US7107215B2 - Determining a compact model to transcribe the arabic language acoustically in a well defined basic phonetic study - Google Patents

Determining a compact model to transcribe the arabic language acoustically in a well defined basic phonetic study Download PDF

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US7107215B2
US7107215B2 US09/835,535 US83553501A US7107215B2 US 7107215 B2 US7107215 B2 US 7107215B2 US 83553501 A US83553501 A US 83553501A US 7107215 B2 US7107215 B2 US 7107215B2
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language
phonetics
transcribe
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US20030040909A1 (en
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Mikhail E. Ghali
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Sakhr Software Co
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Sakhr Software Co
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L15/00—Speech recognition
    • G10L15/08—Speech classification or search
    • G10L15/18—Speech classification or search using natural language modelling
    • G10L15/183—Speech classification or search using natural language modelling using context dependencies, e.g. language models
    • G10L15/187—Phonemic context, e.g. pronunciation rules, phonotactical constraints or phoneme n-grams
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L15/00—Speech recognition
    • G10L15/02—Feature extraction for speech recognition; Selection of recognition unit
    • G10L2015/025—Phonemes, fenemes or fenones being the recognition units

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  • the present invention relates generally to the field of controlling a computer dictation application using multi-gender human voice instead of a keyboard. More specifically, the present invention is related to determining a compact model to transcribe the Arabic language acoustically in a well-defined basic phonetic study.
  • Phonetics as defined by the Merriam-Webster® dictionary (Collegiate 10th ed.), is a system of speech sounds of a language or group of languages, and further comprises the study and systematic classification of the sounds made in spoken utterance. Hence, the phonetic system represents the practical application of this science to language study. An important part of phonetics is phonemes.
  • Phonemes as defined by Merriam-Webster® dictionary (Collegiate 10th ed.), are abstract units of the phonetics system (associated with a particular language) that correspond to a group of speech sounds. For example, velar
  • Allophone as defined by Merriam-Webster® dictionary (Collegiate 10 th ed.), is one of two or more variants of the same phoneme.
  • of spin are allophones of the phoneme
  • Orthography is another system associated with the sounds of a given language.
  • Orthography as defined by Merriam-Webster® dictionary (Collegiate 10 th ed.), is the representation of the sounds of a language by letters and diacritics.
  • a diacritic is further defined as a mark near or through an orthographic or phonetic character or combination of characters indicating a phonetic value different from that given the unmarked or otherwise marked element.
  • An example of a diacritic is the acute accents of résumé, which are added to the letter e to indicate a special phonetic value.
  • Graphemes are the set of units of a writing system (as letters and letter combinations) that represent a phoneme.
  • Geminated graphemes are a sequence of identical speech sounds (as in meanness or Italian notte).
  • ASR automatic speech recognition
  • the present invention provides for a method and a system for developing a compact model to transcribe the Arabic language acoustically based on a well-defined basic phonetic study.
  • the compact model is accomplished in the present invention by reducing the set of phonemes.
  • Table 4 represents the minimized set used in the dictation system. More specifically, Arabic words, provided as examples in Tables 1 and 4, illustrate that in the instance of gemination, only one grapheme (and not a doubled one) is used, while it is still doubled phonemically. It is also clear in the case of vowels; that is, while there are almost six degrees of vowels in table 1, and in table 4 there are only three. Hence, the difference in pronunciation is not taken into account in the written text. Accordingly, the present invention provides for a set of phonemes to be used by Arabic dictation software capable of automatic speech recognition.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the 1993 version of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the method associated with the preferred embodiment of the present invention for determining a compact model to transcribe the Arabic language acoustically based on a well-defined basic phonetic study.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates in further detail the data extraction step of FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the composition of the maximal set described in the method of FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the various kinds of phonemes.
  • FIG. 6 illustrations the reduction of maximal set for the text to speech system and the automatic speech recognition sets in a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • ASR automatic speech recognition
  • a basic phonetic study A general description of such a study is starts with identifying a language on which a basic phonetic study needs to be performed, any material related to the phonology and phonetics of the identified language is collected (or alternatively extracted from a database over a network). This provides for an overview of the phonetic structure of the identified language. Furthermore, technological problems and transcription problems associated with the language are identified. For example, literature in Arabic phonetics uses the terms “emphatic”, “pharyngealized”, and “velarized”, which exhibit clear differences that mark their uniqueness. Addtionally, it is necessary to interpret the symbols in the literature and find a mapping to a single and more recent phonetic alphabet based on feature description rather than symbol shapes.
  • the International Phonetic Alphabet was used in conjunction with this invention.
  • the IPA as defined by the International Phonetic Association (http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html) is a standard set of symbols for transcribing the sounds of spoken languages.
  • the above mentioned website provides for a full chart of IPA symbols as reproduced in FIG. 1 .
  • charts for consonants, vowels, tones and accents, suprasegmentals, diacritics and other symbols are also provided.
