US8496179B2 - Methods and apparatus for imaging bar code scanning - Google Patents
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- US8496179B2 US8496179B2 US12/570,016 US57001609A US8496179B2 US 8496179 B2 US8496179 B2 US 8496179B2 US 57001609 A US57001609 A US 57001609A US 8496179 B2 US8496179 B2 US 8496179B2
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- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/10544—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation by scanning of the records by radiation in the optical part of the electromagnetic spectrum
- G06K7/10712—Fixed beam scanning
- G06K7/10722—Photodetector array or CCD scanning
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/10544—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation by scanning of the records by radiation in the optical part of the electromagnetic spectrum
- G06K7/10821—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation by scanning of the records by radiation in the optical part of the electromagnetic spectrum further details of bar or optical code scanning devices
- G06K7/10851—Circuits for pulse shaping, amplifying, eliminating noise signals, checking the function of the sensing device
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to improved systems and techniques for bar code scanning. More particularly, the invention relates to improved systems and techniques for imaging bar code scanning including capturing data using imaging devices oriented such that the rows of data elements of the imaging device are nonorthogonal to preferred orientations for presentation of bar codes.
- Imaging bar code scanning is gaining increasing interest as a mechanism for bar code scanning. Imaging scanning allows for significant simplification of scanner design and construction by avoiding complex laser and optical components used in conventional bar code scanners.
- Imaging bar code scanners typically employ cameras which capture images with square or rectangular imaging devices arranged in one or more rows of data elements, or pixels, so that image information is distributed across a plurality of rows of data elements. Bar code information, that is, data indicating light and dark areas of a bar code image, appears in each of a plurality of rows across the array.
- Typical imaging bar code scanners often use imaging devices oriented such that the image of a bar code captured by an imaging device is orthogonal to the rows of pixels of the imaging device in a preferred orientation in which the bar code may be expected to be presented.
- An image captured by such a device is well adapted to processing if the lines and spaces of the bar code are orthogonal to the rows of pixels in the imaging device, but much less well adapted to processing if the lines and spaces are parallel to the rows of pixels.
- the present invention recognizes that prior art capture and processing of digital bar code images leads to a strong orientation preference for bar codes.
- An imaging device with horizontally oriented rows will yield good results if a bar code is presented in a vertical, or picket fence, orientation but poor results if the bar code is presented in a horizontal, or ladder, orientation.
- An imaging device with vertically oriented rows will yield good results if a bar code is presented in a ladder orientation, but poor results if the bar code is presented in a picket fence orientation.
- the present invention recognizes that a wide variety of bar codes exist, including small bar codes, and including bar codes whose smallest lines and spaces are small enough that a single pixel of an imaging device might be spanned by both a dark line and a white space.
- the invention recognizes that prior art imaging scanners typically experience a relatively shallow depth of field because objects being scanned are presented at a short distance from the imaging device, and a relatively wide camera aperture must be used to avoid a need for excessively bright illumination, which could result in operator discomfort.
- the present invention addresses such concerns, as well as others, by providing for a scanner employing one or more imaging devices oriented such that at least one imaging device will not be oriented such that its rows are parallel to a bar code.
- a scanner employing one or more imaging devices oriented such that at least one imaging device will not be oriented such that its rows are parallel to a bar code.
- two cameras are used.
- the cameras are oriented such that their imaging devices are orthogonal to one another. Such an orientation may be accomplished, for example, by orienting a first camera horizontally with respect to a scan window and a second camera vertically with respect to the scan window.
- a first imaging device may be oriented at +45° and a second imaging device may be oriented at ⁇ 45° with respect to the scan window.
- Such an orientation provides an effective magnification of a bar code presented vertically or horizontally, as described further below.
- a scanner according to an aspect of the present invention employs multiple cameras at staggered object distances.
- one or both cameras employs a rapid focus lens. Images taken from multiple cameras are used to determine a distance to the bar code and the knowledge of this distance is used to focus the lens.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a scanner according to an aspect of the present invention
- FIG. 2 illustrates details of a camera used in a scanner according to an aspect of the present invention
- FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate bar codes and rows of data taken from the bar codes according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a process of imaging bar code processing according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a bar code scanner 100 according to an aspect of the present invention.
