US8896833B2 - Device and method for determining a piece of polarization information and polarimetric imaging device - Google Patents

Device and method for determining a piece of polarization information and polarimetric imaging device Download PDF

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Publication number
US8896833B2
US8896833B2 US13/144,519 US201013144519A US8896833B2 US 8896833 B2 US8896833 B2 US 8896833B2 US 201013144519 A US201013144519 A US 201013144519A US 8896833 B2 US8896833 B2 US 8896833B2
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light beam
polarimetric
waveguide
target sample
reflected light
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US20110292389A1 (en
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Dominique Pagnoux
Frédéric Louradour
Jérôme Desroches
Alain Barthelemy
Julien Brevier
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J4/00—Measuring polarisation of light
    • G01J4/04—Polarimeters using electric detection means
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
    • A61B5/0062—Arrangements for scanning
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/21—Polarisation-affecting properties
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
    • A61B5/0062—Arrangements for scanning
    • A61B5/0064—Body surface scanning
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/44—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the integumentary system, e.g. skin, hair or nails
    • A61B5/441—Skin evaluation, e.g. for skin disorder diagnosis
    • A61B5/442—Evaluating skin mechanical properties, e.g. elasticity, hardness, texture, wrinkle assessment
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
    • G01N21/8422—Investigating thin films, e.g. matrix isolation method
    • G01N2021/8438—Mutilayers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device and a method for determining a piece of polarisation information for a point of a target sample, as well as a polarimetric imaging device.
  • the invention relates to a determining device comprising:
  • Such a device for determining polarisation information provides information on the micro or nanostructure of target samples, and on their texture at the surface or slightly beneath the surface.
  • This polarisation information can be, for example, the phase shift or the degree of polarisation of the beam returned by the target sample.
  • This information is primarily used in the medical field for diagnosis, and in the field of microelectronics for characterizing single-layer or multi-layer thin films or for analyzing complex surfaces.
  • the polarisation information is obtained by reflecting a polarised light beam on a target sample.
  • Polarisation information for the target sample can be determined by analyzing the polarisation of the reflected beam.
  • This technique requires the use of a light beam with direct line of sight to and unencumbered space around the target area. It is not possible to measure polarisation information from an object situated in an area difficult to access, inside a cavity, or in an obscuring environment.
  • One goal of the invention is to overcome this disadvantage and provide a device for determining a piece of polarisation information which allows, among other things, analyzing target samples not accessible by a light beam with direct line of sight.
  • one object of the invention is the determining device mentioned above, comprising:
  • the invention enables the analysis of biological tissue structures such as collagen, in vivo, in situ, with no need for biopsy.
  • Another object of the invention is a polarimetric imaging device for generating a polarimetric image of a target sample, said imaging device comprising:
  • a last object of the invention is a method for determining a piece of polarisation information for a measurement point of a target sample, said method comprising the following steps:
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the determining device of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a graph representing the evolution over time of the perpendicular polarimetric component of the electric field as a function of the parallel polarimetric component
  • FIGS. 3 to 6 are schematic views of a polarimetric imaging device in four embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram of the steps in the method of the invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a polarimetric imaging device in a further embodiment of the invention.
  • the determining device 2 comprises a monochromatic light source 4 for emitting an incident light beam, a waveguide 6 for guiding the passage of an incident beam and a beam reflected by the target sample 8 , and a calculation means 9 for calculating the polarisation information based on the reflected beam recovered at the exit from the waveguide 6 .
  • the light beam is referred to as the “incident beam” for the entire path from the source 4 to the target sample 8 , and as the “reflected beam” for the entire path from the target sample 8 to the calculation means 9 .
  • upstream and downstream are defined in reference to the direction of the light beam.
  • the light source 4 is able to emit a rectilinearly polarised incident light beam in a predefined direction x.
  • This light source 4 is, for example, composed of a laser diode 10 , a polariser 12 , and a half-wave plate 14 .
  • the polariser 12 and the half-wave plate 14 are placed downstream from the laser diode if considering the direction of the incident beam. They are traversed by the beam emitted by the laser diode 10 .
  • the light source 4 may include a device intended to protect it from external reflections.
  • the determining device 2 comprises, between the light source 4 and the waveguide 6 , a beam splitter cube 16 as well as a system 18 for focusing the incident beam in the waveguide 6 .
