US7197834B2 - Variable test object and holder for variable test objects - Google Patents

Variable test object and holder for variable test objects Download PDF

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Publication number
US7197834B2
US7197834B2 US10/998,296 US99829604A US7197834B2 US 7197834 B2 US7197834 B2 US 7197834B2 US 99829604 A US99829604 A US 99829604A US 7197834 B2 US7197834 B2 US 7197834B2
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Prior art keywords
targets
test object
holder
connecting elements
carrier
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Expired - Fee Related
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US10/998,296
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US20050188775A1 (en
Inventor
Dietmar Heimer
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Metronom AG
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Metronom AG
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Assigned to METRONOM AG reassignment METRONOM AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HEIMER, DIETMAR
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B21/00—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant
    • G01B21/02—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring length, width, or thickness
    • G01B21/04—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring length, width, or thickness by measuring coordinates of points
    • G01B21/042—Calibration or calibration artifacts

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a variable test object, which consists of at least two targets and a connecting element, and a holder for such variable test objects.
  • test objects For the monitoring of co-ordinate measurement machines and production devices, measurements on test objects are required which acquire the main deviations of the measurement machine or the production device.
  • test objects represent an economical alternative to measuring comparative standards, such as for example interferometers.
  • interferometers supply reliable information on the precision of the inspected machines, such a method in practice is very time consuming, so that the monitoring intervals are often chosen to be very long, e.g. annual.
  • Modern machine tools and industrial robots operate in tight tolerance ranges and sometimes exhibit drift characteristics so that more frequent checking is necessary. With mechanical test objects additional inspections at shorter time intervals are possible also under economical viewpoints.
  • test objects Depending on the field of application, various requirements are placed on test objects. In particular they should provide reliable measurement results within the scope of standard measurement conditions, i.e. at a temperature of ⁇ 20° C. to +70° C. and a relative humidity of 0% to 100%, in order that they can be employed under various ambient conditions. Furthermore, the dimensions to be measured are sometimes very different. With large equipment to be measured they may extend into the range of some metres to over ten metres. Another viewpoint is the flexibility and the mobility of the test object which is why a large test object should preferably be able to be disassembled for transport and should be as light as possible, wherein however the accuracy of the measurements on the test object should be ensured.
  • a mechanical test object is described in DE 199 15 012 A1. It consists of four probe form elements and six connecting elements which are combined in a tetrahedral shape, so that the probe form elements are located at the corners of the tetrahedron. Each connecting element is located between two probe form elements.
  • the materials of this test object are chosen such that a linear thermal expansion coefficient from probing point to probing point arises which is essentially equal to zero.
  • the connecting elements are equally long in order to provide a self-supporting structure through the special shape of the tetrahedron, maintaining the probe form elements in well defined positions.
  • the probe form elements are made of steel or glass ceramics and the connecting elements are of a light material, i.e. carbon-fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP), whereby good transportability is ensured.
  • CFRP carbon-fibre reinforced plastic
  • the releasable connections of the probe form elements to the connecting elements are based on magnetic forces.
  • the parts of the tetrahedron can however also be combined in that a number of connecting elements are arranged one behind the other, with in each case a probe form element between them and one at each of the two ends of the linear arrangement, forming a ball bar.
  • a number of connecting elements are arranged one behind the other, with in each case a probe form element between them and one at each of the two ends of the linear arrangement, forming a ball bar.
  • additional probe form elements are optionally employed.
  • the probe form elements may have various designs depending on the field of application, e.g. in the form of a ball or a different shape. Then probing points at intervals of integer multiples of the distance between two adjacent probe form elements are available, wherein the minimum distance is determined by the length of one of the connecting elements of the same length and the maximum length is six times the minimum distance.
  • this holder To incorporate a ball bar thus formed into the measurement volume a holder is needed for reasons of stability and adjustment. According to the state of the art, this holder consists in this case of single seats onto which the probe form elements are placed, wherein however an adequate linear alignment of the ball bar must be achieved with low deviations in alignment.
  • the probing of the probe form elements occurs through tactile contact, i.e. they are for example probed with measuring styli through direct contact.
  • a measurable element of a test object is designated a target.
  • chromium or stainless steel balls are, for example, used and the determination of the centre point of the ball occurs via a ball measurement.
  • reset targets can be measured by tactile systems, wherein the centre point of the ball is obtained using a cone in which a small ball with a defined diameter is placed so that the centre point of the target can be directly probed via a simple point measurement.
  • retro-targets or theodolite targets are employed, for example, for measurements with photogrammetric and other optical systems.
  • prisms can also be used for measurements with a laser tracker as target.
  • ball bars are also known from the state of the art, wherein the probe form elements are balls consisting of ceramic held on a carrier body at uniform distances by leaf-spring elements firmly joined to the carrier body. The exact distance between the balls is provided by distance tubes of steel which are clamped between the balls.
  • test objects which cover two or three spatial dimensions, are designed in the form of a ball plate or ball cuboid, wherein the distances between the balls are permanently specified.
  • test objects known from the state of the art have either the disadvantage of being inflexible due to the given ball distances or of being unusable due to a holder that is unsuitable for many purposes.