- the components of the scanner 100 are shown in block diagram form.
- the scanner 100 includes a vertical scan window 102 and first and second cameras 104 A and 104 B. While a vertical scan window is shown here as illustrative, a horizontal scan window may be employed as an alternative or in addition to the horizontal scan window 102 .
- the cameras 104 A and 104 B are digital cameras including lenses 106 A and 106 B, and imaging devices 108 A and 108 B, respectively.
- the cameras 104 A and 104 E are oriented such that the imaging devices are at an angle to a preferred orientation for a bar code presented at the scan window 102 .
- a bar code in its preferred orientation of presentation will be presented in either a horizontal or vertical orientation, so the camera 104 A is oriented at an angle of +45° from horizontal, and the camera 104 B is oriented at an angle of ⁇ 45° from horizontal.
- the scanner 100 employs a camera control module 126 and a processing module 128 , residing in the storage 118 and transferred to memory 116 as needed for execution by the processor 114 .
- the camera control module 126 monitors the images being received by each of the imaging devices 108 A and 108 B, and the conditions affecting the cameras 104 A and 104 B, and directs appropriate actions by the cameras 104 A and 104 B, such as focusing and image capture.
- the camera control module 126 employs a rangefinding and focusing module 129 , used to determine the distance from one or both of the cameras 104 A and 104 B to a bar code and to focus one or both of the lenses 106 A and 106 B based on the distance determination.
- the processing module 128 employs a data shift module 130 , used to offset data captured by one or both of the imaging devices 108 A and 108 B so as to select rows of data which may not necessarily be captured in rows of pixels. Instead, for some relative orientations of a camera and a bar code, rows of data may span multiple rows of pixels.
- the processing module 128 analyzes the image to identify a bar code appearing in the image, and selects rows of pixels storing data intersecting the bar code. Data from the pixels is combined as needed to produce one or more rows of data fully transecting the bar code. The rows of data transecting the bar code are processed to generate a scan signal, and the scan signal is decoded to extract bar code information.
- the processing module 128 employs a partial data construction module 132 , and a data validity check module 134 .
- the processing module 128 also includes a bar code signal generating module 136 .
- FIG. 2 illustrates further details of the camera 104 A.
- the camera 104 E is not illustrated here, in order to avoid repetitive description, but may suitably operate in a way similar to that of the camera 104 A discussed below.
- the camera 104 A includes the imaging device 108 A, which may take the form of a charge coupled device (CCD), CMOS sensor device, or other suitable device.
- the imaging device 108 A comprises an array 202 of individual pixels, a horizontal register 204 , and a bus 206 .
- the array may comprise millions of pixels, each on the order of microns or tens of microns in width and height, but for simplicity, only a sample of 25 pixels arranged in rows 208 A- 208 E are illustrated here.
- the imaging device 108 A also suitably includes a power and electronics control package 210 . These elements may all reside on a single chip. When light strikes the imaging device 108 A, charges accumulate in the cells of the array 202 .
- the camera 104 A further comprises a processor 214 , memory 216 , and storage 218 , as well as a camera bus 220 .
- the camera bus 220 provides communication with the bus 122 of the scanner 100 .
- the processor 114 , memory 116 , and storage 118 are also illustrated here, communicating with the camera 104 A over the bus 122 .
- FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate horizontally and vertically presented bar codes superimposed with data captured by the cameras 104 A and 104 B. More particularly, FIG. 3A illustrates a bar code 302 presented horizontally with respect to a scan window such as the scan window 102 , and FIG. 3B illustrates a bar code 304 presented vertically with respect to the scan window.
- Lines 306 A- 306 C of FIG. 3A illustrate rows of data captured by the camera 104 A, with the imaging device 108 A at an angle of +45° with respect to the bar code 302
- lines 306 D- 306 F of FIG. 3A illustrate rows of data captured by the camera 104 B, with the imaging device 108 B at an angle of ⁇ 45° with respect to the bar code 302 .