  • the cube 16 is polarisation neutral. It only affects the intensity of the beam coming from the light source 4 and directed towards the waveguide 6 . It is able to modify the direction of the reflected beam in order to direct it towards the calculation means 9 .
  • the focus system 18 consists, for example, of a microscope objective or a convergent lens having a focal plane positioned at the entrance to the waveguide 6 .
  • the waveguide 6 guides the incident beam onto the target sample 8 , particularly when the target sample is positioned within a cavity or recess or even in the human body, where it cannot be reached by directly transmitting a light beam. It has one end 6 a called the proximal end, situated near the light source 4 and calculation means 9 , and another end 6 b called the distal end, intended to be placed near the target sample 8 .
  • the waveguide 6 consists of a single-mode optical fiber at the wavelength of the beam emitted by the light source 4 .
  • a means 19 for varying the birefringence of the waveguide 6 is assembled onto the waveguide 6 .
  • This means 19 has the effect of causing the polarisation of the beam passing through the waveguide to vary.
  • This variation means 19 consists, for example, of means able to cause the waveguide 6 to vibrate, means able to generate an electric field, or means able to cause the temperature or the pressure exerted on it to vary, in order to cause the polarisation of the beam exiting the waveguide 6 to vary over time.
  • the variation means 19 is connected to the calculation means 9 and is controlled by it.
  • Passage through the waveguide 6 modifies the incident beam so that it has two orthogonal polarimetric components E ⁇ I and E ⁇ I as it exits the waveguide 6 .
  • This modification is both due to the effect of the waveguide 6 birefringence and the effect of the polarisation variation means 19 .
  • the determining device 2 comprises, between the distal end 6 b and the target sample 8 , a first optical system 20 having the focal plane positioned at the opening in the distal end of the waveguide 6 , a polarisation rotation means 22 , and a second optical system 24 having the focal plane positioned at the target sample 8 .
  • the first optical system 20 collimates the incident beam.
  • the second optical system 24 focuses the incident beam on the measurement point of the target sample.
  • the reflected beam After reflection from the target sample 8 , the reflected beam is collimated by the second optical system 24 , passes through the rotation means 22 , and is focused by the first optical system 20 at the entrance to the distal part 6 b of the waveguide.
  • the rotation means 22 comprises a Faraday rotator. For medical applications, this rotator is miniaturized.
  • the rotator compensates for the effects of the waveguide 6 birefringence. For this purpose, it is able to rotate the two orthogonal polarimetric components E ⁇ I and E ⁇ I of the incident beam exiting the waveguide 6 by an angle of 45 degrees in a given direction of rotation to obtain two polarimetric components denoted E ⁇ IR and E ⁇ IR .
  • the direction of rotation is defined relative to a fixed reference point in the laboratory.
  • the Faraday rotator rotates two orthogonal polarimetric components of the reflected beam, denoted E ⁇ R and E ⁇ R , by a 45 degree angle in the same direction of rotation, to obtain two orthogonal polarimetric components denoted E ⁇ RR and E ⁇ RR .
  • the polarimetric components E ⁇ IR and E ⁇ IR of the incident beam downstream from the rotation means 22 are different from the polarimetric components E ⁇ R and E ⁇ R of the reflected beam upstream from the rotation means 24 .
  • the term downstream is defined in reference to the direction of the incident beam.
  • the term upstream is defined in reference to the direction of the reflected beam.
  • the waveguide 6 guides the reflected beam towards the focus system 18 .
  • the polarimetric components E ⁇ RR and E ⁇ RR issuing from the rotator 22 are again modified by the waveguide 6 and by the variation means 19 in a manner identical or at least similar to the modifications occurring during the travel towards the target sample 8 .
  • the determining device 2 additionally comprises a polarisation splitter cube 26 and two photodetectors 28 , 30 connected to the calculation means 9 .
  • the cube 26 separates a polarimetric component E ⁇ F oriented in the predefined direction x, meaning in the direction in which the light source 4 has polarised the incident beam, and a polarimetric component E ⁇ F orthogonal to it.
  • the parallel polarimetric component E ⁇ F and the orthogonal polarimetric component E ⁇ F of the reflected beam are respectively directed towards the photodetector 28 and the photodetector 30 .
  • the photodetectors 28 , 30 each deliver a photocurrent, referred to hereinafter as an electric signal, to the calculation means 9 .
