US916944A - Governing mechanism for elastic-fluid turbines. - Google Patents

Description

S. Z. DE FERRANTI.

' GOVERNING MEGHAHISM FOB. ELASTIC FLUID TURBINES.

APPLIUATION FILED APR. 11, 190B. 91 @QQ Q Patented Mar. 30, 1909.

12 SHEETS-SHEET l.

S. Z. DE PERRANTI. GOVERNING MECHANISM FOR ELASTIC FLUID TURBIIJES.

APPLICATION FILED APB..11, 1908. 91 944 Patented Mar. 30, 1909.

12 SHEETS-SEEET 2 S. Z. DE PERRANTI. GOVERNING MECHANISM FOR ELASTIC FLUID TURBINBS. APPLIOATION FILED APR.11, 1908.

91 @fi. Patented. Mar. 30, 1909 12 SHEETSSHEET 3.

ATWGW 25,.

f zmz wzi 56mm Z516 W S. Z. DE PERRANTI.

GOVERNING MECHANISM FOR ELASTIC FLUID TURBINES.

v APPLIUATION FILED APR. 11, 1908. 4%,,

Patented Mar. 30, 1909.

12 SHEBTSSKEET 4.

S. Z. DE FERRANTL GGVERNING MECHANISM FOR ELAS APPLICATION FILED A'FR, 12.

Z. DE FERRANTL awmmw maximum FOE ELASTIC FLUID TURBIHES.

APELIQATION FILED APR. 11, 1808- Patented Mar. 30, 1909.

12 SHEETS-SHEET 8.

Mama 4 .eSeZasm Zia? W wm .3. Zn GOVERNING MECHANISM FOR EL ASTIG FLUID TUBBINES. 1

DE FERHANTI.

APPLIOATIOI FILED APR 11, 190B.

Patented Mai 30, 909.

12 exams-44mm s I jnz/"ezzwr dezasmm wOww him 1$ S.'Z. DE PERRANTI.

GOVERNING MECHANISM FOR ELASTIC FLUID, TURBINES.

APPLICATION FILED APR.11, 1908. 91 6,944:

Patented Mar. 30, 1909.

12 SHEETS-QEEET 1 0.

S, Z. DE PERRANTL GOVERNING MECHANISM FOR ELASTIC FLUID TUBBINES,

APPLICATION FILED 11311.11, 190s.

Patented 31212239, 19%.

12 SHEETS-SHEET 1 A- wa i gm S. Z. DE FBRRANTI. GOVERNING MECHANISM FOR ELASTIC PLUID'TURBINES.

YAPPLIUATION FILED APR. 11, 1908. 921 6 94 3 Patented Mar. 30, 1909..

12 SHEETS-SHEET 12.

mt/ T mam? J mm Z.%]Zrzm valvesoasposed between the stages of the ex 'ansion and simultaneously operated.

FERRANTI, 'a'subject ,of the King of Great. I

. UNITED STATES PATENTOFFICE.

S EB-ASTIAN ZIANI DE FERltANTI, OF GRINDLEFORD, ENGLAND.

v GOVERNIN G NUBGHANISM FOR' ELA STIC FLUID 'JPURIBIBTES.

Specification of Letters Patent. Original application filed October 31, 1903, Serial No. 179,407. Divided and this application filed April 11, 1908.

Patented March 30 1909.

Serial No. 426,499.

To all wkm it may concern:

Be it known that I, SEBASTIAN ZLANI DE Britain and Ireland, and resident of Grindlford, in the county of Derby, C. -V. D.,-

En land, have invented certain new and use ul Improvements in Governing Mechanism for Elastic-Fluid Turbines, of which the following is a specification. My invention relates to the governing of multiple stage" elastic fluid turbines, and

more particularly to the kind ,known as isothermal wherein the temperature of the turbine is maintained practically uniform from end to end by means of reheaters disposed between the turbine stages.

Difficulties arise in'the governing of turbines of 'the hereinbefore described types.

'Mynew' methodof governing consists in maintaining the pressure in each stage practically constant, independent of the cork being done by the turbine.- To effect this, in a multiple stage impact turbine I either control simultaneously the number of jets operating at each stageo'f the turbine 1' from inlet to exhaust, or I eontrol the areas of these jets simultaneously in such a way asnot to interfere with their action by causing asteful e'ddies- I- also mechanically "connect the controlling devices correspon '-'ing, to each stage so that all act simultaneously pnder the control of a mechanical.

