US8937899B2 - Amplify-and-forward relaying in communication systems - Google Patents

Amplify-and-forward relaying in communication systems Download PDF

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US8937899B2
US8937899B2 US13/110,285 US201113110285A US8937899B2 US 8937899 B2 US8937899 B2 US 8937899B2 US 201113110285 A US201113110285 A US 201113110285A US 8937899 B2 US8937899 B2 US 8937899B2
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station
wireless signal
base station
symbols
time slot
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Yuri C. B. SILVA
Pedro R. S. Lopes
Francisco R. P. CAVALCANTI
Peter Larsson
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Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
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Priority to BRPI1106984-8A priority patent/BRPI1106984A2/pt
Priority to PCT/SE2012/050427 priority patent/WO2012158090A1/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/14—Relay systems
    • H04B7/15—Active relay systems
    • H04B7/155—Ground-based stations
    • H04B7/15521—Ground-based stations combining by calculations packets received from different stations before transmitting the combined packets as part of network coding

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  • This application relates to wireless communication systems, and in particular to cellular radio telephone communication systems.
  • Bi-directional communication is considered, in which a Mobile Station (MS) and a Base Station (BS) communicate with each other through a Relay Station (RS).
  • MS Mobile Station
  • BS Base Station
  • RS Relay Station
  • FIG. 1 depicts a general system model of a wireless communication system 100 that includes a BS 110 having a plurality of antennas 112 , an RS 120 having another plurality of antennas 122 , and a plurality of MSs 130 - 1 , 130 - 2 , . . . , 130 -N.
  • Each of the N MSs has a single antenna.
  • the MSs, or users cannot connect directly to the BS, e.g., because they are in a situation of strong shadow fading, and so the MSs and BS use two-hop communication through the RS.
  • the artisan will recognize that a typical wireless network includes many base stations and can include many relay stations.
  • bi-directional relaying Assuming the availability of one or more relay stations within a cell that enable two-hop communication between MS/BS pairs, bi-directional relaying has appeared to be a way to improve system performance. Bi-directional relaying can make it possible to implement both downlink and uplink communication with the least amount of resources.
  • FIG. 2 schematically depicts one-way AF relaying transmission from a first node i to a second node j through the relay station r.
  • the nodes i, j can be any of the MSs 130 and the BS 110 .
  • the wireless signal transmitted by the node i is modified by passage through a communication channel to the relay station r according to the channel's impulse response h i,r .
  • the relay station r transmits a signal that can be denoted y r to the node j, and that signal is modified by passage through another communication channel to the node j according to the channel's impulse response h r,j . It will be understood that the reverse-direction communication from node j to node i will take two further time slots.
  • a problem with existing implementations of two-hop bi-directional communication in a network such as depicted in FIG. 1 is that the number of antennas required at the RS is exceedingly high, if simultaneous transmission of all MS-BS pairs is desired, or the time required to complete communication can be exceedingly long, if the MS-BS pairs are sequentially served.
  • an N-antenna BS and a 2N-antenna RS are required. Since it is desirable for an RS to be a low-cost version of a BS, an RS with so many more antennas than the BS can preclude use of relaying in practical networks.
  • This invention provides methods and apparatus for amplify-and-forward relay communication that enable simultaneous bi-directional communication between mobile stations and a base station via a relay station in a wireless cellular communication network.
  • the relay station and the base station can have substantially the same number of antennas, and the mobile stations and the base station are able to cancel their own known interference from their received signals.
  • a method in a node for a cellular communication system of relaying respective first wireless signals from a plurality of mobile stations to a base station and a second wireless signal from the base station to the plurality of mobile stations.
  • the method includes receiving the first and second wireless signals through at least two antennas in the node during a first time slot of two successive time slots, where each of the first wireless signals includes a respective symbol and the second wireless signals includes a plurality of symbols; generating respective estimates of the symbols in the first and second wireless signals received during the first time slot, including canceling interference between symbols based on respective first estimates of a channel characteristic of respective first communication channels between the mobile stations and the node and on a second estimate of a channel characteristic of a second communication channel between the base station and the node; generating a first relay signal based on the estimates of the symbols of the first wireless signals and a second relay signal based on the estimates of the plurality of symbols of the second wireless signal, including precoding the estimates of the symbols in the first and second wireless signals received during the first time slot by at least amplifying estimates by a gain factor and canceling interference between the symbols; providing the gain factor to the plurality of mobile stations; and providing the first estimates of the channel characteristic to the base station.
  • an apparatus for a relay station for a wireless communication network for relaying first wireless signals from mobile stations to a base station and a second wireless signal from the base station to the mobile stations.
