US9562838B2 - Measuring element made of steel with hardened edge zone - Google Patents
Measuring element made of steel with hardened edge zone Download PDFInfo
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- US9562838B2 US9562838B2 US14/221,167 US201414221167A US9562838B2 US 9562838 B2 US9562838 B2 US 9562838B2 US 201414221167 A US201414221167 A US 201414221167A US 9562838 B2 US9562838 B2 US 9562838B2
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- measuring element
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/40—Investigating hardness or rebound hardness
- G01N3/48—Investigating hardness or rebound hardness by performing impressions under impulsive load by indentors, e.g. falling ball
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/20—Metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L19/00—Details of, or accessories for, apparatus for measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluent medium insofar as such details or accessories are not special to particular types of pressure gauges
- G01L19/08—Means for indicating or recording, e.g. for remote indication
- G01L19/10—Means for indicating or recording, e.g. for remote indication mechanical
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L7/00—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L7/00—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements
- G01L7/02—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges
- G01L7/024—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges with mechanical transmitting or indicating means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L7/00—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements
- G01L7/02—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges
- G01L7/04—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges in the form of flexible, deformable tubes, e.g. Bourdon gauges
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L7/00—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements
- G01L7/02—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges
- G01L7/04—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges in the form of flexible, deformable tubes, e.g. Bourdon gauges
- G01L7/041—Construction or mounting of deformable tubes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L7/00—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements
- G01L7/02—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges
- G01L7/04—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges in the form of flexible, deformable tubes, e.g. Bourdon gauges
- G01L7/043—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges in the form of flexible, deformable tubes, e.g. Bourdon gauges with mechanical transmitting or indicating means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L7/00—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements
- G01L7/02—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges
- G01L7/04—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges in the form of flexible, deformable tubes, e.g. Bourdon gauges
- G01L7/048—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges in the form of flexible, deformable tubes, e.g. Bourdon gauges correcting or regulating means for flexible, deformable tubes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L7/00—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements
- G01L7/02—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges
- G01L7/06—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges of the bellows type
- G01L7/063—Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements in the form of elastically-deformable gauges of the bellows type with mechanical transmitting or indicating means
Definitions
- the invention relates to an elastic measuring element for analyzing pressure or temperature, comprising a sheet or tube which is equipped with a defined strength at a defined depth in an edge area and thus improved with respect to alternating loads in continuous operation.
- Embodiments of the present invention provide a steel measuring element for continuous use under alternating bending actions, wherein the steel measuring element is made of a non-precipitation-hardenable austenitic chromium-nickel steel, the material edge zone of the steel measuring element is provided with increased strength, the hardness of the material edge zone has a Vickers hardness of at least 500 or 1.5 to 2 times the initial hardness of the basic material, and the material edge zone with increased strength has a thickness of 2 to 50 micrometers.
- Embodiments of the present invention also provide a pressure measurement system comprising a pressure port that leads out of a housing and a measuring element that drives an indicator in front of a scale and an elastic tube which is connected in a pressure-tight manner to the pressure port and coupled with the measuring element, wherein the elastic tube is made of an austenitic chromium-nickel steel with a carbon content of up to 0.03% and less than 2% manganese and up to 0.11% nitrogen, the elastic tube has an edge layer of increased strength, the edge layer is introduced into the inside and outside of the tube, the hardness of the edge layer on the tube between the outer edge region is 500 to 1200 Vickers hardness, and the edge layer is introduced into the inside and outside of the tube and has a thickness of at least 5 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the elastic tube is made of an austenitic chromium-nickel steel with a carbon content of up to 0.03% and less than 2% manganese and up to 0.11% nitrogen
- the elastic tube has an edge layer of increased
- FIG. 1 shows a base body of a manometer, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows a flange attached to a measuring element, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows a sensor element, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 shows a detailed section A of the material thicknesses of the measuring elements from FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 shows preferred hardness profiles achieved in an improved steel measuring element, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 shows general hardness boundaries, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- aspects of the invention provide a cost-effective solution for improving the service life of functional elements, particularly tubes and sheets, made of special types of steel in special applications with respect to continuous elastic use under alternating loads, particularly alternating bending. These aspects are achieved with a construction using a treated special steel such as that described in the independent claims.
- embodiments of the present invention are based on an approach of creating a material construction in which the basic material on the interior should remain as unchanged as possible while, through appropriate treatment, an edge zone is created from the outside which has a greater hardness than the basic material.
- the material construction presented here for example, on a tube—has a modification in which the edge layer of the steel tube is changed in strength and material depth such that the alternating load or bending strength, as well as the fatigue strength, are several times greater in connection with compressive strength than in the starting or basic material.
