US664394A

US664394A - Governor for prime motors.

Info

Publication number: US664394A
Application number: US3452299A
Authority: US
Inventors: Francis Ellicott
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1899-09-13
Filing date: 1899-09-13
Publication date: 1900-12-25
Anticipated expiration: 1917-12-25

Description

' GVEBNUR FOR PRIME MOTURS. (Apylicaton Blad Sept. 18, 1899. Rene-wed Oct. 26, 1900.)

4 Sheets-Sheet l.

(Nu lModel.)

aff

No; 664,394. Patented nec. 25, |900.

F..E LL|coTT. Y GUVERNDR FOR PRIME MOTORS. lication leid Sent. 13, 1899. Renewed Oct. 26

No. 664,394. Patented Dec. 25, i900.

, F. ELLICDTT.

GVEBNUR FOR PRIME MOTORS. u (.Lgppliention tile@ Sept. 13, 1899. Renewed oet. 26, `1900.)

(No Model.)

4 Silente-Sheet 3.

m/ .Af

mmv

WW INVENTOR 9 y w' 8%? ATTORNEY@ Patented Dec. 25', |900.

f Sheetaf-Sheat 4. Y

, F. ELLICUTT.

GOVERNOR FUR. PRIME |IOTORS.

v (Application led. Sept. 13, 1899. Ranewed Oct. a6, 1900.) No Model.)

IIIIIIIIIII UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

FRANCIS ELLIOOTT, OF BALTIMORE COUNTY, MARYLAND.

GOVERNORr FOR` PRIKME MOTORS.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 664,394, dated December 25, 1900. Application med September 13, 1899. Renewed October 26. 1900. serial No. 34,522. (No model.)

trolling automatically the speed of a prime' motor. I have shown it in this case applied to a water-wheel; but it may be used to govern any other prime motor, such as a steamengine or electric motor. When applied to a water-wheel, the governor is, as shown in this case, caused to operate the gate by which water is admitted tothe runner in greater or less quantity proportional to the load. In the case of a steam-engine the governor may be made to cont-rol either the throttle or cut-o, and thus control the speed. electric motor, the governor may be made to control a rheostat, cut-out, or choking-coil.

In the drawings similar characters of reference indicate similar parts in all the iigures. Figure 1 is a vertical external elevation of the wheel-casing with the governor-casing mounted upon it, the valve and valve-chest of the governor being in section. Fig. 2 is a horizontal section of the wheel-case and gate, showing the top of the runner. It also is a full plan of a part of the governor-piston and a horizontal section of the governor-valve chest and valve, taken through the upper port.

Fig. 3 is a Vertical section of valve-chest,`

valve, and part of piston and penstock and exhaust-valve beyond penstock. Fig. 4 is a side elevation, partly in section, of the centrifugal device of the governor. Fig. 5 is a plan view of the governor-lever, showing part of the centrifugal devicel in horizontal sec-I Fig. 6 is a horizon tal section of the nut, the screw, the sleeve, and the driving-shaft,`

tion.

showing the connection of the nut with the governor-lever.

Referring to Fig. l, lis a casing surrounding the runner and shaft. 2 2 are waterinlets through the wall of the casing, introduced at an angle such that the inner edge of each inlet shall be approximately tangent, to the periphery of the runner-t'. e., to a circle described by the external edge of the buckets If applied to an v as they revolve. The outer wall of each inlet is tangent to a somewhat smaller circle.`

I have found the highest eliciency to result from making the walls of the inlets with an angle of about twenty degrees between them. 3 is a cylindrical gate fitting closely into the wheelcasingand suitably connected to mechanism by which it is raised and lowered to cover more or less of the mouths of the inlets, and thus admit a greater or less quanso that there is always a certain amount of leakage around the piston and around the shaft. The sides of the casing are perforated with two ports 2O and 21, which are above and below the extreme positions of the piston, those positions being such as exist when the gate is fully closed or fully opened. 22 is a valve-chest mounted on the side of the casing and communicating with the casing by means of the ports 2O and 21. The valve-chest 22 is open at the upper end to penstock-pressure by the inlet 23 and is provided with an exhaust 24, which delivers its contents beyond the penstock. The exhaust 24 is provided with a valve 24, the purpose of which will be hereinafter described. The valve-chest is cylindrical in form, and in itis loosely fitted a cylindrical valve 25. Through the center of the valve there is an aperture 26,0pen at both ends, and around the exterior there is a channel 27, the ends of the cylinder being of greater diameter than the center. 28 is a valve-stem secured to the valve bya pin29, which crosses without obstructing the channel 26. 30 and 3l are two collars or portions of the cylindrical Valve, larger in diameter than the body and of a width about equal to the width of the

