e.g., using butyl lithium (BuLi) and dimethylsulfide (MeSSMe) in the presence of diethyl ether (Et 2 O) according to a reaction described in Baurle et al. “Synthesis and Properties of a Series of Methyltio Oligothiophenes,” Liebigs Ann. , pp. 279-284 (1996).
  • Compound (B) can then be halogenated at the ⁇ ′ or ⁇ ′′ position adjacent the alkylthio group (a′ illustrated) with a halogen (X′) (X′ ⁇ Br illustrated).
  • a selective halogenation reaction can be carried out, e.g., selective bromination using n-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ).
  • NBS n-bromosuccinimide
  • CCl 4 carbon tetrachloride
  • the ⁇ ′ (or ⁇ ′′) halogen of compound (C) can then be substituted with an aldehyde group (—C(O)H) using any suitable reaction.
  • a formylation reaction can be carried out using BuLi and dimethylformamide (DMF) to give compound (D).
  • compound (C) can be reacted with magnesium (Mg) in the presence of Et 2 O to form a Grignard reagent (C1), which can then be reacted with DMF in a Grignard reaction to give compound (D).
  • the ⁇ ′′ (or ⁇ ′) halogen (X ⁇ Br illustrated) of compound (D) can then be replaced with alkyl group R 1 using any suitable reaction.
  • the ⁇ ′ (or ⁇ ′′) aldehyde function can be protected by reaction with ethylene glycol and p-toluenesulfonic acid to produce compound (E).
  • Compound (A) can be converted to Compound (D) via a two-step reaction through Compound (B1).
  • the first reaction step comprises reacting lithium diisopropylamide (or an alternative strong base) in DMF with Compound (A) to form the ⁇ ′ (or ⁇ ′′) aldehyde substituted compound, Compound (B1).
  • the second step involves reacting Compound (B1) with a sodium alkylsulfide (shown as NaSMe) to produce Compound (D).
  • Two compounds of formula (I) can then be coupled together using any suitable reaction.
  • a McMurry coupling can be carried out using titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4 ), zinc (Zn), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) to yield a compound of formula (III).
  • TiCl 4 titanium tetrachloride
  • Zn zinc
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • the aldehyde functions of the compounds react to form a C ⁇ C double bond between the two compounds.
  • a Wittig coupling reaction can also be used, as described in more detail with respect to FIG. 3 .
  • Compound (III) can then be cyclized to yield the ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compound of formula (IV) comprising four fused rings (FT4).
  • Cyclization can be carried out, for example, via an iodine (I2)-mediated cyclization reaction in the presence of chloroform (CHCl 3 ).
  • McMurry coupling according to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 1 can be used to create symmetrical fused thiophene compounds (e.g., compounds with identical R 1 groups).
  • Compound (A′) can then be substituted with an alkylthio group (—SCH 3 illustrated) at the ⁇ ′ or ⁇ ′′ position ( ⁇ ′ illustrated).
  • a substitution can be carried out, e.g., using butyl lithium (BuLi) and dimethylsulfide (MeSSMe) according to a reaction described in Baurle et al.
  • Compound (B′) can then be halogenated at the ⁇ ′ or ⁇ ′′ position adjacent the alkylthio group ( ⁇ ′ illustrated) with a halogen (X′) (X′ ⁇ Br illustrated).
  • a selective halogenation reaction can be carried out, e.g., selective bromination using n-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ).
  • NBS n-bromosuccinimide
  • CCl 4 carbon tetrachloride
  • the ⁇ ′ (or ⁇ ′′) halogen of compound (C′) can then be substituted with an aldehyde group (—C(O)H) using any suitable reaction.
  • a formylation reaction can be carried out using BuLi and dimethylformamide (DMF) to give compound (D′).
  • the ⁇ ′′ (or ⁇ ′) halogen (X ⁇ Br illustrated) of compound (D′) can then be replaced with alkyl group R 2 using any suitable reaction.
  • the ⁇ ′ (or ⁇ ′′) aldehyde function can be protected by reaction with ethylene glycol and p-toluenesulfonic acid to produce compound (E′).
  • Compound (E′) can then be reacted with a Grignard reagent (R 2 ZnX illustrated) to exchange the halogen for an R 2 group via a metathesis reaction to give the compound of formula (I′).
  • Compound (A′) can be converted to Compound (D′) via a two-step reaction through Compound (B1′).
  • the first reaction step comprises reacting lithium diisopropylamide (or an alternative strong base) in DMF with Compound (A′) to form the ⁇ ′ (or ⁇ ′′) aldehyde substituted compound, Compound (B1′).
  • the second step involves reacting Compound (B1′) with a sodium alkylsulfide (shown as NaSMe) to produce Compound (D′).
  • a sodium alkylsulfide shown as NaSMe
  • Two compounds of formula (I′) can then be coupled together using any suitable reaction.