- the strength of an austenitic chromium-nickel steel is preferably altered on the inside and outside such that it has a hardness of 800 to 1200 HV 0.01 (Vickers hardness measured with 0.01 kg test load), which is introduced into an edge region with a layer thickness of 2 to 50 ⁇ m, preferably 2-20 ⁇ m.
- Austenitic chromium-nickel steel (hereinafter also called special steel, stainless steel or steel) from material group 8 according to ISO TR 15608:2013 or from material group 316L according to ASME, which is otherwise not considered to be hardenable, acquires increased strength as a result of this process, which is particularly advantageous if the tube is subjected to an especially large number of bending cycles. This is also especially true of materials 1.4404, 1.4435 and 1.4571, which are particularly regarded as not being precipitation-hardenable. This is particularly due to the low amount of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the basic material.
- C carbon
- N nitrogen
- Non-precipitation-hardenable steel is understood as being a steel that is generally classified as such by the usual standards, including those referenced here. Likewise, these steels could also be subjected to a precipitation process, but little to no measurable changes would be achieved due to the low amounts mentioned above.
- Molybdenum Mo 2-3.00%
- Chromium Cr 16-20%
- the edge layer is produced, for example, through the defined introduction of foreign atoms, preferably carbon and nitrogen, from the outside into the edge layer zone.
- alloys with a carbon content of up to 0 to 0.08% are also achieved for alloys with a carbon content of up to 0 to 0.08%.
- the edge layer structure can be used particularly advantageously when manufacturing measuring tubes or membranes for pressure measurement devices from the abovementioned material which are also under a pressure load during the alternating loads.
- Measuring tubes are loaded with alternating pressures, for example, and move back and forth analogously to the pressure load.
- such a measuring tube can also be embodied with an elliptical cross section and coupled with a measuring element which drives an indicator.
- the requirements are made additionally difficult if the measuring tube is mounted in a manometer at a location with vibration.
- Embodiments of the present invention comprise at least the following points.
- Point 1 Steel measuring element for continuous use under alternating bending actions, wherein the steel measuring element is made of a non-precipitation-hardenable austenitic chromium-nickel steel, the material edge zone of the steel measuring element is provided with increased strength, the hardness of the material edge zone has a Vickers hardness of at least 500 or 1.5 to 2 times the initial hardness of the basic material, and wherein the material edge zone with increased strength has a thickness of 2-50 micrometers.
- Point 2 Steel measuring element according to point 1, wherein the steel measuring element is tubular, being round, oval or elliptical, or shaped like a membrane.
- Molybdenum Mo 2-3.00%
- Chromium Cr 16-20%
- Point 4 Steel measuring element according to any one of the preceding points, wherein the steel element is provided on the inside and outside, or on both sides, with a material edge zone that has increased strength and increased hardness.
- Point 5 Steel measuring element according to point 3 or 4, wherein the carbon C portion of the alloy is 0-0.08%.
- Point 6 Steel measuring element according to any one of the preceding points 1 to 4, wherein the tubular steel measuring element is sealed, particularly welded closed, at one end and a measuring element carrier with a pressure port thread is mounted on the other end, or wherein a measuring element that drives an indicator in front of a scale is particularly coupled with the welded-closed end.
- Point 7 Steel measuring element according to any one of the preceding points, wherein the steel measuring element can be loaded from one side with ambient pressure and from the other side with a measurement pressure or process pressure via the pressure port.
- Point 8 Steel measuring element according to any one of the preceding points, wherein the steel of the steel measuring element is selected from material standard group 316 L according to ASME, or material group 8 according to ISO TR 15608:2013 (austenitic steel), or material group designation 1.4404, 1.4435 or 1.4571.
- Point 9 Steel measuring element according to any one of the preceding points, wherein the material edge zone is characterized by a hardness corridor that is bordered toward the top by a straight line ( 31 ) sloping from 1500 HV 0.01 at the workpiece surface to 500 HV 0.01 at 50 ⁇ m depth and toward the bottom by a straight line ( 33 ) sloping from 500 HV 0.01 at the workpiece surface to 200 HV 0.01 at 7 ⁇ m depth, and its continuation is bordered by a line ( 32 ′) remaining constant in depth at 200 HV 0.01.
- Point 10 Steel measuring element according to point 9, wherein the material edge zone is characterized by a hardness corridor that is bordered toward the top by a straight line ( 21 ) sloping from 1200 HV 0.01 at the workpiece surface to 400 HV 0.01 at 20 ⁇ m depth and toward the bottom by a straight line ( 23 ) sloping from 600 HV 0.01 at the workpiece surface to 200 HV 0.01 at 10 ⁇ m depth, and its continuation is bordered by a line ( 22 ′) remaining constant in depth at 200 HV 0.01.