ports

20 and 21. The operation of this device will be readily understood. If the `wheel be mounted in a vertical position, the

weight of the piston and the gate will cause both of them to have a tendency to fall and open the gate. Hence an excessive pressure must in this case be maintained below the pis- IOO ton 18 in order to counterbalance the Weight of the parts. 1f the wheel is horizontal, however, the pressure on both sides of the piston must be maintained at an equal amount, so as to prevent the motion of the piston and the gate except when desired. When the parts are vertical, the slight leakage around the piston and the shaft would disturb the balance of the piston unless there was some liow of water continually entering the casing below the piston. Hence the lower port 2O is kept always slightly open to penstock-pressure and the port 21 always slightly open to exhaust except when the position ot the gate is being changed. The parts are all made loose, so that they may be said to float under the iniiuence of opposing pressures, so that at all times there will be some escape-of water through the exhaust-valve 24a. The valve 25 is balanced, so thatit may be moved by the governor with the Agreatest promptitude and the least resistance; The constant flow of fluid through and around the piston will maintain upon both sides of the piston a constant pressure, the balance of which can be controlled by the exhaust; The effect of maintaining this constant pressure upon both sides of thepiston is to keep the piston in a state of balance between active opposing pressures, with the result that as soon as the pressure on one side or the other of the piston is relievedby any means the active pressure upon the opposite side of the piston will immediately force itin the direction in which the pressure has been relieved. `This com bination produces an instantaneous action of the piston and a corresponding quick government of the wheel. An important element of my invention and one which I believe to be broadly new with me is the maintenance of a piston in a state of balance between opposing active pressures, in combination with means for relieving the active pressure on one side or the other of the piston, and thus causing instantaneous action of Athe piston and its connected part, which as I construct my wheel is a cylindrical gate, by which the ad mission of water to the runner is controlled. It will be perceived, however, that the part or parts connected to the piston might be the throttle or cut-off valve of av steam or other fluid engine or the controlling device of an electric motor, `and therefore I have claimed my governor in combination with the controlling device of any prime motor. If it is desired to open the gate, the valve-stem 28 is pushed slightly down, closing port 20 to pressure and opening it to exhaust and closing 21 to exhaust and opening it to pressure.' Water-pressure isV thereby admitted from the penstock through 23 and 2l above the piston, and the-water below the piston is simultaneouslyexhaustedv to 20, 27, and 24. lf it is desired to close the wheel, the valveV is drawn up, so as to open a communication between 23, 26, and 20, thus admitting penstock-pressure below the piston, and at the same time va communication will be opened between 23,

21, and 24. It will be perceived that the pressure maybe admitted by the pipe 24 and exhausted through the pipe 23 with exactly the same result as is obtained from the operation described herein.

rlhe operation of government in my wheel consists in automatically actuating the valvestem 28 by a mechanism which is actuated from the main driving-shaft and which will shift-this valve in such a manner as to move the gate up or down to supply the runner with the requisite quantity of water to maintain a constant speed under fluctuating load. In the government of a plant the speed of government required depends upon the character of work done by the plant and the magnitude of its changes of load. Great changes of load and perishable character of plant require a very quick government, to accomplish which overgovernment usually results. Moderate changes of load or comparatively indestructible character of plant will permit slow government and overgovernment is avoided. My invention is capable of adjustment so as to perform either of these operations, as occasion may require, and to change from one to the other at will by the adjustment of parts which are outside of the penstock and can be gotten at while the wheel is in operation.