  • a McMurry coupling can be carried out using titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4 ), zinc (Zn), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) to yield a compound of formula (III′).
  • TiCl 4 titanium tetrachloride
  • Zn zinc
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • the aldehyde functions of the compounds react to form a C ⁇ C double bond between the two compounds.
  • a Wittig coupling reaction can be used to couple the compounds of formula (I′), as described in more detail with respect to FIG. 3 .
  • Compound (III′) can then be cyclized to yield the ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compound of formula (IV′) comprising six fused rings (FT6). Cyclization can be carried out, for example, via an iodine (I2)-mediated cyclization reaction in the presence of chloroform (CHCl 3 ).
  • McMurry coupling according to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 2 can be used to create symmetrical fused thiophene compounds (e.g., compounds with identical R 2 groups).
  • compounds (I) and (I′) can also be modified and coupled together via a Wittig coupling reaction.
  • the aldehyde function of compound (I′) can be replaced with a phosphine function (—CH 2 P + Bu 3 Br ⁇ illustrated) and the compound thus modified can react with compound (I) to produce a compound of formula (III′′′).
  • the aldehyde function of compound (I′*) (R 2 ⁇ R 2 ′) can be reduced to an alcohol function (—CH 2 OH) using sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ), and the hydroxyl group (—OH) of compound (F) can then be substituted with a halogen (X′′) (X′′ ⁇ Br illustrated) via reaction with a phosphorous trihalide (PX′′ 3 ) (X′′ ⁇ Br illustrated).
  • Reaction of compound (G) with tributylphosphine (PBu 3 ) (illustrated) or triphenyl phosphine (PPh 3 ) can then yield a phosphine-modified compound (II′′′), which can react with compound (I) to yield the compound of formula (III′′).
  • Compound (III′′) can then be cyclized to yield the ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compound of formula (IV′′) comprising five fused rings (FT5), in which R 1 and R 2 ′ can be identical or different.
  • Wittig coupling according to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 3 can be used to create symmetrical or asymmetrical fused thiophene compounds (e.g., compounds with identical or different R 1 and R 2 ′ groups).
  • compound (I*) (R 1 ⁇ R 1 ′) can be modified with a phosphine function to produce compound (II′′), which can be reacted with compound (I′) to produce a compound of formula (III′′′), which can be cyclized to give the compound of formula (IV′′′), in which R 1 ′ and R 2 can be identical or different.
  • compound (I*) (R 1 ⁇ R 1 ′) can be modified with a phosphine function to produce compound (II′′), which can be reacted with compound (I′) to produce a compound of formula (III′′′), which can be cyclized to give the compound of formula (IV′′′), in which R 1 ′ and R 2 can be identical or different.
  • the Wittig coupling reaction can be used to form compounds of formula (V) (illustrated) and (V′) (not illustrated) by reacting a phosphine-modified compound (II′′) with an unmodified compound (I) (illustrated), or a phosphine-modified compound (II′′′) with an unmodified compound (I′) (not illustrated), respectively.
  • Compound (V) can be cyclized to form compounds of formula (VI) in which R 1 and R 1 ′ are identical or different.
  • compound (V′) (not illustrated) can be cyclized to form compounds of formula (VI′) (not illustrated), in which R 2 and R 2 ′ are identical or different.
  • Wittig coupling according to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 4 can be used to create symmetrical or asymmetrical fused thiophene compounds (e.g., compounds with identical or different R 1 and R 1 ′ groups or compounds with identical or different R 1 ′ and R 2 groups).
  • R 1 , R 1 ′, R 2 , and R 2 ′ can be chosen from the same groups according to some embodiments (alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or aralkyl groups, which can be substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, and optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom), each of these substituents can be “independently” chosen from this list, which is intended to denote that each radical R 1 can be different from any other R 1 ′, R 2 , or R 2 ′ radical in the same compound, and vice versa.
  • fused thiophene compounds disclosed herein can comprise identical R substituents, such as identical R 1 , R 1 ′, R 2 , R 2 ′ or even R 3 substituents.
  • methods for making ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compounds comprising:
  • compounds (I) and (I′) can also be coupled with compounds of formulae (II) and (II′) to produce ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compounds.
  • Such methods can comprise, for example, the steps of:
  • R 1 are identical and are independently chosen from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or aralkyl groups, which can be substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, and optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom
  • R 2 are identical and are independently chosen from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or aralkyl groups, which can be substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, and optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom
  • R 3 is chosen from linear C 1 -C 6 alkyl radicals
  • Y is chosen from butyl and phenyl groups
  • X ⁇ is chosen from halogen ions.
  • FIG. 5 An exemplary reaction scheme for coupling compounds of formula (I) with compounds of formulae (II) or (II′) is illustrated in FIG. 5 .
  • Compound (I) can be coupled, e.g., via a Wittig coupling reaction, with compound (II) or (II′) (X ⁇ Br, Y ⁇ Bu illustrated) to form compounds (VII) and (VII′). These compounds can then be cyclized to form ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compounds of formulae (VIII) and (VIII′), having seven (FT7) or eight (FT8) fused rings, respectively.