  • test objects which cover one or more dimensions, and an associated stable holder for such test objects which can be arranged flexibly are not known from the state of the art. From the state of the art only one holder for linear ball bars with fixed ball mountings at constant ball distances or the use of independent single seats is known.
  • the basis of the invention is the problem of providing a variable test object and an associated holder for variable test objects, which are matched such that such a variable test object can be held by the holder.
  • variable test object should be provided which can be arranged flexibly, so that within the scope of a given set of targets and connecting elements, which at least partially facilitate different distances between the targets (in other words, which do not all necessarily give rise to the same target distances), various test objects can be combined and up to three dimensions acquired.
  • a holder for variable test objects is to be provided, by which at least one such test object is held, whereby it should be possible to position test objects stable in the measurement volume with variably arranged distances between the targets. Furthermore, such a holder must ensure that the targets of the test object are adequately accessible for the measurements, irrespective of whether they are taken by tactile contact or with the aid of light.
  • a test object according to the invention with at least two targets and at least one connecting element, wherein the targets and connecting elements used for the test object can be selected from a given set of single targets and single connecting elements and can be combined to form test objects, and the targets and connecting elements are equipped such that they are held together by magnetic forces such that the test object is sufficiently stable to be held by the holder according to the invention, and that, due to a suitable choice of material of the targets and connecting elements, the thermally induced change in the distance between the targets of the test object is maintained within the scope of the measurement tolerances.
  • the invention comprises a holder for test objects, which are composed of at least two targets and at least one connecting element, with at least one carrier, at least one guide, which is arranged on or/and in the at least one carrier, and seats for the targets of at least one test object, wherein at least one seat can be moved along the at least one guide so that adaptation of the position of at least one movable seat to the position of a target of the test object is possible, wherein the test object can be held by the holder after the adaptation.
  • test object according to the invention is characterised in that it is suitable for use in the holder according to the invention and facilitates variable target distances, whereby the holder according to the invention can be adapted to the relevant test object and at the same time facilitates a stable position and flexible usage of the test object.
  • test object according to the invention can realise different target distances, it can be adapted to the size of the measurement volume and also cover several dimensions. Furthermore, within the scope of the production tolerances, it has no linear thermal expansion under standard conditions and therefore maintains the chosen target distances.
  • CFRP material for the connecting elements also has the advantage of providing a light-weight and thus easy-to-use, easily transportable test object which can be securely held by the holder according to the invention.
  • a holder according to the invention is characterised in that it can hold a test object according to the invention. It has the advantage that at least one seat can be moved along the at least one guide such that an adaptation of the position of the at least one movable seat to the position of a target of the test object is possible, whereby at least one test object according to the invention is securely held. Consequently, simple fitting of the test object in the measurement volume is possible, while maintaining the test object stability and the target distances.
  • ⁇ L is the linear change in ⁇ m per ° C. of temperature change per length L in m.
  • more than one carrier can be used. For example, this may be necessary with a branching of the ball bar mentioned below. Furthermore, it may be necessary for one holder to hold more than one test object. For reasons of stability it may be advantageous to arrange the seats to be movable through more than one guide. If the targets are not just aligned along a straight line, as for example with a ball bar, then it is advantageous to arrange at least one further guide on or/and in the carrier, permitting a variable positioning of the seats in two or more parallel or/and different directions.
  • At least different lengths of the connecting elements can be partially used to arrange the target distances flexibly and consequently to obtain variable ball bars. If, for example, a set of n suitable different lengths of connecting elements and n+1 targets are available, then due to corresponding selection and combination of the connecting elements a total of n+n ⁇ (n+1)/2 different target distances can be realised, whereas with a corresponding set containing the same length of connecting elements, there are only n different target distances. Taking as a numerical example six connecting elements and seven targets in the relevant sets, then 27 different target distances can be formed in the case of the variable lengths of the connecting elements. In the case of equally long connecting elements there are only six different target distances, as mentioned above.
  • test object on the basis of a ball bar in that a general arrangement is selected, whereby, for example, using a further target and two further connecting elements a side branch to a linear ball bar can also be formed to cover a second dimension. With a further branch the third dimension can be covered.
  • suitable lengths of connecting elements in the branches it is possible, for example, to represent reproducibly well defined angles between the targets.
  • Such branches are however unstable about the axis of the linear ball bar and must be appropriately held.
  • the connecting elements of a variable test object according to the invention need not be restricted to the connection of exactly two targets, but rather they can also connect together three or more targets.
  • the possible variations of such a test object are based on the different positions of the targets, which are given by the individual connecting elements and on the different possible combinations of many connecting elements, which are coupled via the targets.
  • variable ball bars which consist at least partially of bars of different length and of targets, can be composed and held such that the positions of the seats are adapted to the relevant positions of the targets.
  • At least one of the seats is fixedly joined to the carrier, wherein however at least one seat is movable.