' power or electrical governor of any suitable type.

In cases in which I einploy,'instead of the impact type of turbine, a reaction turbine, in which the fall of pressure takes place more or less in thgbuckets or'passages of the moving elements, I maintain the pressure at each stagefof the compound turbine for governing purposes by means of throttle however, considerable ranges of have to be dealt with to maintain the economy at light loads I apply the principle {of puff, governing or governing by blasts, that isto say I. arrange quick opening valves E to deliver steam to each section of the turbine irr-periodical blasts, similar valves of suitable" area being provided for each stage of-the expansion, and -I further couple the operatin all these valves so that they act prefer-a 1y simultaneously under the control of a mechanical or electrical governor of any well known type.

My invention differs from the puff "overning or governing by blasts, as used heretofore in providing puff governing atseveral stages or sections at which stages or sections the steam pressure is kept ractically constant irrespective of load. i may apply my invent-ion for example by providing intermittent governed admission from each rehea-ter to each turbine element.

Referring now to the accompanying drawings:-Figure 1 shows .a longitudinal section of the turbine as a whole. Fig. 2 is, as regards its left hand half, a. sectionon the line A B of Fig. 1 and-as regards its right hand half, a section on the line C D E F of the same figure. Fig. 3 is an elevation, half in section, of a form of centrifugal governor. Figs. 4 and 5 are elevation and plan respectinely of the gear intermediate between th governorand relay cylinder'while Fig. 6 is a section through the control valve; .Fig. 7 shows an end view of parts of the governing gear looking on the high pressure end of the turbine, Fig. 8 is a correspondin side elevation but with many of the parts s own in the previous figure omitted for clearness; Fig. 9 1s an elevation of the cam ring and Fig.'10 a sectional development of the same the total length of the developed ring being divided into three sections for convenience in drawing. Fig. 11 is, as to its left hand half, a section through a modified form of turbine, and, as to its right hand half, a similar sect-ion through a different plane, of the same. Fig.

12 is a section through the valve chests taken, 'on the line A-A of Fig. 11. Fig. 13 is an end view of the .high pressure end of the turbine showing part of the governing gear. Figs.

14 and 15 areelevation and plan respec-- tively-of a general arrangement of.pul f-govcrning gear. Figs. 16, 17 and- 18 are views showing the action ofthe gear andFigs. 19 and 20 detail views of thelevers on which the eccentric spindle is journaled.

According to one modification of my invention, I take, for'exam ple, a turbine as shown in Figs. 1 and 2" wherein the casing is constructed of a number of sections 18, bolted steam tight to each other in such a manner as to provide a set of chambers 9-16, in which. the. turbine wheels revolve.

The passage of the am is as foilows:-- Entering 9 at high (pressure it passes to an annular space Qa'ri isdistribhted by valve 9, to the heel chambt 9. It then exhausts through 9 to'a relieater by "way of 9 and 9 and afterward enters the next section, and

finally exhaustsnit-"W. In the particular turbine shownythere is no reheaterbetween, sections 9 and 10. -'l he piston valves Ql lQfi controlling corresponding parts a, inthe different sections.areallinqunted on one spindle V rsuch as 13 ,1

described above ,llaving nine s'ets of valves but it will be evident that by obvious mechanical alterations such a-gear can be applied to a similar turbine having any number.

of sets of valves. 'ihe broad scheme according to which the governing gear is constructed according to this form, was follows :-A gov ernor driven by gearing from, the turbine shaftoperates;a-eontrolvalye, admitting oil undc pressure, above-or below a relay piston which in turn movesaeam ring and operates the steam valves ot theturbine. I

lteierring to Figs. 3 to 10, Fig. 3 shows a suitable form of centrifugal governor, weighted arms, 19, being driven by gcar,-20,

from the turbine shaft the necessary force controlling. the outward movement of the arms, 19, is-supplied by the s )ring,.'2l.. It