- Lines 308 A- 308 C of FIG. 3B illustrate rows of data captured by the camera 104 A, with the imaging device 108 A at an angle of +45° with respect to the bar code 304
- lines 308 D- 308 F of FIG. 3B illustrate rows of data captured by the camera 10413 , with the imaging device 108 B at an angle of ⁇ 45° with respect to the bar code 304 . It can be seen that all of the rows of data captured by the imaging devices 108 A and 108 B transect all or parts of the bar codes 302 and 304 , generating substantial bar code data, even though none of the rows of data are orthogonal to the bar codes 302 and 304 , as the rows of data transect the bar codes diagonally.
- the light and dark intervals transected by the diagonal rows of data are of the same relative width as intervals transected by vertical rows of cells aligning with the bars and spaces of a horizontally presented bar code (a picket fence) as in FIG. 3A , or horizontal rows of cells aligning with the bars and spaces of a vertically presented bar code (a ladder) as in FIG. 3B , while providing an effective magnification of the intervals, as described in further detail below.
- the scanner 100 does not exhibit the strong orientation preference, along with preferential presentation, of prior art vertical and horizontal imaging scanners, and can relatively easily process both ladder and picket fence tags. It will be recognized that in many cases a single camera can process both a ladder and a picket fence bar code, and the use of two cameras provides additional data for processing.
- each bar code is transected by the rows of data captured by a single camera, and a combination of the data rows from each camera can be selected to provide data completely transecting the bar code utilizing bar code stitching in a known manner.
- the row 306 A of FIG. 3A includes data from the right edge of the bar code
- the row 306 C of FIG. 3C includes data from the left edge of the bar code. If two cameras oriented at plus and minus 45°, respectively, are employed, data from corresponding rows of pixels of each camera can be taken to provide data completely transecting the bar code.
- Line 306 A is taken from one row of pixels of camera 104 A and line 306 D is taken from the corresponding row of pixels of camera 104 B. Between them, the lines 306 A and 306 D completely transect the bar code 302 and if the data represented by the lines 306 A and 306 D is stitched together, a complete transection of the bar code 302 is achieved.
- the orientation of the cameras 104 A and 104 B so that they are not orthogonal to the typical preferred presentation orientations of bar codes provides additional advantages. If the rows of pixels of an imaging device are oriented at an angle with respect to the lines and spaces of the bar code, an effective magnification is achieved. As the angle moves away from a 90 degree angle, the effective width of the light and dark areas is effectively magnified by a factor of
- FIGS. 3C and 3D illustrate bar code images 312 and 314 , taken from bar codes presented at different orientations compared to the images 302 and 304 .
- the light and dark spaces are orthogonal to the lines 316 A- 316 C and parallel to the lines 316 D- 316 F.
- the light and dark spaces are parallel to the lines 318 A- 318 C and orthogonal to the lines 318 D- 318 F.
- each bar code is at an unfavorable orientation for one of the cameras, but because two separate cameras oriented orthogonally to one another are used, a bar code at an unfavorable location for one camera is at a highly favorable orientation for the other camera.
- the use of two cameras thus allows for substantial variation in the orientation at which bar codes are presented.
- One camera or the other is highly likely to be at a satisfactory orientation with respect to a bar code.
- the nonorthogonal orientation of the cameras 104 A and 104 B provides additional advantages.
- a nonorthogonal orientation of pixel rows with respect to a bar code results in the capture of different data for each pixel row.
- FIGS. 3A and 3C Compare FIGS. 3A and 3C .
- the lines 316 A and 316 B cross the dark area 320 , at equivalent points on the lines 316 A and 316 B.
- the image data for the dark area 320 is stored at corresponding pixels for each pixel row capturing data representing the lines 316 A and 316 B, and the lines 316 A and 316 B represent captures of similar or identical data at identical points along their extent.
- the lines 306 A and 306 B cross the dark area 310 at different points along the lines, so that data representing the dark area 310 is stored at pixels at different horizontal positions along the rows of pixels capturing data representing the rows 306 A and 306 B.