  • a test object for example which is composed of at least two targets and at least one selected connecting element, can be held in that at least one fixed seat accommodates one of the targets and at least one other seat is adapted by displacement to the position of the other target determined by the relevant connecting element.
  • this type of holder it is, for example, possible to hold variable ball bars so that at least one target has a fixed position with respect to the holder.
  • the material of the at least one carrier comprises CFRP material.
  • At least one support is arranged such that at least one target of a test object is held by magnetic forces. This has the advantage that the at least one target can be fitted onto the support quickly and easily and that it is securely held.
  • the calibration uncertainty includes a constant and a length dependent component.
  • the calibration uncertainty of a connecting element which positions two targets at a distance of, for example, two metres from one another, accordingly is 4.5 ⁇ m.
  • a sufficiently good linear alignment of the targets is ensured so that the distances of any two targets of the ball bar are well known in accordance with the measurement requirements.
  • the at least one carrier consists of single elements and these single elements are held together by at least one releasable connection, such that reproducibility of the holder is ensured, in particular in that the accuracy of the distances of the targets of a held test object after each mounting of the holder is better than the calibration uncertainty 1.5 ⁇ m+1.5 ⁇ m ⁇ L/m.
  • large holders can be disassembled for transport and be assembled again such that the measurements on the targets of the held test objects are reproducible.
  • the combination of the seats exhibits at least one degree of directional freedom, wherein the relevant degree of freedom points in the direction of the connecting line of the connected targets, so that the targets and the connecting elements are not subject to any stresses.
  • This is, for example, facilitated by a combination of point and V-supports.
  • a flat seat can also be used.
  • This type of arrangement is characterised in that a stress-free setting up of the test object can occur and that the test object is also held free of stress. If the first target, for example, is placed on a point seat and then the connecting element is coupled magnetically to the first target, then finally the second target can be brought on a V-seat and, free of force, coupled onto the other end of the connecting element. In this way it is furthermore possible to add further connecting elements and targets to build them up on the holder to form a larger test object, such as for example a ball bar. Stress-free branches on a ball bar can then be achieved with flat seats.
  • the holder comprises at least one mounting on which the holder can be mounted in the measurement volume.
  • these mountings for example, can be suitable for fitting the holder on one or more tripods.
  • FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of a test object according to the invention with a holder according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of a test object according to the invention on a holder according to the invention with a special form of seat.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the concept of alignment error in the linear alignment of a ball bar.
  • FIG. 4 shows a third embodiment of a test object according to the invention in the form of a ball bar with a branch.
  • FIG. 1 shows a test object according to the invention on a holder according to the invention.
  • the test object is a ball bar with two connecting elements 150 and three targets 160 , which are held together releasably by magnetic forces.
  • the connecting elements and targets are selected from a given set in which at least two connecting elements of different length are provided, so that different target distances can be realised.
  • the holder comprises a carrier 110 , which can be disassembled into single elements which are held together by a releasable connection 170 , as well as a guide 120 for the seats 130 , 140 on which the targets are located.
  • One seat 140 is fixedly fitted to the carrier so that the exact position of the target located on it is also known relative to the holder.
  • Two seats 130 are movable, so that adaptation of the position of the seats to the lengths of the connecting elements and the distances and positions of the targets they define is possible.
  • the carrier material comprises CFRP material.
  • This material was manufactured using Tennax UMS 252624K fibres and resin with the DIN designation L 160 as well as hardener with the DIN designation H 163. This resulted in a linear thermal expansion coefficient of
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an advantageous embodiment of the supports.
  • a target 260 of the test object rests on a point seat 230 and is thus stabilised in its position.
  • a further target is located on a V-seat 240 .
  • a connecting element 250 is arranged between the two targets.
  • Such an arrangement is characterised in that a stress-free setup of the test object can occur and that the test object is held free of stress. If the first target is placed on the point support and then the connecting element is magnetically coupled to the first target, the second target on the V-seat can be brought up to and coupled to the other end of the connecting element. In this way it is furthermore possible to add further connecting elements and targets and to set up a larger test object on the holder.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the concept of alignment error in the linear alignment of a ball bar.
  • the target 360 c deviates slightly from the geometrically exact alignment.
  • the perpendicular distance D of the target 360 c to the alignment line is known as the alignment error.
  • the question now has to be put of how large the alignment error D may be as a maximum so that the distance L 1 +L 2 of the target 360 b and the target 360 d reduces to no more than the calibration uncertainty U on L 1 ′+L′ 2 , since U also determines the quality of the ball bar and the amount of the change of distance should therefore not be greater than U.
  • FIG. 4 a linear ball bar with a branch is shown.
  • a branch is unstable with regard to strains about the axis of linear alignment of the ball bar and must therefore be stabilised by a holder according to the invention.
  • any angular check and in particular a right angle check can be carried out.
  • the ball bar itself can consist of just one connecting element and two targets, whereby the fitting of a branch enables the creation of a triangular test object.
  • a branch of a ball bar covers a second direction and further directions can be covered by adding further branches.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Adornments (AREA)
  • Devices For Use In Laboratory Experiments (AREA)
  • Memory System Of A Hierarchy Structure (AREA)
US10/998,296 2003-12-03 2004-11-26 Variable test object and holder for variable test objects Expired - Fee Related US7197834B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP03027779.2 2003-12-03
EP03027779A EP1538420B1 (de) 2003-12-03 2003-12-03 Variabler Prüfkörper und Halterung für variable Prüfkörper