  • the last version of the IPA dates to 1993, as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • a structured table is constructed with the following information: i) all phonemes of the language, ii) all allophones of the language and their relation to the phonemes, iii) a preliminary set of rules governing the selection of allophones, iv) a set of examples, and v) the most common representation of the sounds using Roman letters.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the method 100 associated with the preferred embodiment of the present invention for determining a compact model to transcribe the Arabic language acoustically (based on a well-defined basic phonetic study).
  • a language for which a compact model is to be developed is identified 102 .
  • information regarding the identified language is extracted or collected 104 .
  • Data extraction can be accomplished via a variety means including, but not limited to: extracting data regarding the Arabic language via a network (such as the Internet, Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN) or database (local or remote).
  • a list is created where the phonological and phonetic units are defined 106 .
  • the variations in the Arabic language are identified 108 .
  • a maximal set is created that contains all phonemes, allophones, and transliteration symbols associated with the Arabic language 110 .
  • Transliteration refers to the process of representing or spelling a word (in a first language) in the characters of another alphabet (second language).
  • the maximal set is reduced 112 to provide for a compact set to transcribe the Arabic language acoustically. The details of the reduction step are explained in detail in the following sections.
  • terminological problems are identified 202 . Certain terms that have been used by several phonological linguists in their attempt to define and describe the nature of various Arabic sounds have proved invalid; i.e. whereas few linguists may include phonemes like /F 7 /,/R 7 /, and /X/ into the category of Emphatics , others may include them in the category of pharyngeals. As a result of this non-final consensus, the most appropriate category depending upon their influence on the neighboring vowels was selected.
  • transcription problems associated with the language in question e.g., Arabic
  • IPA In contrast to what the IPA exhibits in using special symbols (ASCII characters) which might cause technical problems if used in the present system; the transcription set was limited to include the characters which can be typed easily on the keyboard. Furthermore, phonological and phonetic units were extracted or collected 206 and a feature set was established based on this information 208 . Next, a representative symbol for the transcription alphabet is selected 210 and a structured source is built 212 .
  • Our structured source consists of Phonemes, which are divided into three main units: Consonants, Vowels and Semi-Vowels.
  • the unit “Consonants” includes a variety of Allophones and Geminations. Aallophones may have their own gemination variety.
  • the unit “Vowels” has a variety of allophones only, while the unit “Semi-vowel” has just gemination variety. The features of these units are determined according to three conditions: Place, manner of articulation in addition to the nature of the sound being voiced or voiceless.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the composition of the maximal set described in step 110 of FIG. 2 .
  • Maximal set 300 comprises (but is not limited to): phonemes 302 , allophones 304 , a set of rules governing the selection of allophones 306 , a set of examples 308 , and the transliteration symbols 310 .
  • phonemes 302 phonemes 302
  • allophones 304 a set of rules governing the selection of allophones 306
  • a set of examples 308 a set of examples 308
  • transliteration symbols 310 the preferred language of this application is Arabic, one skilled in the art could extend the present invention to cover other similar languages. A detailed description of the Arabic phonetic study as per the present invention is given below.
  • Arabic dialects Natively learned varieties that are used in informal situations and in the everyday communication of a geographically defined community.
  • Arabic letters need to be transliterated, in other words, they need to be represented by Roman alphabets in such a way that there is a one-to-one mapping between the two character systems. There is a need to not only transliterate characters, but diacritics also. Therefore, Arabic distinctive phonetic groups were created. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 4 :
  • Pharyngeal phonemes like /t % K/, /D % K/, and /d % K/ were created.
  • Arabic language has a more distinctive syllabification and lexical stress system than any other language.
  • a maximal set is created, that contains all phonemes, the allophones of the language, a preliminary set of rules governing the selection of allophones, a set of examples, and a transliteration symbols.
  • all the phonemes and allophones with which any given text message can be conveyed is found. For example, i) all the allophones for the vowels are identified; ii) allophones that represent any borrowed word in Arabic are identified, and iii) in the case of gemination, add symbols to represent the phoneme when it is geminated. Thus, geminated phonemes represented by doubling the original symbol, are represented by a new symbol.
  • the automatic speech recognition (ASR) set is less in number than the text to speech (TTS) set, thereby reducing the memory consumption in the resident computer system enabling easier storage of the compact set of phonetics.
  • the present invention may be implemented on a conventional computing equipment, a multi-nodal system (e.g. LAN) or networking system (e.g. Internet, WWW, wireless web). All programming and data related thereto are stored in computer memory, static or dynamic, and may be retrieved by the user in any of: conventional computer storage, display (i.e. CRT) and/or hardcopy (i.e. printed) formats.
  • the programming of the present invention may be implemented by one of skill in the art of automatic speech recognition (ASR).
  • ASR automatic speech recognition
US09/835,535 2001-04-16 2001-04-16 Determining a compact model to transcribe the arabic language acoustically in a well defined basic phonetic study Expired - Fee Related US7107215B2 (en)

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EP02008591A EP1251490A1 (fr) 2001-04-16 2002-04-16 Modèle phonetique compact pour la reconnaissance des langues arabes
CA002384518A CA2384518A1 (fr) 2001-04-16 2002-04-16 Determination d'un modele compact pour transcrire la langue arabe verbalement dans le cadre d'une etude phonetique de base bien definie

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