  • the polarimetric components E ⁇ F and E ⁇ F vary over time with the variations in polarisation generated by the variation means 19 .
  • An example of the variation in the parallel polarimetric component E ⁇ F is represented in FIG. 2 for a target sample having a 90 degree phase difference between its proper axes.
  • the calculation means 9 are able to select the maximum value of the electric signal representing the parallel polarimetric component E ⁇ F as well as the corresponding value of the electric signal representing the perpendicular polarimetric component E ⁇ F , meaning the value measured at the same moment or in other words its minimum value.
  • the calculation means 9 are also able to select the minimum value of the electric signal representing the parallel polarimetric component E ⁇ F as well as the corresponding value of the electric signal representing the perpendicular polarimetric component E ⁇ F , meaning the value measured at the same moment or in other words its maximum value.
  • the maximum parallel polarimetric component is the polarimetric component E ⁇ 3 F .
  • the calculation means 9 are also able to calculate the phase shift ⁇ introduced between the proper axes of the target sample based on the following formula:
  • the waveguide 6 is a multi-mode optical fiber.
  • FIG. 3 represents a polarimetric imaging device 32 in a first embodiment of the invention.
  • the imaging device 32 is formed of a device 2 for determining a piece of polarisation information, as described above, equipped with a polarimetric image construction unit 34 and a scanning system 36 .
  • the construction unit 34 receives the values for the degree of polarisation of the beam and the phase shift values from several measurement points in the target sample 8 , and constructs two polarimetric images from these.
  • Each grayscale or each chrominance of a pixel in the first image represents the degree of polarisation associated with a measurement point of the target sample.
  • Each grayscale or each chrominance of a pixel in the second image represents the phase shift at a measurement point of the target sample.
  • the image construction unit 34 is synchronized with the scanning system 36 for this purpose.
  • the scanning system 36 is able to direct the incident beam towards several measurement points of the target sample 8 .
  • It is placed downstream from the waveguide 6 if considering the direction in which the incident beam travels. In particular, it is placed between the distal end 6 b of the waveguide and the first optical system 20 .
  • It consists, for example, of two mirrors which oscillate, one on a vertical axis, the other on a horizontal axis, at a frequency corresponding to the frequency at which images are constructed by the construction unit 34 . It is connected to the construction unit 34 by an electric wire 38 .
  • FIG. 4 represents a polarimetric imaging device 32 in a second embodiment of the invention. It is similar to the imaging device represented in FIG. 3 .
  • the waveguide 6 is replaced with several waveguides 40 , or with a multi-core optical fiber, and the scanning system 36 is placed upstream from the waveguides if considering the direction of the incident beam.
  • the scanning system 36 is able to direct the incident beam towards each waveguide in turn, such that the beam successively illuminates several measurement points of the target sample 8 .
  • the scanning system sequentially processes the reflected beam when it is received.
  • the construction unit 34 is synchronized with the scanning system 36 so that it can assign each item of polarisation information calculated by the calculation unit 9 to a corresponding position on the target sample 8 .
  • FIG. 5 represents a polarimetric imaging device 32 in a third embodiment of the invention. It is similar to the imaging device represented in FIG. 4 . However, the birefringence variation means 19 are replaced with a polarisation variation means 42 placed between the cube 16 and the scanning system 36 .
  • the polarisation variation means 42 consists, for example, of a polarisation scrambler or an arrangement of phase plates controlled by the calculation unit 9 .
  • the polarisation variation means 42 may also be used (in place of the birefringence variation means 19 ) in the determining device illustrated in FIG. 1 , as well as in the imaging devices illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 4 .
  • FIG. 6 represents a polarimetric imaging device 32 in a fourth embodiment of the invention. It is similar to the imaging device represented in FIG. 5 . However, the monochromatic light source is replaced by a polychromatic source 44 and the polarisation variation means 42 is eliminated.
  • the polychromatic source consists, for example, of a superluminescent diode. As the birefringence of the waveguides varies as a function of the wavelength of the beam passing through them, the variation in polarisation achieved previously by the variation means 19 or 42 is induced here by the passage of a beam of broadened spectrum through the waveguides.
  • the calculation means 9 is able to select the maximum value and the minimum value of the electric signal representative of the parallel polarimetric component E ⁇ F among the components of the electric field having different wavelengths.
  • the value of the perpendicular polarimetric component E ⁇ F having the same wavelength is selected for calculating the degree of polarisation and the phase shift.