  • the apparatus includes a receiver configured for receiving the first and second wireless signals through at least two antennas during a first time slot of two successive time slots, where each of the first wireless signals includes a respective symbol and the second wireless signals includes a plurality of symbols; a programmable control circuit configured for generating respective estimates of the symbols in the first and second wireless signals received during the first time slot by at least canceling interference between symbols based on respective first estimates of a channel characteristic of respective first communication channels between the mobile stations and the relay station and on a second estimate of a channel characteristic of a second communication channel between the base station and the relay station; the programmable control circuit being further configured for generating a first relay signal based on the estimates of the symbols of the first wireless signals and a second relay signal based on the estimates of the plurality of symbols of the second wireless signal by precoding
  • an apparatus for a mobile station for a wireless communication network in which a first wireless signal from the mobile station is relayed by a relay station to a base station and a second wireless signal from the base station is relayed by the relay station to the mobile station.
  • the apparatus includes an antenna for transmitting the first wireless signal during a first time slot of two successive time slots and for receiving the second wireless signal during a second time slot of the two successive time slots, where the first wireless signal includes an amplified symbol and the second wireless signal includes a plurality of symbols; a receiver configured for extracting information from a received second wireless signal; an electronic control circuit configured for determining, based on information extracted by the receiver, a gain factor of the relay station; for extracting a symbol intended for the mobile station from the second wireless signal; for generating a channel estimate of a communication channel between the mobile station and the relay station; for canceling self-interference from the symbol intended for the mobile station based on the gain factor and the channel estimate; and for generating the amplified symbol for the first wireless signal in a first time slot; and a transmitter configured for generating the first wireless signal including the amplified symbol.
  • a method in a mobile station for a wireless communication network in which a first wireless signal from the mobile station is relayed by a relay station to a base station and a second wireless signal from the base station is relayed by the relay station to the mobile station.
  • the method includes transmitting the first wireless signal during a first time slot of two successive time slots and receiving the second wireless signal during a second time slot of the two successive time slots, where the first wireless signal includes an amplified symbol and the second wireless signal includes a plurality of symbols; extracting information from a received second wireless signal; determining, based on information extracted, a gain factor of the relay station; extracting a symbol intended for the mobile station from the second wireless signal; generating a channel estimate of a communication channel between the mobile station and the relay station; canceling self-interference from the symbol intended for the mobile station based on the gain factor and the channel estimate; and generating the amplified symbol for the first wireless signal in a first time slot.
  • an apparatus for a base station for a wireless communication network where a first wireless signal from the base station is relayed by a relay station to a plurality of mobile stations and a plurality of wireless signals from the plurality of mobile stations is relayed by the relay station in a second wireless signal to the base station.
  • the apparatus includes at least two antennas configured for transmitting the first wireless signal during a first time slot of two successive time slots and receiving the second wireless signal during a second time slot of the two successive time slots, where the first wireless signal includes a plurality of symbols, each intended for a respective mobile station; a receiver configured for extracting information from a received second wireless signal; an electronic control circuit configured for determining, based on information extracted by the receiver, respective channel estimates for communication channels between the relay station and the plurality of mobile stations; for generating respective precoded symbols for the plurality of mobile stations for the first wireless signal in the first time slot; and for canceling interference and self-interference between symbols in the received second wireless signal based on the respective channel estimates; and a transmitter configured for generating the first wireless signal including the precoded symbols.
  • a method in a base station for a wireless communication network where a first wireless signal from the base station is relayed by a relay station to a plurality of mobile stations and a plurality of wireless signals from the plurality of mobile stations is relayed by the relay station as a second wireless signal to the base station.
  • the method includes transmitting the first wireless signal during a first time slot of two successive time slots and receiving the second wireless signal during a second time slot of the two successive time slots, where the first wireless signal includes a plurality of symbols, each intended for a respective mobile station; extracting information from a received second wireless signal; determining, based on information extracted by the receiver, respective channel estimates for communication channels between the relay station and the plurality of mobile stations; generating respective precoded symbols for the plurality of mobile stations for the first wireless signal in the first time slot; canceling interference and self-interference between symbols in the received second wireless signal based on the respective channel estimates; and generating the first wireless signal including the precoded symbols.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a communication network with a relay station between a base station and mobile stations
  • FIG. 2 depicts one-way amplify-and-forward relay communication through channels between nodes in the communication network
  • FIG. 3 depicts two-way amplify-and-forward relay communication
  • FIGS. 4 , 5 , and 6 are plots of sum rate with respect to signal to noise ratio for simulations of different relaying algorithms and different numbers of users;
  • FIGS. 7A , 7 B, 7 C are flow charts of improved methods of amplify-and-forward relay communication.