Referring to Figs. 4and 5, 8 is a drivingshaft. 32 is a sleeve secured to the drivingshaft by ay pin 33 and provided on one side with a feather-way 32. (Shown in Fig. 6.) 35 is a screw having a central aperture and litting upon the sleeve It has a feather on one side, 36, which fits into and slides into the feather-way in the sleeve. The screw is therefore able to rise and fall on the sleeve while being turned by the shaft and sleeve. On the lower end of the screw is a projecting flange and thread. Upon the thread is screwed aring, so as to form between the ange and the ring an annular groove 37. In this annular groove is contained a ring 38, whichis pivoted at two opposite points 39 39 in a ring 40, which forms a part of a lever 41, one end of which is pivoted to a post 42 and the other end of which projects on the oppositeside of the ring 40 and through which passes the valve-stem 28. The valve-stem is threaded above the lever and fitted with a uut to maintain its relation to the lever. 43 is a spring secured to the lever at one end and to a stationaryl part at the other, by which a` desired tension is maintained upon the lever to counteract the upper pull of the governor. If the whole apparatus is erected vertically, the weight of the valvestem and valve would be sufficient to counterbalance the pull of the governor. If it is horizontal or if the governor be located vertically and the valve horizontally and connected to the governor by a bell-crank lever or'other device, the spring may be necessary. 44 is a nut threaded upon Vthe screw 35 and secured toit by a spring 45, one end of which IOO IOS

IIO

ISO

is secured to the nut and the other end to the screw. The rotary motion of the shaft is thus communicated to t-he nut by means of the spring 45 and the screw will be screwed into the nut until the resistance of the spring overcomes the inertia of the nut and its connected parts, when the two will move in unison. 46 is a sleeve secured to the shaft 8 by a pin 47. The sleeve 46 has upon its lower end an annular iiange 48, upon which rests a fly-wheel 49, which is caused to revolve upon the sleeve 46. The iiy-wheel 49 is connected to the nut 44 by means of two

links

50 and 51 and a weight 52, which are duplicated on the two sides. The primary adjustmentof the parts is such that the links 50 land 51 are maintain'cd at an angle with one another, and thls angle is determined by the set-screws 53 53. 54 is a chair surrounding the sleeve 32, hollowed out on the under side and resting upon the nut 44. Upon the chair is a spiral spring 55. The upper end of the spring is confined by a collar 56, secured to a sleeve 57, which surrounds the shaft 8. At the upper end the sleeve 57 has an annular extension which su rrounds the annular flange of the sleeve 46 and bears upon the under side of the flywheel 49. The operation of this device is as follows: When the driving-shaft turns, it turns the sleeve 32,which through the feather 34 turns the screw 35. The screw 35 is screwed into the nut 44 until the tension of the spring 45 overcomes the inertia of the nut, the fly- Wheel, and the governor-weights. The upward motion of the screw will raise the lever 41 a corresponding degree. As the weights 52 52 revolve they will be extended by centrifugal force. The iiy-wheel being supported by the flange 48 of the collar 46 cannot descend. Therefore as the governor-weights 52 52 are extended the whole structure connected with them, the nut, the screw, and the lever 41 will be drawn up together, compressing spring 55. To stop the wheel, the valve-rod is drawn up and the nut 58 screwed down on the valve-stem until the port 20 is opened to pressure, and the port 2l to exhaust the gate will thus be maintained closed and the wheel at rest. To start the wheel, the nut 58 is screwed upon the valve-stem one or two turns until the valve 25 is lowered enough to open port 21 to penstock-pressure and port 20 to exhaust, when the piston will descend at a speed dependent upon the aperture thus created, and as the gate is opened the speed of the wheel will begin to build up. 1t is important that the time allowed for opening the gate should not be greater than the time in which the wheel can with safety build up its speed. The speed of the gate can be regulated with accuracy by the nut 58. When the wheel has built up its speed to the desired numberof revolutions and the governorweights are at a mean position, the lever 4l will be in a certain position surrounding the valve-stem. The nut 59 is then screwed down on the lever, and any further acceleration of `valve 24a.

speed will lift the lever and valve-stem and reverse the direction of the gate. lt will be perceived that there is a position thus estab1 lished for the lever 41, at which the speed of the Wheel will remain constant,while any rise of the lever will cause the gate to be closed somewhat and any lowering will cause it to open. In actual governing it is necessary that the gate should move more rapidly than when merely starting the wheel. To accomplish this, the nut 58 is screwed up on the valve-stem a short distance, so that when the lever 41 drops below the mean line the nut 58 will allow the valve-stem to move down and the valve 25 to be opened somewhat wider than was allowed for starting, and consequently more water will be admitted above the piston and the gate opened more rapidly. It will be remembered that the speed at which the gate is allowed to move is always under the control of the valve 24, by which any desired back pressure may be maintained in the exhaust.