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US20050188775A1 US20050188775A1 (en) 2005-09-01
US7197834B2 true US7197834B2 (en) 2007-04-03

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US (1) US7197834B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1538420B1 (de)
CN (1) CN100373136C (de)
AT (1) ATE329226T1 (de)
CA (1) CA2488474C (de)
DE (2) DE20320701U1 (de)
ES (1) ES2266709T3 (de)

Cited By (6)

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US20080295352A1 (en) * 2007-05-31 2008-12-04 Brunson Deighton E Length reference bar system and method
US20100004777A1 (en) * 2007-01-16 2010-01-07 Chengdu Aircraft INdustrial (Group) Co., Ltd S-shape detection test piece and a detection method for detecting the precision of the numerical control milling machine
US20110067249A1 (en) * 2008-04-24 2011-03-24 Dietmar Heimer Spacer for Placing Retroreflectors of Varying Sizes on a Standard Drill Adapter
FR2981743A1 (fr) * 2011-10-24 2013-04-26 Renault Sa Procede de verification de la precision de deplacement d'une installation tridimensionnelle
US9021853B1 (en) * 2014-05-27 2015-05-05 Micro Surface Engineering, Inc. Dimensionally stable long, calibration device
US11248898B2 (en) * 2019-08-23 2022-02-15 Rj Reynolds Tobacco Company Roll fed material measurement device