  • FIGS. 8A , 8 B are block diagrams of nodes for a communication network.
  • This application focuses on examples in which there are multiple MSs, a single BS, and a single RS between the MSs and BS, but the artisan will understand this invention is not limited to such examples.
  • the examples described below are analyzed with a view to improving transmission efficiency, including Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) for multi-antenna relay stations and base stations.
  • MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
  • Linear transmit and receive processing matrices are derived for both the RS and BS, and it is shown that the numbers of antennas at the BS and RS can be substantially the same without reducing network capacity, closely matching the performance for low and high signal to noise ratios (SNRs) of conventional techniques that require the RS to have twice as many antennas as the BS.
  • SNRs signal to noise ratios
  • the AF relaying technique in which the received estimates of the data symbols are further transmitted without any attempt at decoding by the relay station, is considered by all algorithms described below. In spite of undesirable noise amplification that AF relaying can present, AF relaying can have good performance in many scenarios, with the benefit of lower implementation complexity than DF relaying techniques. In the following analyses, it is further assumed that each user (MS) has data to send to the BS, and that the BS has data to send to each user (MS).
  • a single frequency resource is considered, with the nodes' orthogonal transmissions separated in the temporal or spatial domains.
  • SNR signal-to-noise ratio
  • ⁇ u 2 , ⁇ r 2 and ⁇ b 2 denote the additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) variances of the users, RS, and BS, respectively
  • P u , P r , and P b denote the transmit power constraints of the users, RS, and BS, respectively.
  • a flat-fading channel is assumed, such that there is no inter-symbol interference, and the channel is considered to remain approximately constant for a period of time during which several symbols can be transmitted subject to different noise samples.
  • the channel is constant and symbol and noise are random variables, of which expected values can be determined.
  • a first algorithm corresponds to simple one-way AF relaying (see FIG. 2 ), where each transmission occupies a respective time slot.
  • the third algorithm assumes a two-antenna RS for performing interference cancellation.
  • the fourth algorithm corresponds to multi-way AF relaying, i.e., communication between multiple users and the BS takes place simultaneously, but requires a 2N-antenna RS and an N-antenna BS.
  • This simple case depicted in FIG. 2 corresponds to the sequential application of one-way AF relaying to each MS-BS pair. It requires a total amount of 4N time slots to complete the information exchange among all pairs of nodes.
  • y r represents a symbol received at the RS node r after a first time slot
  • y j represents a symbol received at node j after a following second time slot
  • h i,r represents the channel estimate for the channel between node i and the RS node r
  • s i,j represents a symbol sent from node i intended for node j
  • n represents the noise at a node
  • ⁇ r,j represents a positive real scalar that depends on the RS power constraint
  • h r,j represents the channel estimate for the channel between the RS node r and the node j.
  • reverse-direction communication for the user i requires two more time slots.
  • the RS has to forward the received symbol y r while satisfying its transmit power constraint, which is to say that E ⁇
  • 2 ⁇ P r .
  • ⁇ r , j P r P u ⁇ ⁇ h i , r ⁇ 2 + ⁇ r 2 Eq . ⁇ 4
  • Two-way AF relaying divides a transmission into two phases: a Multiple Access (MA) phase, in which a user and the base station transmit simultaneously to the RS, and a Broadcast (BC) phase, in which the RS transmits the combined signal to both the user (MS) and BS.
  • MA Multiple Access
  • BC Broadcast
  • this procedure is sequentially applied to all users, a total of 2N time slots are required, which is half the resources required by one-way AF relaying.
  • Two-way AF relaying is a superposition-based AF scheme that is also called Bi-Directional Amplification of Throughput (BAT) relaying and is described in the above-cited publication by Popovski et al.
  • BAT Bi-Directional Amplification of Throughput
  • each receiving node should be capable of subtracting its own interference. This is similar to the DF scheme employing network coding described in the above-cited publication by Larsson et al., but instead of combining decoded packets, the actual symbols are superimposed.
  • FIG. 3 schematically depicts two-way AF relaying between a user i and a base station b through the relay station r.
  • a wireless signal transmitted by the user i during a first time period, or slot typically includes one or more information symbols s i,b intended for the BS b.
  • the wireless signal transmitted by the user i is modified by passage through a communication channel to the relay station r according to the channel's impulse response h i,r .
  • the relay station r receives a wireless signal from the BS b that typically includes one or more information symbols s b,i intended for the user i.
  • the wireless signal transmitted by the BS b is modified by passage through another communication channel to the relay station r according to the channel's impulse response h b,r . Both transmitted signals are superposed on arrival at the RS r.
  • the RS r transmits a signal that can be denoted y r to the user i and the BS b, and that signal is modified by passage through respective communication channels to the user i and BS b according to the channels' respective impulse responses h i,r , h b,r .