' will be seen that the action 0 '.-the governor as .wholeis to-raise or lower the rod, 22; -.=l.assing now.to,l?1gs. 4.and.,5, the rod, 22, is .pivotally connected to-the cylindrical ele inent, 23, .ofxa dash-pot which in turn is similarlyconnected to a lever,- 24, lulcrumed on the bracket, 25; this bracket, according to the form illustrated is secured to the control valve casing, 26, which itself may be conveniently carried on the bracket, 27, projecting from the governor casino. A prolongation of the level, 24, serves-ior the attachment of a spring, 2b, the strength of which may beadjustedby the serew, 29, and nut,

movements imparted to. it by the governor, operates the control valve, 3'1, (see Fig. 6); The control valve chest is divided into two parts 52 and 33, the former being connected to a reservoir of oil under pressure while the latter is connected to the oil exhaust. These connections are shown in Fig. 4'ol the drawmaterially in i' I. if H i v k Ill of govern-fing- -gear suitable fora turbnioof the nature LlJIlIO POSllLlOII in the ting...

'lI-he lever, 24,; in :alceord ance with the,

Ti icse pipesone end of the lever, 4il;--'bonveniently fulerumed on a bracket fixed fopthe governor, casing the other end' of the ever=beiiw connected to the piston element of the d'as 'i-pot.

It is found that the connecting of the re eypiston to thepliston of thedash-pot assists t e prevention of hunting. .It will be obvious thatthegear ust de-..

scribed niay be disposedin any convenient position the oil pipes, 34, 35, and the gearing, .20,between the turbine shaft and the gov ernor being arrangedaclcordingly.

The eam-rin'g, 3 9, fshouiii'in section inFig, 8, issdapted to turn on rollers, 42, carried by pillars, 43, fixed to the high ressure cover, 44, (see Figs. v1, 7, am 8); To the inside of the cam-ring are secured cam-pieces, 45, having'beveled ends, each cam-piece being adapted to engage with a roller, 46,

mounted on the end of one arm of a-double lever, 47, .i'ulerumed on a bracket, 48, the end of the other arm being connected to one-of the rods carrying the valves which serve to distribute steam to the different sections of the turbine. The relative positions oi' the cam pieces, 45, and rollers, 46, are such that the rollers are operated successively as the earn-ring, 39, turns thus .0 )ening (or closing) only one set of steam Va ves at a time. This is well .shown in Figs. 9 and 10. In the latter figure the opening surfaces of the cannpieces are indicated by crosses the full circles-showing the cai'ibi'ollersi, 46, when just about too )ei.'i successively the diljlerent seriesv of val while the dotted e.ircles'show,tlie positions of the cam rollers when all the valves have'been opened. 'lhe direction in which the cam ring moves to open the valves .is sh0wn by arrows in Fi s. 9 and 1 0' while the order in 106 which; the ca-rn rollrs are successively operated is indicated by the ltmnan numerals from 1 to 1X placed against them, the corresponding numerals. in 9 shoiving their To assist in the easy worl iing o l the valves a balance piston, 47, is fitted to each line ol valves (see Fig. 8) the areas (it the piston and piston rods being so adjusteq. as to give practically no resultant thrust along the line of valves; steam is supplied to the backs of all" the balance pistons by means oi the p pe, 48,

and couplings, 49.

1 part from the mechanism described above for automaticallyregulating the steam supply, handgear .may also he provided. 'l lusrn' ay preferably beoi the:dillerenthil -screu ,ty'p e sl own in. 1 ig.;;4 end-{according to l one-loi=in consists of a handwheel, 50, having :an internallythreaded. boss andzcollar, 51, to .1

prevent end motion-in the bracket,,52,. to gether with a second handwheeh 53, secured to a sleeve, 54 tnreaded both externally andv internally with. threads of difi'erent pitches and a threaded 106,55, linked to the cam- 13;

turbine 80 vesjioo venience,

1 shown in the draw ng.-

this purpose. #the same generalt ring, the different parts being arranged as By holding one handwheel and operating the other, it will be seen that both a coarse and a fine adjustment may be'given to the cam-ring.

Referring now to Figs. 11 to 13, a modified construction of turbine is illustrated, in

which the rinciple of puff governing or gov-' lasts is applied, 'the steam inlet ports being suitably arran The turbine illustrate is of pe as that already deerning by valves and scribed in etail an of the valve 0 embers, 56, 56", etc. disposed on each side of the turbine,the-

' at the high pressure end a valve is sometimes on one side only. Two .sets of' arranges} valves running the whole length of the turbine are shown, their action being controlled by the governor ear hereinafter to be described. Steam passes through assages, 68, etc. to the nozzles, 59, whic in the example are separately cast, and bolted to partitions 60. Exhaust outlets, 61,'61 &c. to the .-re heaters are shown. The valve, 57, for distributing steam to the first stage is, for conplaced at rightangles (see 1%) to the two main lines of'valves, its actio however, being in all respects essentially sifnilan.