`It will be noticed that when a sudden increase or drop of load occurs the increase or decrease of resistance to the runner will instantly decrease or increase the speed of the runner. This change is very quick, and if the governor structure be rigidly connected with the shaft the momentum of the fly-wheel and the governor-weights will not permit a change ot' the gate quickly enough to compensate for the sudden change of load. The sudden change of gate is accomplished by the action of the screw 35, which, turning with the shaft and turning the governor by means of the spring 45, will under a sudden change of speed in a shaft be screwed into or out of the nut 44, and the tension of the spring 45 will be suddenly increased or decreased in consequence. rlhe action of the screw 35 in entering or withdrawing from the nut- 44 under the iniiuence of a sudden change of speed in the driving-shaft will with equal quickness move the valve 25, which will cause the gate to open or close it, as the case may be, at a speed predetermined by the setting of the The tendency of the spring 45 is to maintain a constant tension and constant relation between the nut and the screw, and if the tension of the spring be suddenly1 increased by an acceleration of speed aud the screwing of the screw into the nut the tension ofthe spring will gradually reassert itself and gradually unscrew the screw from the nut. Thus with a sudden decrease in load and acceleration of speed the screw will be screwed from the uut, the tension of the spring decreased, the lever 41 raised, carrying with it valve-stem 28, which will open the port below the piston 18, admitting pressure thereto while exhausting the other side of the piston, and the gate will be to some extent closed. As the speed of the wheel drops the tension of the spring 45 will reassert itself, and the nut 44, being pressed down by the spring 55, will reestablish a normal tension of the spring IOO IIO

IZO

of the speed of the wheel.

45, and the nut and screw-will be forced down-v ward, thus forcing the valve-stem 28 downward, closing the port 2O and opening the port 21r slightly to pressure, with the result that the gate will be opened and more water admitted to the wheel. The period between the time of operating the gate by the first action of the screw 35 and the time of the readjustment of the gate to load by the main governor is the period of overgovernment. This period can be varied by varying the tension of the spring 45 and also by varying the aper- -ture of the valve 24a. If the valve 24 is open wide, so as to oier no resistance to the eX- haust-Water from the piston-casing, and a very flexible spring be used, the governor will Iseesawthat is to say, an excessive change of load will cause a wide Iiuctuation in the position of the nut 44, and consequently a correspondingly great motion in the valve 25, and a consequently great inrush of pressure to the casing, and with a free exhaust the piston will be driven up or down, so as to open or close the gate, and the extent of the overthrow in one direction will cause a correspond-` ing overthrow in the other direction, with a corresponding acceleration and diminution This capacity for iiuctuation through wide limits, which would be detrimental, is controlled by the tension of the rspring 45 and the aperture of the valve 24a. If the aperture of the valve 24a be made less than the pressure-inlet, the action of the piston will be retarded and its speed when moved lessened, with the result that it can be more easily checked at a proper point. It is, however, very important that the amount of the overthrow should be under control, and this is accomplished by the adjustment of the valve 24. As the tension of the spring 45V is increasedthe amount ot' overthrow which will be given to the gate is decreased, and it may even be reduced to zero, in which case the` spring 45 may be entirely dispensed with, and the screw and nut also, the parts being rigidly connected. Such a structure will satisfactorily govern a plant in which the fluctuations of load are not Very great, or if great are gradual. The too great overthrow is also controlled by my governor as constructed. It will be -noticed that the pitch of the screw 35 is about twice the depth of the recess in the under side of the chair 54. If, therefore, a very sudden change of load occurs, sufficient to cause the screw or the nut to change their positions an amount equal to som ethin g more than a half-revo] ution of the nut, the screw will protrude into the recessin the chair 54,and bearing upon'the under side of that chair will lift it up against the tension of the spring 55. This increased resistance to the screw will serve to check the overthrow. If the overthrow be still greater and the spring 55 be so much compressedV as to overcome the weight of the iiy-wheel, the whole structure, including the Iiy-wheel, the governor-weights, the nut, and the screw, will be lifted up by the sleeve 57, which bears on the under side of the iiy-wheel.