  • the signal received at the user i can be denoted y i
  • the signal received at the BS b can be denoted y b .
  • y r represents a symbol received at the RS node in one time slot
  • h i,r represents the channel estimate for the channel between an MS node i and the RS node
  • s i,b represents a symbol sent from MS node i intended for the BS node b
  • h b,r represents the channel estimate for the channel between the BS node b and the RS node
  • s b,i represents a symbol sent from BS node b intended for the MS node i
  • n represents the noise at a node
  • ⁇ r represents a positive real scalar that depends on the RS power constraint
  • y i represents a symbol received at the MS node i in the following time slot
  • y b represents a symbol received at the BS node b in the following time slot.
  • the RS which does not have unlimited transmitter power, needs to constrain the transmit power of the combined symbols, such that E ⁇ r y r
  • 2 ⁇ P r , which leads to the following expression for the RS gain factor ⁇ r :
  • ⁇ r P r P u ⁇ ⁇ h i , r ⁇ 2 + P b ⁇ ⁇ h b , r ⁇ 2 + ⁇ r 2 Eq . ⁇ 10
  • ⁇ i y i ⁇ square root over ( P u ) ⁇ circumflex over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ circumflex over ( ⁇ r ) ⁇ h i,r 2 s i,b Eq. 12 in which ⁇ i represents an estimate of the symbol s b,i , and ⁇ circumflex over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ circumflex over ( ⁇ r ) ⁇ represents an estimate of the RS gain factor.
  • the only parameter that is not readily available at the user is the RS gain factor ⁇ r , and so the user must therefore generate the ⁇ circumflex over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ circumflex over ( ⁇ r ) ⁇ estimate, e.g., based on a previously signaled message having that value from the RS to all users.
  • ⁇ b , i P b ⁇ ⁇ r 2 ⁇ ⁇ h i , r ⁇ h b , r ⁇ 2 P u ⁇ ( ⁇ r - ) 2 ⁇ ⁇ h i , r 2 ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ r 2 + ⁇ r 2 ⁇ ⁇ h i , r ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ r 2 + ⁇ i 2 Eq . ⁇ 13 and the other SNR of the equivalent transmission from the MS to the BS can be written analogously as follows:
  • ⁇ i , b P u ⁇ ⁇ r 2 ⁇ ⁇ h i , r ⁇ h b , r ⁇ 2 P b ⁇ ( ⁇ r - ) 2 ⁇ ⁇ h b , r 2 ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ r 2 + ⁇ r 2 ⁇ ⁇ h b , r ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ r 2 + ⁇ b 2 Eq . ⁇ 14
  • the sum rate is thus given by the following:
  • This technique is similar to single-antenna two-way AF relaying in that the communication between each MS-BS pair takes two time slots, the pairs are processed sequentially, and there are MA and BC phases. Nevertheless, there are two main differences: the RS has two antennas, and the RS performs both receive and transmit processing to spatially cancel the interference between the concurrent data symbols.
  • Previous analyses of this scheme such as that described in the above-cited publication by Unger et al., are similar to the following analysis.
  • H i ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 be a two-by-two matrix of channel estimates, in which the rows represent the RS antenna elements and the columns represent a user i (an MS) and the BS. Also let D ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 be a two-by-two matrix that represents receive processing in the RS during the MA phase, and let M ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 be a two-by-two matrix that represents transmit processing in the RS during the BC phase.
  • the matrix form analogous to Eqs. 8 and 9 is the following:
  • multi-way relaying reduces the number of required resources to only two time slots by considering the whole group of nodes as an equivalent MIMO system.
  • On one side are the antenna elements of the RS and on the other side there is a group that includes the single-antenna MSs and the multi-antenna BS.
  • the BS In order to allow complete diagonalization, the BS must have as many antenna elements as there are MSs, so that there is one BS antenna for each MS signal. If there are N MSs, then the BS must have N antenna elements.
  • the RS must be capable of receiving all of the MS and BS signals simultaneously in the MA phase, which requires the RS to have at least 2N antenna elements.
  • H ⁇ 2N ⁇ 2N be a 2N-by-2N matrix of channel estimates, in which the rows represent the RS antenna elements and the columns represent a user i (an MS) and the BS.
  • D ⁇ 2N ⁇ 2N be a 2N-by-2N matrix that represents receive processing in the RS during the MA phase
  • M ⁇ 2N ⁇ 2N be a 2N-by-2N matrix that represents precoding (transmit) processing in the RS during the BC phase.
