US8161184B2 - Method and apparatus for facilitating long-lived DNS queries - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for facilitating long-lived DNS queries Download PDF

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Publication number
US8161184B2
US8161184B2 US10/877,518 US87751804A US8161184B2 US 8161184 B2 US8161184 B2 US 8161184B2 US 87751804 A US87751804 A US 87751804A US 8161184 B2 US8161184 B2 US 8161184B2
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llq
client
response
dns server
receiving
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US20060010224A1 (en
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Kiren R. Sekar
Stuart D. Cheshire
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Apple Inc
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Apple Inc
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Assigned to APPLE COMPUTER, INC. reassignment APPLE COMPUTER, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHESHIRE, STUART D., SEKAR, KIREN R.
Priority to US10/877,518 priority Critical patent/US8161184B2/en
Priority to DE602005014106T priority patent/DE602005014106D1/de
Priority to EP05713326A priority patent/EP1759517B1/en
Priority to AU2005267597A priority patent/AU2005267597B2/en
Priority to PCT/US2005/004305 priority patent/WO2006011909A1/en
Priority to CA2562639A priority patent/CA2562639C/en
Priority to AT05713326T priority patent/ATE429771T1/de
Priority to JP2007507311A priority patent/JP4594380B2/ja
Publication of US20060010224A1 publication Critical patent/US20060010224A1/en
Assigned to APPLE INC. reassignment APPLE INC. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: APPLE COMPUTER, INC.
Priority to HK07107333.4A priority patent/HK1102948A1/xx
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/38—Payment protocols; Details thereof
    • G06Q20/382—Payment protocols; Details thereof insuring higher security of transaction
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L61/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
    • H04L61/45—Network directories; Name-to-address mapping
    • H04L61/4505—Network directories; Name-to-address mapping using standardised directories; using standardised directory access protocols
    • H04L61/4511—Network directories; Name-to-address mapping using standardised directories; using standardised directory access protocols using domain name system [DNS]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L61/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
    • H04L61/45—Network directories; Name-to-address mapping
    • H04L61/4541—Directories for service discovery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/51—Discovery or management thereof, e.g. service location protocol [SLP] or web services

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to computer networks. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus that facilitates long-lived domain name system (DNS) queries.
  • DNS domain name system
  • a client it is presently common for a client to use a variety of services over a network. For example, a computer running Apple's iPhotoTM may share another computer's iPhotoTM album over a network.
  • a service over a network One prerequisite for using a service over a network is that, prior to using the service, a client needs to identify a specific instance of that service, for example by obtaining the service's host address and port number. It is therefore important for a client to obtain and maintain accurate and updated information for services in a network.
  • DNS domain name system
  • IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
  • RRC Request for Comments
  • a traditional DNS query is “one-shot”—a name server answers a query only once, and returns only results available at that moment.
  • a client queries a name server it only obtains information for a service instance at a specific point in time.
  • a client has to periodically poll the name server. This solution has drawbacks, because a low polling rate can leave the client with stale information, and a high polling rate can have an adverse impact on network and server performance.
  • One embodiment of the present invention provides a system that implements a long-lived query (LLQ) at a name server.
  • the system receives an LLQ from a client at the name server, wherein the LLQ requests information related to one or more data items stored on the name server.
  • the system informs the client of updates to the one or more data items.
  • receiving the LLQ involves a two-way handshake process, a three-way handshake process, or a four-way handshake process.
  • the system first receives an initial LLQ setup request from the client, which includes a desired lease life. To avoid potential spoofing, the system then sends a challenge to the client in response to the LLQ setup request, wherein the challenge includes a random LLQ identifier (LLQ-ID) and a granted lease life. Next, the system receives a challenge response from the client in response to the challenge, wherein the challenge response echoes the LLQ-ID. The system then sends an acknowledgement to the client in response to the challenge response, along with the information related to the one or more data items as requested by the LLQ.
  • LLQ-ID random LLQ identifier
  • the system monitors the state of the one or more data items specified by the LLQ. If the state of the one or more data items changes, the system communicates the changes to the client in one or more gratuitous responses.
  • a gratuitous response message may include multiple data items corresponding to a single LLQ, unless the size of the gratuitous response message exceeds a packet-size limitation.
  • the system receives a refresh request for one or more LLQs from a client.
  • the system allows the one or more LLQs to remain active for a period of time.
  • the system updates the address or listening port associated with the client upon receiving a refresh request, which indicates a change of the client's address or listening port.
  • system sends an acknowledgement to the client in response to the refresh request.
  • the system receives a terminate request for one or more LLQs from a client.