- Point 11 Steel measuring element according to any one of the preceding points, wherein the hardened material edge zone has on its surface side a compound layer consisting of nitrides, carbides or carbonitrides with a thickness of 2 to 10 ⁇ m.
- Point 12 Steel measuring element according to any one of the preceding points, wherein the hardened material edge zone is only formed on the side of the steel measuring element that is subjected to elevated pressure in the operating state.
- Point 13 Steel measuring element according to any one of the preceding points, wherein the material edge zone has an increased surface hardness of 800-1200 HV 0.01 or is 2 to 20 ⁇ m thick.
- Point 14 Pressure measurement system consisting of a pressure port that leads out of a housing, a measuring element that drives an indicator in front of a scale, and an elastic tube embodied as a steel measuring element according to any one of claims 1 to 10 which is connected in a pressure-tight manner to the pressure port and coupled with the measuring element.
- Point 15 Pressure measurement system consisting of a pressure port that leads out of a housing and a measuring element that drives an indicator in front of a scale and an elastic tube which is connected in a pressure-tight manner to the pressure port and coupled with the measuring element, characterized in that the elastic tube is made of an austenitic chromium-nickel steel with a carbon content of up to 0.03% and less than 2% manganese and up to 0.11% nitrogen, the elastic tube has an edge layer of increased strength, the edge layer is introduced into the inside and outside of the tube, the hardness of the edge layer on the tube between the outer edge region is 500-1200 Vickers hardness, and the edge layer is introduced into the inside and outside of the tube and has a thickness of at least 5-10 ⁇ m.
- the elastic tube is made of an austenitic chromium-nickel steel with a carbon content of up to 0.03% and less than 2% manganese and up to 0.11% nitrogen
- the elastic tube has an edge layer of increased strength, the edge layer is introduced into the
- FIG. 1 shows a base body of a manometer consisting of a measuring element carrier 1 that is provided with a pressure port thread 2 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- a channel 3 leads through the pressure port thread to the interior of the steel measuring element 4 , which is made, for example, of one of the abovementioned special steels and bent in the shape of a circular segment spring, also known as a bourdon tube or Schinz tube, preferably with an elliptical cross section 5 , which is welded to the measuring element carrier 1 in a sealing manner with pressure port to the channel 3 .
- a circular segment spring also known as a bourdon tube or Schinz tube
- Such a tube is subjected to alternating bending actions, for example, when it is loaded with alternating pressures P relative to the outside pressure.
- the service life is advantageously several times greater in relation to alternating loads than in normal steel measuring tubes.
- Such steel measuring tubes are installed in manometers that have a pressure port that leads out of a protective housing.
- a measuring element is then usually accommodated in this housing that drives an indicator in front of a scale.
- the elastic measuring tube which is connected in a pressure-tight manner to the pressure port, then drives the coupled measuring element when a pressure load is present; an increase in pressure can thus be indicated using an indicator on a scale.
- FIG. 2 shows a flange 7 that is welded or soldered to a measuring element in the form of a membrane 8 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Such a flange can be mounted in a pressure-tight manner in front of a measuring element carrier by means of a pressure port 9 , for example, in order to prevent penetration into a tube spring 4 .
- a pressure port 9 for example, in order to prevent penetration into a tube spring 4 .
- the membrane then transmits pressure fluctuations to the measuring tube spring and is therefore also occasionally subjected to high alternating loads.
- the material thickness A of the steel membrane 8 can also advantageously be provided with the edge zone hardening.
- FIG. 3 shows a sensor element 10 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- An upper molded membrane 11 is provided with elongation resistors 12 ′ and 12 ′′ which, when the membrane is loaded with pressure, bring about bending and elongation actions as an ohmic measurement signal and which can be analyzed analogously to the existing pressure P.
- Such a steel membrane can also be improved through the hardening process being presented here, particularly in relation to the claimed wall thickness A in relation to alternating loads.
- FIG. 4 shows a detailed section A of the material thicknesses of the measuring elements from FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the outer edge layer, material edge zone S is represented here as a component of the basic material M, which has greater strength than the basic material steel M of the tube itself.
- the material edge zone S with greater strength has a thickness of 2 to 50 ⁇ m, preferably 2 to 20 ⁇ m, and has an increasing hardness in the range of 500-1000 to 800-1200 HV 0.01 and thus is 1.5 to 2 times as hard as the basic material.