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DE102006006791B4 (de) 2006-02-14 2011-12-29 Motiondrive Ag Verfahren, System und Maßstab zur Bestimmung und/oder Simulation von Größenverhältnissen
US8051575B2 (en) * 2009-10-20 2011-11-08 Faro Technologies, Inc. Mounted scale bar
CN102455175B (zh) * 2010-10-22 2014-04-16 上海汽车集团股份有限公司 自适应动态位移测量装置及其在白车身静刚度测试中应用
US20140180620A1 (en) * 2012-12-21 2014-06-26 Hexagon Metrology, Inc. Calibration Artifact and Method of Calibrating a Coordinate Measuring Machine
TWI585363B (zh) * 2015-12-01 2017-06-01 國立清華大學 應用於量測之雙球桿系統及其誤差補償方法
CN108871407A (zh) * 2018-07-26 2018-11-23 广州市昊志机电股份有限公司 一种编码器测试装置
CN109341746B (zh) * 2018-12-10 2020-11-17 中国航空工业集团公司北京长城计量测试技术研究所 一种多系统协同测量校准用立体标准器
DE102020134786A1 (de) 2020-12-23 2022-06-23 Carl Zeiss Industrielle Messtechnik Gmbh Verfahren und Prüfkörper zur rein optischen Überprüfung der Rechtwinkligkeit der Ausrichtung der Führungsachsen bei einem Koordinatenmessgerät
WO2022173907A2 (en) * 2021-02-10 2022-08-18 Atc Ip Llc Portable dimensional reference for 3-d tower modeling

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100004777A1 (en) * 2007-01-16 2010-01-07 Chengdu Aircraft INdustrial (Group) Co., Ltd S-shape detection test piece and a detection method for detecting the precision of the numerical control milling machine
US8061052B2 (en) * 2007-01-16 2011-11-22 Chengdu Aircraft Industrial (Group) Co., Ltd. S-shape detection test piece and a detection method for detecting the precision of the numerical control milling machine
US20080295352A1 (en) * 2007-05-31 2008-12-04 Brunson Deighton E Length reference bar system and method
US8141264B2 (en) * 2007-05-31 2012-03-27 Brunson Instrument Company Length reference bar system and method
US20120233871A1 (en) * 2007-05-31 2012-09-20 Brunson Instrument Company Length reference bar system and method
US8479406B2 (en) * 2007-05-31 2013-07-09 Brunson Instrument Company Length reference bar system and method
US20110067249A1 (en) * 2008-04-24 2011-03-24 Dietmar Heimer Spacer for Placing Retroreflectors of Varying Sizes on a Standard Drill Adapter
US8176645B2 (en) * 2008-04-24 2012-05-15 Afm Technology Gmbh Spacer for placing retroreflectors of varying sizes on a standard drill adapter
FR2981743A1 (fr) * 2011-10-24 2013-04-26 Renault Sa Procede de verification de la precision de deplacement d'une installation tridimensionnelle
US9021853B1 (en) * 2014-05-27 2015-05-05 Micro Surface Engineering, Inc. Dimensionally stable long, calibration device
US11248898B2 (en) * 2019-08-23 2022-02-15 Rj Reynolds Tobacco Company Roll fed material measurement device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2488474C (en) 2008-07-22
EP1538420A1 (de) 2005-06-08
CN1624429A (zh) 2005-06-08
CN100373136C (zh) 2008-03-05
ES2266709T3 (es) 2007-03-01
CA2488474A1 (en) 2005-06-03
EP1538420B1 (de) 2006-06-07
US20050188775A1 (en) 2005-09-01
DE20320701U1 (de) 2005-01-20
DE50303728D1 (de) 2006-07-20
ATE329226T1 (de) 2006-06-15

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