  • the system terminates the one or more LLQs specified in the refresh request.
  • the system receives an LLQ from a client at an intermediate LLQ proxy, which communicates directly with the client, and which communicates with the name server on behalf of one or more clients.
  • One embodiment of the present invention provides a system that discovers a service in a network.
  • the system maintains state information for one or more services in the network on a name server.
  • the system communicates from the name server subsequent updates of the service to the requesting host.
  • the system stops communication of the subsequent updates to the requesting host after a period of time following receipt of the request.
  • One embodiment of the present invention provides a system that implements a long-lived query (LLQ).
  • the system sends an LLQ to a name server from a client, wherein the LLQ requests information related to one or more data items stored on the name server, and wherein the LLQ remains active for a period of time.
  • the system then receives subsequent updates of the one or more data items at the client from the name server.
  • the system sends a refresh request before the LLQ expires so that the LLQ remains active.
  • One embodiment of the present invention provides a system that discovers a service in a network.
  • the system communicates a query from a client to a name server, wherein the name server maintains state information for one or more services in the network.
  • the system then receives subsequent updates of the service at the client from the name server.
  • the system communicates a refresh request to the name server before the query expires, so that the query remains active.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a network containing a name server that supports LLQs in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a DNS message format that supports LLQs in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 presents a time-space diagram and a flowchart illustrating a four-way handshake process for setting up an LLQ in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 presents a flowchart illustrating the process of sending network service updates to a client in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5A presents a flowchart illustrating the process of sending a refresh request from a client to refresh the lease lives of one or more LLQs in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5B presents a flowchart illustrating the process of sending a refresh request from a client to update its address or listening port in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a network containing a DNS cache acting as an LLQ proxy which handles LLQs in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a computer readable storage medium which may be any device or medium that can store code and/or data for use by a computer system.
  • the transmission medium may include a communications network, such as the Internet.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a network containing a name server that supports LLQs in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • network 100 contains a name server 120 , computer systems 102 and 104 , printers 106 and 108 , and a scanner 110 .
  • network 100 may be a local-area network or a wide-area network, such as the Internet.
  • printers 106 and 108 provide printing services over network 100 .
  • Name server 120 When client computer 104 needs a printing service, it sets up an LLQ at name server 120 .
  • Name server 120 maintains updated state information for both printers 106 and 108 . In this example, printer 106 's printing service is available and printer 108 's printing service is not available when computer 102 's LLQ is set up. Hence, name server 120 sends computer 104 the current information about the printing service offered by printer 106 .
  • name server 120 During the lease life granted by name server 120 to computer 104 's LLQ regarding this particular service (printing service by printer 106 ), name server 120 automatically updates computer 104 with the latest changes of this service through gratuitous responses. For example, when printer 106 is offline or out of paper, name server 120 sends a gratuitous response which notifies computer 102 of this change of the service. In addition, if printer 108 's service becomes available, name server 120 also notifies computer 102 that additional service by printer 108 is now available.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a DNS message format that supports LLQs in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a typical DNS message includes a header 210 , a question field 212 , an answer field 214 , an authority field 216 , and an additional information field 218 .
  • Question field 212 is used to send a query from a client to the name server.
  • Answer field 214 , authority field 216 , and additional information field 218 include “resource records” (RRs) that share a common RR format. Note that each of these fields may be include one or more RRs.
  • RRs resource records
  • a resource record includes a NAME field 220 , a TYPE field 222 , a CLASS field 224 , a time-to-live (TTL) field 226 , a resource data length (RDLEN) field 228 , and resource data (RDATA) field 230 .
  • TTL time-to-live
  • RLEN resource data length
  • RDATA resource data
  • One approach to implement LLQ is to use option (OPT) pseudo-RR as specified in IETF RFC 2671. Encoding an LLQ request in an OPT RR allows for implementation of LLQ with minimal modification to a name server's front-end, and causes servers that do not implement LLQ to return an appropriate error automatically.
  • NAME field 220 is the name to which the following resource data corresponds, which in this case is the root domain of the service.
  • TYPE field 222 has the value of OPT to indicate that this is an OPT RR.
  • CLASS field 224 indicates, as per RFC 2671, the sender's user datagram protocol (UDP) payload size.
  • UDP user datagram protocol
  • clients and servers are not required to determine their reassembly buffer size or path maximum transmission unit (MTU) to support an LLQ.
  • MTU path maximum transmission unit
  • TTL field 226 indicates the number of seconds that the RR can be cached by the client.
  • TTL field 226 can be set to zero to indicate that the RR does not contain resource record data to be cached.