- the hardened zone S of the steel measuring element particularly contains the elements nitrogen and carbon in an increased concentration in this edge zone relative to the basic material.
- the hardening of the edge zone can particularly be achieved by enriching the material structure in the edge zone with non-metallic atoms at high temperature or, under temperature, further shifting or amplifying an existing concentration gradient of non-metallic atoms from the outside to the inside in the direction of the basic material M.
- the introduction can advantageously be achieved using a carbonitration method at relatively low temperatures of 400 to 800° C. in a controlled atmosphere of nitrogen (N 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), ammoniac (NH 3 ) and ENDO gas or other CO—H 2 —CO 2 -mixtures.
- N 2 nitrogen
- CO 2 carbon dioxide
- NH 3 ammoniac
- ENDO gas or other CO—H 2 —CO 2 -mixtures.
- the temperature, composition of the atmosphere, and pressure must each be set according to the basic material or intended edge zone hardening.
- the process time is accelerated by the simultaneous diffusing-in of carbon and nitrogen. Due to this fact, the carbonization process can take place at lower temperatures (400 to 800° C.) than in a pure carbonization method, for example; furthermore, the thickness of the hardening zone is achieved more quickly. Depending on the basic material, even just 400 to 600° C. is sufficient for this. Depending on the desired hardening and the basic material, the dwell time at the hardening temperature is only 20-25 minutes or several hours, or even up to 24 hours. Through enrichment preferably of nitrogen, the hardening temperature and the critical cooling speed are reduced, so that milder quenching can also be performed. Both factors further reduce the risk of deformation of the tube sections. After the thermal treatment, the workpiece is cooled according to the requirements in water or oil, for example using a ring shower, or air-cooling is also possible.
- FIG. 5 shows the preferred hardness profiles achieved in an improved steel measuring element hardened preferably on only one side, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the curve 20 exhibits an exemplary hardness profile through the material thickness.
- the hardness of the material edge zone S remains in a region that is bordered in FIG. 5 by lines 21 and 23 , 22 ′.
- the lines 22 and 22 ′ represent the upper and lower boundary of the hardness of the basic material.
- the region of the hardened material edge zone S is therefore characterized by a hardness corridor that is bordered toward the top by the straight line 21 sloping from 1200 HV 0.01 at the workpiece surface to 400 HV 0.01 at 20 ⁇ m depth and toward the bottom by the straight line 23 sloping from 600 HV 0.01 at the workpiece surface to 200 HV 0.01 at 10 ⁇ m depth, and its continuation is bordered by the line 22 ′ remaining constant in depth at 200 HV 0.01.
- FIG. 6 shows somewhat more general hardness boundaries of the inventive hardened material edge zone of a steel measuring element hardened on both sides, in which the advantages of the invention are still ensured.
- the region of the hardened material edge zone is characterized here by a hardness corridor that is bordered toward the top by the straight line 31 sloping from 1500 HV 0.01 at the workpiece surface to 500 HV 0.01 at 50 ⁇ m depth and toward the bottom by the straight line 33 sloping from 500 HV 0.01 at the workpiece surface to 200 HV 0.01 at 7 ⁇ m depth, and its continuation is bordered by the line 32 ′ remaining at constant depth at 200 HV 0.01.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (16)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102014204348.4A DE102014204348A1 (en) | 2014-03-10 | 2014-03-10 | STEEL MEASURING ELEMENT WITH HARDENED EDGE ZONE |
DE102014204348 | 2014-03-10 | ||
DE102014204348.4 | 2014-03-10 |
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US20150253230A1 US20150253230A1 (en) | 2015-09-10 |
US9562838B2 true US9562838B2 (en) | 2017-02-07 |
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US14/221,167 Active 2034-12-09 US9562838B2 (en) | 2014-03-10 | 2014-03-20 | Measuring element made of steel with hardened edge zone |
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US (1) | US9562838B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN104913863B (en) |
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Cited By (1)
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US11047753B2 (en) | 2018-12-27 | 2021-06-29 | Therm-O-Disc, Incorporated | Pressure sensor assembly and method for manufacturing a pressure sensor assembly |
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DE102018003963A1 (en) * | 2018-05-17 | 2019-11-21 | Heinz Heller | Method for producing a Bourdon spring with process carrier |
CN114737117A (en) * | 2022-03-31 | 2022-07-12 | 广东潮艺金属实业有限公司 | High-hardness and high-rust-resistance stainless steel 316L and sintering process thereof |
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Also Published As
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CN104913863A (en) | 2015-09-16 |
US20150253230A1 (en) | 2015-09-10 |
DE102014204348A1 (en) | 2015-09-10 |
CN104913863B (en) | 2020-02-14 |
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