- the present invention takes advantage of this phenomenon in a number of ways. Many very small bar codes are now in use, with the width of the light and dark spaces of such small bar codes approaching the width of a pixel of an imaging device. If a pixel is overlapped by portions of a light and dark space, the pixel will capture the data as gray, and the presence of such invalid data may render a bar code unreadable. If an imaging device is orthogonal to a bar code, each row will capture similar or identical data and each row will be subject to the same problems. If a nonorthogonal orientation is used, however, such as is illustrated in FIG. 3A , each row of pixels will capture different data, with the rows exhibiting a shift of data with respect to one another. If one row captures data in which pixels overlap adjacent light and dark spaces, it is highly likely that other rows can be found in which this phenomenon is not present. With suitable data processing, the overlap can be filtered out and the accurate data employed.
- the processing module 128 operates to analyze data captured by one or both of the cameras 104 A and 104 B in order to construct data completely representing the light and dark spaces of a bar code.
- the processing module 128 employs the partial data construction module 132 to join data from rows of pixels partially transecting a bar code in order to form a line of data representing a complete transection of the bar code.
- the partial data construction module 132 recognizes indicia indicating the beginning and end of a bar code and selects from one row of pixels data including the beginning of a bar code.
- the partial data construction module 132 selects from a different row of pixels data including the end of the bar code.
- the partial data construction module 132 then joins the data from the two rows, with joining being accomplished by identifying portions of row of pixels in which data overlaps with data from the other row of pixels.
- One convenient mechanism that the partial data construction module 132 may employ is to select data from corresponding rows of pixels from the camera 104 A and the camera 104 B, because in many cases such data can be expected to combine to yield data completely transecting the bar code.
- the processing module 128 further employs the data validity check module 134 .
- the data validity check module 134 examines pixels for a selected row to determine if more than a predetermined number of pixels are storing invalid data, such as gray resulting from an overlap of the pixel onto a dark and light space. If more than the predetermined number of pixels is found, the data validity check module 134 directs the processing module 128 to reject the row, and another row is selected and analyzed.
- one or more rows of data are passed to the signal generating module 136 .
- the signal generating module 136 analyzes the light and dark spaces of the rows of data to generate a scan signal, and the decoding module 138 processes the scan signal to extract bar code information.
- the bar code information is then passed to the scanner interface 123 for use by a checkout terminal or other device with which the scanner 100 is used.
- the line 306 A of FIG. 3A need not necessarily be taken from a row of adjacent pixels.
- the array 202 of FIG. 2 is a two dimensional array, and an image of a bar code may be captured by the image 202 in any of a number of different orientations. For example, if the bar code 302 is orthogonal to an imaging device, the pixels of the imaging device will capture rows of data that orthogonally transect the bar code. However, it is possible to select pixels that are not oriented orthogonally to the bar code.
- a row of data transecting a bar code diagonally may be constructed by selecting pixels that are diagonally arranged across an array of an imaging device.
- the processing module 128 may therefore employ the data shift module 129 to apply predetermined data shifts to captured images, in order to provide for additional perspectives for examining the data. Rows of data constructed using such data shifts are combined and processed as needed to provide bar code information.
- the use of multiple cameras provides for the ability to capture more rows of data from a different perspective than can be captured by a single camera, and provides for greater simplicity and assurance in capturing data suitable for decoding.
- the use of separate cameras provides mechanisms for increasing the depth of field of scanners such as the scanner 100 .
- the cameras 104 A and 104 E may be configured so that they provide staggered depth of field, with the first camera providing acceptable focus at greater distances and the second camera providing acceptable focus at lesser distances. Such differences in depth of field may be provided by choosing cameras set at different focal points.
- the imaging devices 108 A and 108 B may be placed at different distances behind the lenses 106 A and 106 B, respectively.
- the imaging device 108 A would be placed 6.25 mm behind the lens 106 A
- the imaging device 108 B would be placed 6.302 mm behind the lens 106 B.
- the depth of field is based on the size of an acceptable blur point.