The course of the. steam through the ture bine will, in view of the above remarks and the arrows on the drawings, be readily followed without further description.

According to one form-of overnin gear in which the rinciple of pull governmg or governing by lasts is embodied, as applied to the turbine jiist described, a cylinder, 62, (see Figs. 14 to 18) supported on any convenient bed-plate, 63, is arranged to operate a set of valves vadmittin steam to the different sections of the tur ine. A piston, 64, working in this cylinder, and piston-rod, 65, are connected, in the arrangement shown, to the lever, 66, keyed to the shaft, -67.- This shaft (see Fig. 13) passes across theend of the turbine, supported by suitable brackets, 68, and carries other levers, 69, each adapted to operate its respective line of valves. The valve, 57 which is placed for convenience at right angles to the main lines of valves, y means of the lever, 70,.ke ed to a vertical sh ft journaled in the brac (et, 72, also keyed to this 71, a second lever, shaft, being suitably connected to a point of one of the main valve spindles. An air buffer, 73, is preferably arranged on some ed for where possible the samereference letters haye beenused to denote .corresponding arts: Steam enters by way eaving the valve chests the extreme position shown at the right hand end of the cylinder and the line of the governing. by varying the number of from stage to stage.

suitable ortion of the mechanism to avoid shock. dmission of steamto the cylinder, 62, is controlled by the piston valve, 74, having through passages, the valve chest through the opening-7 6, and exhausts by the passage, '7 7. It will be ob-' vious thatother types of slide valve may be adopted. The valve, 74., is operated by an eccentric, 78, keyed to the shaft, 79, (see Figs. 19 and'20) a spur-wheel, 80, being also mounted on the shaft. The wheel, 80, gears with another spurheel, 81, mounted on the shaft, 82, carried in bearings, 83. 82 is driven means of gearing and the worm wheels 86 and 87.

such as the worms, 84, 85 The spur wheel and eccentric shaft, '79, is,journaled 75; the steam enters This shaft from the main turbine shaft by;

on the levers, 88, 89 securedtogether' by the bolts, 90, and turning loosely on the shaft,

82. The position of these levers iscontrolled acting through the lever,

by a governor, 91,

any convenient bracket 92 (fulcrumed on 93) and link, 94.

The operation of the mechanism is as follows :Supposing, while running normally, that the load-is removed, the speed of the turbine willincrease and the outward movement of the governor'balls will cause the position shown in the gear to assume then admit Fig. 16. .The valve, 74, can steam to the right hand side-of the only, the piston consequently beini, held in ft hand piston end of thefcylinder and the line of valves closed. The 0 posit'e case to this is shown in Fig. 17 -.wit full load. the governor balls ,will approach each other as nearlyas possible throwing the gear into the position shown. 76, is then such as to'admit steam to the only, the piston being held at ,the extreme valves being fully open. 'Insome intermediate state of working the eccentric shaft.

[willassumeits mid-position as shown in .bodily and causingthe steam to be admitte Although to the turbine in oils or'blasts. in the example illustrated the, number of puffs per minute is kept practically constant whilethe governing 1s accom ing the duration of the in may in a modified form of governing gear, this in such a manner as to accomplish lished by varyividual puffs, .,l

puffs'per minute while keepin -the duration that the ufls to the different stages need not necessarl y be simultaneous. so long as the f pressure at each stage is kept practically constant. by providing mtermrttent openings As an alternative arri-ngr-nient'l'niay'take a ii -imlmr ofturbines of the pres the steam pa with nitermm 7. In combination, a plurality of turbine turbine being pmvided with a pullingvalve lingthc passage-of the working fluid through actuated by a p ston moving in :vcyhnder said stages, each-line comprising a plurality;

and all the pistons being controlled bya of valvesmounted on a common spindle tosingle relay valve the-pulls to each turbine gether with means for automatically varying being thus practically simultaneous; i! the number of the operative lines of said with reference le -Figs. H'to l8.