Thiswill relieve the fly-wheel 49 from the support of the flange 48, and the governor-weights will be forced still farther out by the compression of the spring 55 by the Weight of the y-wheel, and the weights and the valve-stem will be drawn up and the gate almost, if not wholly, closed.

It will be perceived that the object of my governing device is to maintain the balanced valve 25 in a position iixed relatively to the

ports

20 and 21 when the load and speed are constant. When the load tluctuates and the speed with it, the valve 25 is simply raised or lowered, as the case may be, the valve 24a having been previously set to retard the exhaust and produce a requisite amount of back pressure -upon the piston, so as to prevent its too rapid motion. l

In describing the action of my governor I have described the apparatus as using penstock-pressure, because in practice this is convenient; but it will be perceived that any other source of water-pressure, such as a pump, may be substituted, or the water may be replaced by air, gas, or steam pressure, or a vacuum may be produced to utilize atmospheric pressure. It is equally true that the piston-casing and piston may be located outside of the penstock and supplied with any fluid and attached to govern any wheel already in use, no matter what the form of the gate. It will also be equally apparent that the valve by which pressure is admitted to the piston-casing may be actuated electrically as well as mechanically. The lever 4l may be made to close the circuit of one or two magnets, so arranged as to pull the valve-stem up or down as one or the other is energized.

In the construction described in this application and shown in the drawings a single balanced valve is employed, which by a single motion of one valve-stem admits pressure to one side of the piston vand exhausts from the'other. It will be at once perceived that this structure might be varied so as to operate two or more valves by the same motion of the valve-stem, whereby the same result might be accomplished. It will also be perceived that the structure of this case may be varied by closing the pressure-inlet to the valve 25 and opening pressure-inlets on both sides of the piston. The piston will then be subject/to penstock-pressure on both sides, which penstock-pressure above or below the piston, as the case may be, will be relieved by the exhaust caused by the position of the valve 25, and the speed of this exhaust may be checked and controlled by the valve 24a.

Having described my invention, what I claim, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, 1s

l. In a turbine water-wheel the combination of a casing having water-inlets, a gate controlling the admission of water to the inlets, and a runner operated upon by the inlet-water with a governor for controlling the gate, consisting of a piston balanced between opposing pressures and connected to the gate so as to move it, a balanced valve capable of admitting pressure on one or the other side lcontrolling the admission of water to the inlets and a runner operated upon by the inlet-water, with a governor for controlling the gate according to changes of speed due to change of load which consists of a piston balanced between pressures, connected to the gate, so as to move it to open or close, a balanced valve capable of admitting pressure to one side and relieving pressure from the other side of said piston as it is moved, and means actuated by the motion of the runner connected to and actuating said valve to admit pressure on one side and exhaust from the other side of said piston or vice versa as they case may be as the speed of the runner Varies from normal.

3. In a turbine water-wheel a combination of a casing having water-inlets and a runner operated upon by the inlet-water, with a governor for controlling the gate according to the changes of speed due to changes of load, which consists of a piston balanced between pressures, connected to the gate so as to move it to open or close a balanced valve capable of admitting pressure to one side or relieving pressure from the other side of said piston as it is moved from one position to another, means actuated by the motion of the runner connected to and actuating said valve to admit pressure above and exhaust from below said piston, or vice versa as the case may be as the speed of the runner varies from normal, and a pressure-regulating valve located in the exhaust-pipe as and for the purpose specified.

4;. In a turbine Water-wheel the combination of a casing having water-inlets,a gate controlling the admission of water to the inlets, a runner operated upon by the inlet-water, with a governor for controlling the gate according to changes of speed due to changes of load, which consists of a piston inclosed in a suitable casing, water-passages through or around said piston admittingwater from one side of it to the other in limited quantities, said piston being balanced between pressures and connected to the gate so as to move it to open and close, a balanced valve capable of admitting pressure to one side and relieving pressure from the other side of said piston as it is moved, and means actuated by the motion of the runner connected to and actuating -said valve to admit pressure to one side and exhaust from the other side of said piston or vice versa as the case may be, as the speed of the runner varies from normal.