  • FIG. 5 An exemplary reaction scheme for coupling compounds of formula (I) with compounds of formulae (II) or (II′) is illustrated in FIG. 5 .
  • Compound (I) can be coupled, e.g., via a Wittig coupling reaction, with compound (II) or (II′) (X ⁇ Br, Y ⁇ Bu illustrated)
  • FIGS. 5-6 depict an exemplary reaction scheme for coupling compounds of formula (I′) with compounds of formulae (II) or (II′).
  • Compound (I′) can be coupled, e.g., via a Wittig coupling reaction, with compound (II) or (II′) (X ⁇ Br, Y ⁇ Bu illustrated) to form compounds (VII′′) and (VII′′′). These compounds can then be cyclized to form ⁇ -R-substituted fused thiophene compounds of formulae (VIII′′) and (VIII′′′), having nine (FT9) or ten (FT10) fused rings, respectively.
  • Wittig coupling according to the scheme illustrated in FIGS. 5-6 can be used to create symmetrical fused thiophene compounds (e.g., compounds with identical R 1 or compounds with identical R 2 groups).
  • FIG. 7A depicts an exemplary reaction scheme for making a compound of formula (II).
  • a ⁇ ′, ⁇ ′′-halogen-substituted compound of formula (A) (X ⁇ Br illustrated) is provided.
  • Compound (A) can then be substituted with an alkylthio group (—SCH 3 illustrated) at the ⁇ ′ and ⁇ ′′ positions.
  • Such a substitution can be carried out, e.g., using butyl lithium (BuLi) and dimethylsulfide (MeSSMe) in the presence of diethyl ether (Et 2 O) according to a reaction described in Baurle et al.
  • Compound (J) can then be halogenated at the ⁇ ′ and ⁇ ′′ positions with a halogen (X′) (X′ ⁇ Br illustrated).
  • a halogenation reaction can be carried out, e.g., bromination using n-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ).
  • NBS n-bromosuccinimide
  • CCl 4 carbon tetrachloride
  • the ⁇ ′ and ⁇ ′′ halogens of compound (K) can then be substituted with an aldehyde group (—C(O)H) using any suitable reaction.
  • a formylation reaction can be carried out using BuLi and dimethylformamide (DMF) to give compound (L).
  • the ⁇ ′ and ⁇ ′′ aldehyde groups can then be reduced to alcohol (methanol) groups using any suitable reaction.
  • the ⁇ ′ and ⁇ ′′ aldehyde groups can be reduced using sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ), and the hydroxyl group (—OH) of compound (M) can then be substituted with a halogen (X′′) (X′′ ⁇ Br illustrated) via reaction with a phosphorous trihalide (PX′′ 3 ) (X′′ ⁇ Br illustrated).
  • Reaction of compound (N) with tributylphosphine (PBu 3 ) (illustrated) or triphenyl phosphine (PPh 3 ) can then yield the compound of formula (II).
  • FIG. 7B depicts an exemplary reaction scheme for making a compound of formula (II′).
  • a ⁇ ′, ⁇ ′′-halogen-substituted compound of formula (A′) (X ⁇ Br illustrated) is provided.
  • Compound (A′) can then be substituted with an alkylthio group (—SCH 3 illustrated) at the ⁇ ′ and ⁇ ′′ positions.
  • Such a substitution can be carried out, e.g., using butyl lithium (BuLi) and dimethylsulfide (MeSSMe) in the presence of diethyl ether (Et 2 O) according to a reaction described in Baurle et al.
  • Compound (J′) can then be halogenated at the ⁇ ′ and a′′ positions with a halogen (X′) (X′ ⁇ Br illustrated).
  • a halogenation reaction can be carried out, e.g., bromination using n-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ).
  • NBS n-bromosuccinimide
  • CCl 4 carbon tetrachloride
  • the ⁇ ′ and ⁇ ′′ halogens of compound (K′) can then be substituted with an aldehyde group (—C(O)H) using any suitable reaction.
  • a formylation reaction can be carried out using BuLi and dimethylformamide (DMF) to give compound (L′).
  • the ⁇ ′ and ⁇ ′′ aldehyde groups can then be reduced to alcohol (methanol) groups using any suitable reaction.
  • the ⁇ ′ and ⁇ ′′ aldehyde groups can be reduced using sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ), and the hydroxyl group (—OH) of compound (M′) can then be substituted with a halogen (X′′) (X′′ ⁇ Br illustrated) via reaction with a phosphorous trihalide (PX′′ 3 ) (X′′ ⁇ Br illustrated).
  • Reaction of compound (N′) with tributylphosphine (PBu 3 ) (illustrated) or triphenyl phosphine (PPh 3 ) can then yield the compound of formula (II′).
  • Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, examples include from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.

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