  • the matrix form of the system equations analogous to Eqs. 8, 9 and 16, 17 is the following:
  • the receive and transmit processing matrices D, M of the RS are given by the following:
  • Previous approaches to multi-way relaying as described above can reduce the time resources required for bi-directional communication between multiple MSs and a BS, but only at a cost of requiring a large number of antennas, especially at the RS, which requires double the number of antennas of the BS. It is preferable that the RS be a low-cost version of a BS, and so the above-described previous relaying techniques cannot provide a low-cost RS for a practical communication network.
  • the inventors have recognized that it is possible to provide multi-way relaying with an RS having a number of antenna elements that is substantially the same as the number of antenna elements at the BS by using bi-directional throughput amplification (BAT) and superposition of signals, leaving to the MS and BS nodes the task of canceling their self-interference.
  • BAT bi-directional throughput amplification
  • QR decomposition, or QR factorization of a matrix is generally a decomposition of the matrix into an orthogonal matrix and an upper triangular matrix.
  • N single-antenna MSs there are N single-antenna MSs, a single N-antenna RS, and a single N-antenna BS.
  • the BS also performs transmit and receive processing in order to aid the RS in the task of handling the interference.
  • That block matrix should contain N-dimensional diagonal blocks, such that:
  • a suitable block matrix can be obtained from the separate BC and MA phases as follows, considering that:
  • the MIMO transceiver matrices in the MA phase can be determined.
  • the symbols transmitted by the MSs and by the BS are precoded by a matrix M (1) ⁇ 2N ⁇ 2N , which is a 2N-by-2N matrix. Since the users are independent, the matrix M (1) must have the following block-diagonal structure:
  • M ( 1 ) [ P u ⁇ I N 0 0 ⁇ b ⁇ M b ] Eq . ⁇ 43 in which M b ⁇ 2N ⁇ 2N is the precoding (transmit processing) matrix of the BS.
  • M b ⁇ 2N ⁇ 2N is the precoding (transmit processing) matrix of the BS.
  • the BS can perform linear precoding on all N of its symbols, and so the transmit processing (precoding) matrix M b of the BS is an N ⁇ N matrix.
  • the total transmit processing matrix M (1) in slot 1 has a block diagonal structure.
  • the upper-left block corresponds to an identity matrix scaled by the real scalar gain ⁇ square root over (P u ) ⁇ , where each element of the diagonal corresponds to the processing done at each user MS, which is merely amplify the signal.
  • the lower-right block corresponds to the processing (precoding) done at the BS, which is a full matrix denoted ⁇ b M b .
  • the receive processing matrix at the RS, D (1) ⁇ N ⁇ N matches the dimensions of M b .
  • the transceiver matrices of the MA phase can thus be summarized as follows:
  • the receive processing matrix D (2) ⁇ 2N ⁇ 2N which encompasses the processing done at the users and the BS, must have a block-diagonal structure as follows:
  • R s I 2N
  • the received symbol vector after the BC phase can be expanded by substituting Eqs. 45, 46, 49, and 50 into Eq. 38, which yields the following:
  • Eq . ⁇ 51 ⁇ r ⁇ [ P u ⁇ I N ⁇ b ⁇ I N P u ⁇ I N ⁇ b ⁇ I N ] ⁇ s + ⁇ r ⁇ [ H u - 1 H u - 1 ] ⁇ n r + [ n u H u T ⁇ H b - 1 , T ⁇ n b ] Eq . ⁇ 51 It will be appreciated that Eq. 51 is exactly what was intended to be achieved in Eq. 41, with blocks of identity matrices, scaled by real values, pre-multiplying the symbol vector.
  • h u,i denote the i-th row of the matrix H u ⁇ 1
  • h ub,i denote the i-th row of matrix H u T H b ⁇ 1,T .
  • the MS needs to know both the H u and H b channel matrices, as well as the power constraints P b and P r .
  • less signaling overhead is needed to signal the gain factor than to signal those parameters to the MSs.
  • An alternative to signaling the gain factor to an MS can be generating in the MS an estimate of the gain factor ⁇ r by averaging received signal values.
  • the BS which has been assumed to know both H u and H b and certainly knows at least its power constraint, can generate a good estimate of ⁇ r without needing the signaling overhead.
  • Eq. 54 refers to the i-th MS.
  • the vector h u corresponds to the i-th row of matrix H u ⁇ 1 , representing the respective row of the inverse communication channel between the MS and the RS.
  • the SNRs at each node can be written as follows:
  • the MW-ZF algorithm presented in the previous section assumes that all interference is canceled, except the self-interference of each node. Nevertheless, from the multi-antenna BS point-of-view, for each signal it wishes to receive from a user it is actually not necessary to spend energy in canceling BS signals, since they can all be considered as self-interference. From this reasoning, the constraints imposed by the MW-ZF algorithm can be relaxed in order to make the transmission more efficient.