  • RDLEN field 228 specifies the length of the RDATA field 230 .
  • RDATA field 230 contains the following fields to carry LLQ information: OPTION-CODE field 232 is used to indicate that the following fields carry LLQ information. OPTION-LENGTH field 234 indicates the length of following fields. VERSION field 236 indicates the version of LLQ protocol implemented. LLQ-OPCODE field 238 identifies an LLQ operation (e.g., setup or refresh). ERROR field 240 indicates LLQ errors. LLQ-ID field 242 contains an identifier for a specific LLQ. LEASE LIFE field 244 indicates a requested or granted life of LLQ, in seconds. This data format, comprising of (OPTION-CODE, OPTION-LEN, LLQ-Metadata) tuples, may be repeated an arbitrary number of times in the RDATA field, with a properly set RDLEN field.
  • FIG. 3 presents a time-space diagram and a flowchart illustrating a four-way handshake process for setting up an LLQ in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a client initiates an LLQ, and completes the LLQ setup via a four-way handshake process with the name server. This process provides a reliable setup and reduces the risk of denial of service attacks.
  • the system in a name server starts by receiving an LLQ setup request from a client (step 310 ).
  • An LLQ setup request is formatted like a standard DNS query, with an OPT RR containing LLQ metadata in its additional information field.
  • LLQ setup requests are identified by the LLQ-SETUP OPCODE and a zero-valued LLQ-ID.
  • An LLQ setup request may contain multiple questions to set up multiple LLQs, each of which is contained in an LLQ metadata section.
  • An LLQ setup request may also request a lease life, during which the LLQ remain valid at the name server.
  • An LLQ challenge is a DNS response, with its DNS message ID matching that of the request, and with all questions in the request present in the question field.
  • the challenge contains an OPT-RR with an LLQ metadata section for each LLQ request, indicating the success or failure of each request.
  • the challenge also contains an LLQ-ID and a granted lease life for each successfully requested LLQ.
  • An LLQ-ID can be a unique random number generated by the name server. The name server discards an LLQ when its lease life expires, unless the client refreshes the LLQ in time.
  • This LLQ challenge response can be a DNS request with a single OPT-RR in the additional information field, with the OPT-RR RDATA identical to the OPT-RR RDATA contained in the LLQ challenge (i.e., echoing, for each set of fields, the LLQ-ID and the granted lease life).
  • the system then sends out an acknowledgement acknowledging the LLQ challenge response (step 340 ).
  • This acknowledgement contains all available answers to the question(s) contained in the original LLQ setup request, along with all additional RRs appropriate for those answers in the additional information field. It also contains an OPT-RR that repeats the assigned LLQ-ID and lease life.
  • the four-way handshake process described above is just one embodiment of the present invention. It mainly targets to prevent spoofing which could lead to denial-of-service attacks.
  • a two-way, three-way, or n-way handshake process may be used to set up an LLQ.
  • the actual mechanism of how an LLQ is set up does not affect the basic operation of an LLQ.
  • a client first sends an LLQ setup request to the name server.
  • the name server Upon receiving the LLQ setup request, the name server responds with all available answers to the question(s) contained in the LLQ setup request. In the same response, the name server also assigns an LLQ-ID and a lease life for the LLQ.
  • a client first sends an LLQ setup request to the name server.
  • the name server responds with all available answers to the question(s) contained in the LLQ setup request.
  • the name server also assigns an LLQ-ID and a lease life for the LLQ.
  • the client sends an acknowledgement back to the server to confirm successful receipt of the response.
  • FIG. 4 presents a flowchart illustrating the process of sending network service updates to a client in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the server checks whether the updated resource records answer any LLQs whose lease lives have not expired. If so, the name server sends the updated RRs in the form of a gratuitous DNS response to the LLQ requestor client.
  • the name server may aggregate gratuitous responses for a single LLQ, such that a single message contains multiple RRs. However, aggregation is not desirable if it would cause a message that would otherwise fit in a single packet to be truncated, or would introduce undue latency.
  • the name server After sending a gratuitous response, the name server waits for an acknowledgement from the client. If the client does not respond, the server can re-send the response a number of times, waiting for a period between each re-transmission, terminating the LLQ if no acknowledgement is received.
  • the flow chart in FIG. 4 illustrates this event notification process.
  • the system in a name server starts by monitoring the state of services and determines whether there is any RR update (step 410 ). If not, the system continues monitoring. If so, the system determines whether the updated RR answers any unexpired LLQs (step 420 ). If not, the system continues monitoring the services. If so, the system sends a gratuitous response to the client with the updated RR (step 430 ). The system then determines whether it has received any acknowledgement from the client within a period of time (step 440 ). An acknowledgement indicates that the client has successfully received the gratuitous response, and the system continues its monitoring of the services.