  • the invention also concerns a method for determining a piece of polarisation information, illustrated in FIG. 7 .
  • the method begins with a step 46 of emitting a rectilinearly polarised incident light beam.
  • the incident beam is guided towards the measurement point of the target sample with the aid of the waveguide 6 .
  • a step 50 two orthogonal polarimetric components of the incident beam are rotated by a 45 degree angle by the Faraday rotator 22 .
  • the incident beam is retroreflected at the measurement point of the target sample.
  • a step 54 two orthogonal polarimetric components of the reflected beam are rotated by a 45 degree angle. Then the reflected beam is injected into the waveguide 6 by the optic system 20 .
  • the reflected beam is guided towards the calculation unit 9 by the same waveguide 6 .
  • the polarisation information for the measurement point of the target sample is calculated based on the reflected beam recovered at the exit from the waveguide 6 .
  • the phase shift provides, for example, information on the birefringence of the target sample while the degree of polarisation provides information on its capacity to depolarise light.
  • the determining device 2 or the polarimetric imaging device 32 comprise a first rotator 22 a placed only on the path of the incident beam between the distal part 40 b and the target sample 8 , and a second rotator 22 b placed only on the path of the reflected beam between the distal part 40 b and the target sample 8 .
  • the first rotator 22 a is capable of rotating the polarimetric components of the beam by an angle ⁇ .
  • the second rotator 22 b is capable of rotating the polarimetric components by an angle 90 ⁇ degrees, where ⁇ is between 0 and 90 degrees.
  • the incident beam is not perpendicular to the surface of the target sample.

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US13/144,519 2009-01-15 2010-01-15 Device and method for determining a piece of polarization information and polarimetric imaging device Active 2030-06-28 US8896833B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0950236 2009-01-15
FR0950236A FR2941047A1 (fr) 2009-01-15 2009-01-15 Dispositif et procede de determination d'une information de polarisation et imageur polarimetrique
FR0953402 2009-05-20
FR0953402A FR2941045B1 (fr) 2009-01-15 2009-05-20 Dispositif et procede de determination d'une information de polarisation et imageur polarimetrique
PCT/FR2010/050063 WO2010081999A1 (fr) 2009-01-15 2010-01-15 Dispositif et procede de determination d'une information de polarisation et imageur polarimetrique.

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EP (2) EP2376881A1 (fr)
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WO2011021168A1 (fr) * 2009-08-21 2011-02-24 Hopac (Proprietary) Limited Procédé et système facilitant l’accès à des informations financières
WO2012043402A1 (fr) 2010-09-30 2012-04-05 株式会社Ihi Four de graphitisation et procédé de production de graphite
FR2977033B1 (fr) 2011-06-23 2013-07-05 Univ Rennes Systeme et procede d'analyse par determination d'un caractere depolarisant ou dichroique d'un objet
EP2989441B1 (fr) * 2013-04-21 2019-01-02 Mobileodt Ltd Appareil d'imagerie de lumière polarisée et procédé associé de séparation de la lumière issue de la surface d'un échantillon et de ses couches les plus profondes
FR3018914B1 (fr) 2014-03-18 2016-05-06 Centre Nat Rech Scient Dispositif et methode de caracterisation polarimetrique deportee
CN105606221B (zh) * 2016-01-07 2018-02-23 湖南师范大学 一种波导型可调控检偏器
US11602143B2 (en) * 2019-09-17 2023-03-14 Carbon Autonomous Robotic Systems Inc. Autonomous laser weed eradication
FR3123122B1 (fr) 2021-05-20 2023-12-15 KAMAX Innovative Systems Dispositif de mesure d’informations polarimétriques et de fluorescence

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US8665436B2 (en) 2014-03-04
US20110273711A1 (en) 2011-11-10
EP2376882A1 (fr) 2011-10-19
EP2376882B1 (fr) 2021-08-11
WO2010082000A1 (fr) 2010-07-22
FR2941047A1 (fr) 2010-07-16
EP2376881A1 (fr) 2011-10-19
WO2010081999A1 (fr) 2010-07-22
US20110292389A1 (en) 2011-12-01
FR2941045B1 (fr) 2011-05-06
ES2896280T3 (es) 2022-02-24
FR2941048A1 (fr) 2010-07-16
FR2941048B1 (fr) 2016-08-05
FR2941045A1 (fr) 2010-07-16

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