  • the result of the spatial processing would be a block matrix such as
  • Eq. 60 in order to simplify the notation.
  • Eq. 60 has 3(N 2 ⁇ N) zero-forced entries, and thus should be equivalently energy efficient as the case in Eq. 59 with the advantage that Eq. 60 is actually feasible.
  • the BS can implement self-interference cancellation successively from the bottom to the top in Eq. 61 as follows. Beginning from the last row, since the BS knows its own s b,3 , it can decode s u,3 . Going up one row, since the BS knows its own s b,2 and s b,3 , as well as s u,3 from decoding the last row, it can decode s u,2 . Proceeding successively to the top, all user symbols can be decoded, thus demonstrating the feasibility of the triangular structure in Eqs. 60, 61. Next, how to obtain the triangular matrices is described.
  • D b ⁇ Q ⁇ 1 , only the triangular matrix T remains, which is what is desired.
  • the i-th signal received at the BS can be written as follows:
  • Eq . ⁇ 66 The first summation in Eq. 66 corresponds to the subtraction of the previously estimated user symbols (i.e., successive interference cancellation), and the second summation corresponds to the cancellation of the BS's own symbols (i.e., self-interference cancellation).
  • the SNR at the BS is given by the following:
  • This method is subject to the same restrictions as the previous algorithm, i.e., estimates of the real scalar value ⁇ r should be available at the MSs and BS, with the BS also requiring knowledge of the channels between the RS and the MSs in order to perform the receive processing.
  • An additional aspect is that, due to the successive interference cancellation at the BS, this method can be more sensitive to error propagation when user symbols are not adequately estimated at the BS.
  • FIGS. 4 , 5 , and 6 depict the simulated average sum rate C in bits/second/Hertz with respect to RS-BS SNR of the algorithms described above (i.e., Eqs. 7, 15, 24, 35, and 58) for 2, 3, and 4 users (MSs), respectively.
  • Eqs. 7, 15, 24, 35, and 58 2, 3, and 4 users
  • the 2-way ZF relaying algorithm with 2 antennas at the RS and 1 antenna at the BS (2-Way ZF (2,1)) is only slightly better than 2-way AF relaying with self-interference cancellation.
  • the latter can be better from a cost/performance trade-off point of view because it would have a lower cost in terms of computational power and hardware equipment for roughly the same performance.
  • the multi-way (M-Way) ZF relaying algorithms have better sum rate performances than the 1- and 2-way algorithms for moderate to high SNR values.
  • the performance gains come from the increased numbers of antennas at the BS and RS.
  • the multi-way algorithm with (2N,N) antennas reaches, as expected, the highest sum rates, but the performances of both improved multi-way (N,N) algorithms described above are not much lower, and the performances of all three even converge for high SNRs.
  • the improved multi-way ZF QR-based algorithm in particular, also matches the performance of the multi-way algorithm with (2N,N) antennas for low SNR values. This shows that a relay station can have half the usual number of antennas and still have generally good performance.
  • the QR-based algorithm Comparing the performances of the two improved multi-way (N,N) algorithms, it can be seen that the QR-based algorithm has better performance at low to moderate SNRs in comparison to the other algorithm, and the performance improvement is higher for larger numbers of users.
  • the QR-based algorithm can thus present a good performance/complexity trade-off as it incurs a cost of only a slightly more complex receive processing at the BS, i.e., a QR decomposition instead of a matrix inversion.
  • increasing the number of users from 2 ( FIG. 4 ) to 4 ( FIG. 6 ) in the simulations resulted in sum rate increases for both improved multi-way relaying algorithms due to the increased traffic load that circulated for the same amount of resources.
  • FIG. 7A is a flow chart of a method of relaying respective first wireless signals from a plurality of mobile stations to a base station and a second wireless signal from the base station to the mobile stations employing an improved relaying algorithm as described above.
  • the method can be implemented in a relay station in the base station's cell, for example.
  • the steps are linked to corresponding equations for the convenience of the reader.
  • the first and second wireless signals are received at the relay station through at least two antennas during a first time slot of two successive time slots.
  • Each of the first wireless signals includes a respective symbol and the second wireless signal includes a plurality of symbols.
  • the relay station generates a first relay signal based on estimates of the symbols of the first wireless signals and a second relay signal based on estimates of the plurality of symbols of the second wireless signal by the following steps.