5. In a turbine water-wheel the combinalion of a casing having water-inlets, a gate controlling the admission of water to the inlets and a runner operated upon by the inlet-water, with a governor for controlling the gate according to changes of speed due to change of load which consists of a piston balanced between pressures, connected to the "gate, so as to move it to open or close, a series of valves capable of admitting pressure to one side and relieving pressure from the other side of said piston as they are moved, and means actuated by the motion of the runner connected to and actuating said valve to admit pressure above and exhaust from below said piston or vice versa, as the case may be as the speed of the runner varies from normal.

6. In a turbine water-wheel the combination of a casing having water-inlets, a gate controlling the admission of water to the inlets anda runner operated upon by the inletwater, with a governor for controlling the gate according to changes of speed due to changes of load which consists of a piston balanced between pressures and connected to thegate so as to move it to open or close inclosed in a suitable casing, said casing being open to penstock-pressure above and below the piston, a balanced valve con nected to both ends of the casing above and below the piston and to an exhaust emptying outside the penstock whereby the penstock-pressure above or below the piston may be reduced in accordance with the position of the valve, and means actuated by the motion of the runner connected to and actuating the valve to exhaust the pressure on one side or the other side of the piston or vice versa, as the case may be, as the speed of the runner varies from normal.

7. In a turbine water-wheel the combination of a casing having water-inlets, a gate controlling the admission of water to the inlets and a runner operated upon by the inletwater, with a governor for controlling the gate according to changes of speed due to changes of load which consists of a piston balanced between pressures connected to the gate so as to move it to open or close, a casing surrounding the piston, a valve-chest open to penstock-pressure and having ports connected to the two ends of the casing above and below the piston, a balanced valve in said valve-chest capable of admitting pressure to one side and relieving it from the other side ot' the piston as the valve is moved, and means actuated by the motion of the runner connected to and actuating said valve to admit pressure on one side and exhaust from the other side of said piston or vice versa, as the case may be, as the speed of the runner varies from normal.

8. In a turbine water-wheel the combination of a casing having water-inlets, a gate controlling the admission of water to the inlets and a runner operated upon by the inlet- IIO -it is moved, and a centrifugal governor connected to and actuating said valve, consist,- ing of a screw, a nut, a pair of governorweights and a liy-wheel, the screw having a rotary and a vertical motion, the nut being threaded upon the screw and secured to it by means of a coiled spring one end of which is connected to the screw and the other to the Y nut, a pair of governor-weights connected to links which are secured at oneend to the nut, and at the other end to a fly-wheel, the nut being separat-ed from the fly-wheel by a compression-spring, substantially as described.

9. In a turbine-water-wheel governor, the combination of a casing for the wheel, of a gate admitting water to the wheel, a cylinder open at both ends to fluid-pressure, a piston within the cylinder connected to and operating the gate, and balanced between opposing pressures, and means for exhausting the pressure above or below the piston, as and for the purpose specified. Y

10. In aturbine-water-wheel governor, the combination of a casing for the wheel, of a A gate admitting water to the wheel, acylinder open at both ends to fluid-pressure, a piston within the cylinder connected to and operating the gate, and balanced between opposing pressures, and means for exhausting the pressure above or below the piston, controlled by the speed of the wheel.

11. In a turbine-water-wheel governor, the

combination of a casing for the wheel, of a gate admitting water to the wheel, a cylinder open at both ends to uidpressure,.a piston within the cylinder connected to and operating the gate, and balanced between opposing pressures, and a valve connected to an outlet from the piston, adapted to exhaust pressure from above or below the piston, controlled by the speed of the wheel.

12. In a turbine-water-wheel governor, the combination of a casing` for the wheel, of a cylindrical gate Within the casing, a cylinder open at both ends to duid-pressure, a piston within the cylinder connected to and operating the gate, and balanced between opposing pressures, an outlet in the top of the cylinder, and one in the bottom of the cylinder, exhausting pressure above or below the piston, and means for controlling said outlets.

13. In a turbine-water-wheel governor, the combination of a casing for the wheel, of a gate admitting water to the wheel, a cylinder open at both ends to penstock-pressure, a piston within the cylinder connected to and operating the gate, and balanced between opposing pressures, an outlet in the top of the cylinder, and one in the bottom of the cylinder, exhausting pressures above or below the piston, andA means controlled by the speed of the wheel for opening one or the other of said ontlets, substantially as described.