again, the pulling valves to each separate valves. a

-' turbine iiaybe "inged in lines on spindles operated in "the' inaiinei" already described regulating the supply of working'fluid, com-1 S. In a turbine, means for automatically prising in combination, a plurality of lines of g This e'ase is'a division-of that filed October valves, running through the turbine parallel 15 31,1903, Serial Number: I 79,407 and which to its axis from end to end; a centrifugal govmatured into apatent July 7, 1908, #892,243. eriior driven by 'th e turbine; a control valve Having iiowdescrihcd myinvention what operated by saidgovernor; a relay cylinder I claim-as new and desire to secure by Letters I and piston actuated'by fluid under pressure Patent is: f

admitted bysaid control valve; a rotatable f i. In coii'iliination, a plurality of turbine ring carrying cam-segments, together with 8.

stages: valves controlling the flow of working plurality of rocking levers equal in number to Iluid through said stages; mechan cal interthelines of valves, the one end of each of said valve groups.

(:oi'i iecting means for grouping correspond-- said rocking levers carrying rollers adapted ing'val ve s in diilei'ent stages together; toto engage with said canisseginents and the getherjvith meanslor successively ope-ratingotherend being operatively connected to a line of said valves, substantially as described.

"Z.. Iii.'combination; a plurality'of turbine i- -9-. In .aturbine, means for automatically stagesavalves controlling the llow o tworking regulating the supply of working fluid, conifluid through said sta'ges; Hie/("lUtI11itl-:-11ite1- prising in combination a plurality of lines of 1 I connectingmeansforgrouping.correspond-P valves 1 runningthrough the turbine parallel ing valvesiIi -di Ierentstages together; a to its axis from end to end; a governor driven speed responsive device togetherwith:nieans by the turbine; a control valve operated by reacting-with said speed responsive device said governor; a relay cylinder and piston, for siiceessivelyoperatint: said val v' gi-bu s.- the latter being actuated by fluid under pres- 3. In eoiiibi nation, a plurality of turbine sur'e admitted by said control valve together chain'bei'syni'ea is for'eontrolling the flow of 5 working fluidithrough said eliambers;-i'iieans to operate thelincs of valves, substantially I ffoi mechanically?interconnecting .sa-idrnns as described. I trolling ineans in'sets', each set including con- 40 trolling ineans'standiiig'in'the same operativeiregulatingthe supply of working fluid, comwith means whereby saidrelay piston serves 1 0[ In a:turb.ine, means for automatically relation to different chambers-togetherwith prising in combination, a plurality of lines of means for successively operating said sets.

valves, running through the turbine parallel 4. In'combination, a plurality of turbine to its axis from end to'eud;.a centrifugal govchambe'rs; means for controlling the flow of ernor dnven by the turbine; a control valve working fluid through said chambers; .nieans operated by said governor; a relay cylinder for mechanically interconnecting said con and piston actuated by fluid under pressure trolling means in sets, each set including conadmitted by said control valve; a rotatable trolling nieans'staiid ngin the same operat ve ring carryingram-segments, together with relation to dillereiit chambers; a speed i'eapluralityof rocking levers equal in number @OspnlisiVB device together with means co' to the lines of valvealhe one end of each of acting with said speed responsivedevice for said rocking levers carrying rollers adapted successively op'erating said sets.

to engage with said mini-segments and the 5 In combination, a pluralityof'turbine ()tll0 '-6il(ll)(lllfl operalively connected to a stages; a plurality of spindles extending line of saidvalves, and said rain segments through a-plurality of said stages", a plurality being sodisposed that said line of valves are of valves on each of said spindles together successively operated, si'ihstantially as dewith means [or successively operating said scribed.

spindles.

In testimony whereof I alliX my signature 6. ln'f combination, n. plurality of turbine in presence of two witnesses.

stages; a"plurality of spindles extending SEBASTIAN ZlANl Dl'l FHRRANTI through a plurality of said stages; a plurality Witnesses; of valves on each of said spindles; a speed re- .liii'rii'nn J. PARK,

spon'sive device together with means co- OiiAs. N. DANI niis.

acting with said speed responsive device forlloiv ty i'e arranged so that successively operating said spindles.

throngli them successively hate i'e-hea'ters, each separate stages; a plurality of lines of valves control-

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