  • the relay station In step 704 , the relay station generates respective channel estimates for the communication channels between the relay station and the mobile and base stations. In step 706 , the relay station generates respective estimates of the symbols in the first and second wireless signals received during the first time slot by applying its receive processing matrix to its received wireless signals. Generating the symbol estimates includes canceling (step 708 ; see Eq. 45) interference between symbols based on the respective channel estimates. In step 710 , the relay station suitably precodes the symbol estimates according to its transmit processing matrix (see Eq. 50), including amplifying the estimates by a predetermined gain factor that it provides either once or from time to time (step 712 ) at least to the MSs, and optionally to the BS. The relay station also provides (step 714 ) to the base station the respective channel estimates of the mobile station-relay station communication channels that the base station can use in its receive signal processing.
  • the relay station transmits the first and second relay signals through the at least two antennas during a second time slot of the two successive time slots.
  • FIG. 7B is a flow chart of an improved method of amplify-and-forward relay communication in a base station having a relay station in the base station's cell as described above.
  • the base station receives respective channel estimates for communication channels between the relay station and a plurality of mobile stations in the cell, and optionally receives an indication of the signal gain factor of the relay station.
  • the base station generates precoded symbols for the respective mobile stations that the base station intends to include in a wireless signal that the base station will transmit into the cell in a first time slot.
  • Step 724 relates to the lower right block of matrix M (1) in Eq. 46, which is a more complete expression than Eq. 43.
  • the base station transmits the wireless signal including the plurality of symbols into the cell, and thus to the relay station, in the first time slot.
  • the base station receives, in a second time slot that succeeds the first time slot, a relay signal transmitted by the relay station that is based on estimates by the relay station of a respective symbol transmitted by each mobile station in the first time slot.
  • the base station cancels interference and self-interference between symbols in the received relay signal based on the respective channel estimates in its receive signal processing.
  • Step 730 relates to the lower right block of matrix D (2) in Eq. 49 (interference cancellation) and Eq. 55 (self-interference cancellation).
  • FIG. 7C is a flow chart of an improved method of amplify-and-forward relay communication in a mobile station that can communicate with a base station through a relay station as described above.
  • the mobile station determines the signal gain factor of the relay station based on information in its received signal, e.g., an indication of the gain factor, or the H u and H b channel matrices and the P b and P r power constraints, or an average of its received signals.
  • the mobile station generates an amplified symbol that it intends to include in a wireless signal that the mobile station will transmit to the base station, and thus to the relay station, in a first time slot. As explained above in connection with Eq.
  • an MS symbol is not truly “precoded” but is simply amplified according to the available transmit power at the MS.
  • the mobile station transmits a wireless signal that includes the amplified (“precoded”) symbol in a first time slot.
  • the mobile station receives, in a second time slot that succeeds the first time slot, a relay signal transmitted by the relay station that is based on an estimate by the relay station of a respective symbol transmitted by the base station in the first time slot.
  • step 750 see Eq. 54
  • the mobile station cancels its self-interference between symbols in the received relay signal based on the gain factor and the channel estimate in its receive signal processing.
  • FIG. 8A is a block diagram of a portion of a network node 800 , such as a relay station, for relaying a first wireless signal from a mobile station to a base station and a second wireless signal from the base station to the mobile station employing the improved relaying methods described above.
  • a network node 800 such as a relay station
  • FIG. 8A can be combined and re-arranged in a variety of equivalent ways, and that many of the functions can be performed by one or more suitably programmed electronic digital signal processor circuits and other known electronic circuits.
  • connections among and information provided or exchanged by the functional blocks depicted in FIG. 8A can be altered in various ways to enable a relay station to implement other methods involved in its operation.
  • the node 800 is operated by a control processor 802 , which typically and advantageously is a suitably programmed digital signal processor circuit that provides and receives control and other signals from various devices in the node 800 .
  • the control processor 802 is shown exchanging information with a scheduler and selector 804 , which receives amplified symbol estimates to be transmitted to respective MSs and the BS during the broadcast phase from a suitable data generator 806 .
  • the scheduler and selector 804 can be configured to implement resource block and resource element scheduling and selection in an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access (E-UTRA), or Long Term Evolution (LTE), network, for example, and to implement code allocation in a UTRA network, such as a network using Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) and High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA), for example.
  • E-UTRA Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
  • HSPA High-Speed Packet Access
  • Information from the scheduler and selector 804 is provided to a modulator 808 that uses the information to generate a modulation signal suitable for the particular communication network.
  • the modulator 808 converts the information into modulation symbols that are provided to a suitable radio circuit 810 , which impresses the modulation symbols on one or more suitable carrier signals.
  • the modulator 808 in an LTE network is an orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) modulator, and the radio 810 impresses the modulation symbols on a number of OFDM subcarriers.
  • the radio circuit 810 generates a wireless signal that is transmitted through at least two antennas 812 , 814 .