  • the system re-sends the gratuitous response to the client (step 450 ), and waits for acknowledgement (step 460 ). If the system eventually receives an acknowledgement, the gratuitous response is successful and the system goes back to the monitoring state. If not, the system terminates the LLQ (step 470 ). Note that the system may re-send the gratuitous response for a number of times, and may wait for progressively longer periods between the re-sends.
  • FIG. 5A presents a flowchart illustrating the process of sending a refresh request from a client to refresh the lease lives of one or more LLQs in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a client desires to maintain an LLQ beyond the duration specified in the assigned lease life, the client may send a refresh request.
  • a refresh request is similar to an LLQ setup response, with the LLQ-OPCODE set to LLQ-REFRESH.
  • a refresh request returns no answers.
  • a client may aggregate a number of LLQs in one refresh request message to reduce network traffic.
  • the client starts by determining whether the lease life of an LLQ is about to expire (step 510 ). If so, it sends a refresh request to the name server (step 520 ). It then waits for an acknowledgement from the name server (step 530 ). If it receives an acknowledgement, the refresh process is successful and hence complete. If it does not receive an acknowledgement after a certain period of time, it may re-transmit the refresh request to the name server (step 520 ). If the client determines that the name server is down because no acknowledgement is received, the client may re-establish the LLQ.
  • FIG. 5B presents a flowchart illustrating the process of sending a refresh request from a client to update its address or listening port in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. If a client's address or listening port changes, the client may send an LLQ refresh request to the name server from the new address or port. Upon receiving the refresh request, the name server updates the address or port number associated with the client, and renews the lease life of the LLQ belonging to the client.
  • the client starts by determining whether there is a change in its address or listening port (step 540 ). If not, it continues monitoring its address and listening port. If so, the client sends a refresh request to the name server (step 550 ). It then waits for an acknowledgement from the name server (step 560 ). If it receives an acknowledgement, the refresh process is successful and hence complete. If it does not receive an acknowledgement after a certain period of time, it may re-transmit the refresh request to the name server (step 550 ). If the client determines that the name server is down because no acknowledgement is received, the client may re-establish the LLQ.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a network containing a DNS cache acting as an LLQ proxy which handles LLQs in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Computer 102 may send LLQ setup request and control messages to an intermediate DNS cache 610 . If DNS cache 610 serves as an intermediate LLQ proxy, it can communicate directly with computer 102 and with name server 660 on behalf of one or more clients.
  • DNS cache 610 does not implement LLQ proxying, computer 102 needs to determine the address and port number of the name server to which it can send LLQ messages. To identify the name server that handles LLQ messages, computer 102 first sends a standard DNS query for the name of the LLQ, with type SOA (start of authority). If the SOA record exists, the name server answers with that SOA record in the answer field of its response message. If not, the name server answers with an SOA record for that name's zone in the authority field of its response message. For example, a query for _ftp._tcp.apple.com. may return an SOA record named apple.com.
  • SOA start of authority
  • Computer 102 constructs and sends an SRV (service location) query for the name _dns-llq._udp. ⁇ soa-name>, which in this example is _dsn-llq._udp.apple.com.
  • SRV RDATA indicates the port to which LLQ requests are to be sent.

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US10/877,518 US8161184B2 (en) 2004-06-25 2004-06-25 Method and apparatus for facilitating long-lived DNS queries
CA2562639A CA2562639C (en) 2004-06-25 2005-02-10 Method and apparatus for facilitating long-lived dns queries
JP2007507311A JP4594380B2 (ja) 2004-06-25 2005-02-10 長命のｄｎｓクエリを円滑にするための方法および装置
EP05713326A EP1759517B1 (en) 2004-06-25 2005-02-10 Method and apparatus for facilitating long-lived dns queries
AU2005267597A AU2005267597B2 (en) 2004-06-25 2005-02-10 Method and apparatus for facilitating long-lived DNS queries
PCT/US2005/004305 WO2006011909A1 (en) 2004-06-25 2005-02-10 Method and apparatus for facilitating long-lived dns queries
DE602005014106T DE602005014106D1 (de) 2004-06-25 2005-02-10 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur ermöglichung langlebiger dns-abfragen
AT05713326T ATE429771T1 (de) 2004-06-25 2005-02-10 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur ermöglichung langlebiger dns-abfragen
HK07107333.4A HK1102948A1 (en) 2004-06-25 2007-07-09 Method and apparatus for facilitating long-lived dns queries

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