- a point object at the focusing distance of a camera will produce a point image, and an object in front of or behind this focusing distance will produce a blur spot, with the blur spot increasing in diameter as the distance of the object diverges more and more from the focusing distance.
- the depth of field is a range bounded by the minimum and maximum distances at which the blur spot diameters are acceptably small.
- the acceptable blur spot size is determined by the size of the minimum module, that is, the minimum light or dark bar code area, in a bar code to be decoded, and the pixel size of the imaging device being used.
- a barcode may have a minimum module width of 6 mils, or 150 um.
- an improved depth of field could be provided by configuring the cameras 104 A and 104 B so that the camera 104 A was focused at an object distance of 157 mm and the camera 104 E was focused at an object distance of 143 mm. Both cameras will provide acceptable focus for an object at a distance of 150 mm, and one camera or the other will provide acceptable focus at all distances between 136 min and 164 mm.
- cameras such as the cameras 104 A and 104 B can be used to allow for binocular rangefinding in order to determine a distance to a bar code. Knowledge of the distance can then be used to adjust a lens such as a rapid focus lens used by one or both of the cameras 104 A and 104 B.
- a lens such as a rapid focus lens used by one or both of the cameras 104 A and 104 B.
- the camera control module 126 therefore invokes the rangefinding and focusing module 130 to identify a feature of an image appearing in each camera and to evaluate the images to determine the offset between the feature from image to image.
- the position of the feature on the imaging device of each camera is determined, and the angle from the feature its image in the imaging device is determined for each camera.
- the angles and the known distance between cameras are used to determine the distance from each camera to the feature.
- the rangefinding and focusing module 130 then uses the range to focus one or both of the lenses 106 A and 106 B.
- the camera control module 126 then directs one or both of the cameras 104 A and 104 B to capture and store an image, and the image is then processed by the processing module 128 .
- FIG. 4 illustrates the steps of a process 400 of image bar code processing according to an aspect of the present invention.
- the process 400 may be carried out using a scanner such as the scanner 100 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 and discussed above.
- a scanner such as the scanner 100 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 and discussed above.
- binocular rangefinding is carried out by dual cameras within the scanner to determine a distance between the bar code and imaging devices of one or both of the cameras.
- the distance information is used to focus one or more variable focus lenses.
- image data representing the bar code is stored in the imaging devices, with the data being stored in rows of data elements arranged in arrays in the imaging devices.
- the imaging devices are preferably oriented such that they are nonorthogonal to preferred presentations of a bar code.
- Advantageous orientations that may be used include +45° or ⁇ 45° if a single camera is used, or if two cameras are used, +45° for one camera and ⁇ 45° for the other camera. While in the examples discussed, one or two cameras are employed, it will be recognized that additional cameras may be used if such an addition is cost effective.
- data from selected data elements is analyzed.
- the selected data elements may suitably be selected rows of data elements.
- Analysis may include the combining of data to produce rows of data completely transecting the bar code, and may be accomplished, for example, by examining and combining data from multiple rows of pixels from one imaging device, or by examining and combining corresponding rows of pixels from two imaging devices. Analysis may further include examining rows of pixels for valid data and if excessive invalid data is found, selecting alternative rows.
- data elements may be selected across rows.
- desirable sequences of bar code data may span multiple rows.
- a bar code may be presented orthogonally to the imaging device and it may be desired to capture a row of data transecting the bar code diagonally.
- Selection of data elements may therefore include examining sequences of data elements in multiple directions and selecting sequences that provide for efficient processing.
- one or more rows of data representing dark and light spaces across a complete transection of the bar code are processed to generate a scan signal, and at step 412 , the scan signal is processed to extract bar code data.
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Abstract
Description
where α is the angle. Thus at an angle of 45°, the effective magnification is a factor of 1.4. This phenomenon is made clear by an examination of the geometry of the orthogonal versus angled transection of the bar code. For example, consider the transection of the
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CN103544462B (en) * | 2013-09-27 | 2019-04-05 | 季争鸣 | A kind of bar code and its application with selection answering function |
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