  • Wireless signals transmitted by the MSs and BS are captured by the antennas 812 , 814 , and provided to the radio 810 and a demodulator 816 .
  • the artisan will understand that the same antenna can be used for transmission and reception, as is often done in a wireless communication networks.
  • FIG. 8B is a block diagram of an arrangement in an MS, or user equipment (UE), that can implement the improved relaying methods described above.
  • UE user equipment
  • FIG. 8B can be combined and re-arranged in a variety of equivalent ways, and that many of the functions can be performed by one or more suitably programmed digital signal processor circuits and other known electronic circuits.
  • connections among and information provided or exchanged by the functional blocks depicted in FIG. 8B can be altered in various ways to enable an MS to implement other methods involved in the operation of the MS.
  • an MS receives wireless signals through an antenna 852 and extracts information from the received signals with a suitable receiver (RX) 854 .
  • a suitable receiver (RX) 854 can include an indication of the gain factor of a relay station, and in that respect, a programmable electronic control circuit 856 is configured to implement an RS gain factor receiver 856 - 1 .
  • the control circuit 856 is further configured to implement a symbol generator 856 - 2 that generates a symbol that the MS intends to include in a wireless signal that the mobile station will transmit to the base station, and thus to the relay station, in a first time slot.
  • the symbol is provided to an encoder 857 that arranges the symbol for transmission in a wireless signal by a transmitter (TX) 859 via the antenna 852 in the first time slot.
  • TX transmitter
  • the mobile station also receives, in a second time slot that succeeds the first time slot, a relay signal transmitted by the relay station that is based on an estimate by the relay station of a respective symbol transmitted by the base station in the first time slot.
  • the control circuit 856 is further configured to implement a relayed signal receiver 856 - 3 that extracts the received symbol.
  • the control circuit 856 is further configured to implement an otherwise conventional channel estimator 856 - 4 that generates a channel estimate.
  • the RS gain factor, received symbol, and channel estimate are provided to a self-interference canceller 856 - 5 implemented by the control circuit 856 , and the resulting symbol is provided for further processing in the mobile station.
  • the arrangement 800 depicted in FIG. 8A also represents a portion of a base station employing the improved relaying methods described above.
  • the BS receives wireless signals through the antenna 812 , 814 and extracts information from the received signals with the radio 810 and demodulator 816 .
  • Such information can include indications of channel estimates of the communication channels between a relay station and a plurality of mobile stations, and optionally an indication of the gain factor of a relay station.
  • the programmable control processor circuit 802 is configured to implement an MS-RS channel estimate receiver.
  • control processor 802 is further configured to implement a precoded symbol generator that generates respective precoded symbols for the plurality of mobile stations that the BS intends to include in a wireless signal that the base station will transmit in a first time slot.
  • the precoded symbols are provided to the scheduler and selector 804 that arranges the symbols for transmission in a wireless signal by the modulator 808 and radio 810 via the antennas 812 , 814 in the first time slot.
  • the base station also receives, in a second time slot that succeeds the first time slot, a relay signal transmitted by the relay station that is based on estimates by the relay station of respective symbols transmitted by the plurality of mobile stations in the first time slot.
  • the control processor 802 is further configured to implement a relayed signal receiver that extracts the received symbols from the received wireless signal processed by the radio 810 and demodulator 816 .
  • the control processor 802 is further configured to implement an interference canceller that uses the MS-RS channel estimates and received, or computed, RS gain factor. The resulting symbols are provided for further processing in the base station.
  • a “computer-readable medium” can be any device that can contain, store, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction-execution system, apparatus, or device.
  • the computer-readable medium can be, for example but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device.
  • the computer-readable medium include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a RAM, a ROM, and an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory).
  • any such form may be referred to as “logic configured to” perform a described action, or alternatively as “logic that” performs a described action.
  • logic configured to
  • logic that performs a described action.

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
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  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
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US13/110,285 US8937899B2 (en) 2011-05-18 2011-05-18 Amplify-and-forward relaying in communication systems
BRPI1106984-8A BRPI1106984A2 (pt) 2011-05-18 2011-12-29 Método, em um nó, para um sistema de comunicação celular, aparelho para uma estação de retransmissão para uma rede de comunicação sem fio, aparelho para uma estação móvel para uma rede de comunicação sem fio, e, método, em uma estação móvel, para uma rede de comunicação sem fio
PCT/SE2012/050427 WO2012158090A1 (fr) 2011-05-18 2012-04-24 Relais avec amplification et acheminement améliorés dans des systèmes de communications
EP12723952.3A EP2710747A1 (fr) 2011-05-18 2012-04-24 Relais avec amplification et acheminement améliorés dans des systèmes de communications

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