1.4. In a turbine water-wheel, the combination of a casing, a gate admitting water to the wheel, a cylinder, a piston within the cylinder connected to andoperating the gate and balanced between opposingpressures, and means for admitting pressure above and below 'the piston, and means for exhausting the pressure above or below the piston.

15. In a turbine water-wheehthe combination of a casing, a gate supplying water tothe lwheel, a cylinder, a piston within the cylinder, connected to and operating the gate and balanced between opposing pressures, means for admitting pressure above and below the piston, means for exhausting pressure above and below the piston, and means for controlling the pressure and exhaust by the speed of the wheel.

16. In a turbine water-wheeLthe combination of a casing, of a gate supplying water to the wheel, a cylinder, a piston within the cylinder, connected to and operating the gate and balanced between opposing pressures, means for admitting pressure above and below the piston, means for exhausting the pressure above and below the piston, and means for controlling the pressure and exhaust.

17. In a turbine water-wheel, the combination of a casing, of a gate supplying water to the wheel, a cylinder, a piston within the cylinder, connected to and operating the gate and balanced between opposing pressures,

IOO

means for supplying pressure above and be- Vand balanced between opposing pressures,

means for supplying pressure above and below the piston, means for exhausting the pressure above and below the piston, and means for controlling the exhaust, of pressure above and below the piston.

19. In a turbine water-wheel, the combination of a casing, a gate supplying water to the wheel, a cylinder, a piston within the cylinder, connected to and operating the gate and balanced between opposing pressures, means for admitting pressure above and below the piston, means for exhausting the pressure above and below the piston, means for regulating the pressure admitted, and a valve in the discharge-outlet,for regulating the discharge of exhaust.

20. In a turbine water-wheel, the combina- IIO tion of a casing having water-inlets, a cylinv inclosed in a suitable casing, water-passages through or around said piston, admitting waterfrom one side ot' it to the other, in limited quantities, said piston being balanced between pressures and connected to the gate so as to move it to open and close, a balanced valve loosely fitted in avalve-chest, to permit the passage of pressure around the valve in limited quantities, and havingr water-passages through and around it for the passage of pressure, andexhaust, and adapted to admit pressure to one side, and relieve pressure from the other side, of said piston, as it is moved, substantially as described.

2l. In a turbine water-wheel, the combination of a casing having water-inlets, a cylindrical gate controlling the ad mission of water to the inlets, a runner operated upon by the inlet-water, with a governor for controlling the gate, according to changes of speed, due to changes of load, which consists of a piston inclosed in a suitable cylinder, passages through or around said piston, admitting pressures from one side of it to the other, in limited quantities, said piston being balanced between pressures and connected to the gate so as to move it to open and close, a balanced valve adapted to admit pressure to one side, and relieve pressure from the other side, of said piston, as it is moved, substantially as described.

22. In a turbine Water-wheel, the combination of a casing having water-inlets, a cylindrical gate controlling the ad mission of water to the inlets, a runner operated upon by the inlet-water, with a governor for controlling the gate, according to changes of speed, due to changes of load, which consists of a piston inclosed in a suitable cylinder, passages th rough oraround said piston admitting pressure from one side of the pistou to the other, in limited quantities, said piston being balanced between pressures land connected to the gate so as to move it to open and close, a balanced valve fitted loosely in a suitable valve-chest, and permitting the passage of pressure around the valve, in limited quantities, passages from the valve-chest to the top and to the bottom of the cylinder, and an exhaust-passage from said valve-chest, the valve being adapted to admit pressure on one side, and relieve pressure from the other side, of said piston, as it is moved, and means actuated bythe motion of the runner, connected to and actuating said valve to admit pressure to one sid'e of the piston and exhaust from the other side of said piston, or vice versa, as the case may be, as the speed of the runner varies from normal.

23. In a prime-motor governor the combination of a controlling device for the prime motor, a cylinder open at both ends to fluidpressure, a piston within the cylinder con-` nected to the controller and balanced between opposing pressures, and means for exhausting the pressure'on one or the other side of the piston, as and for the purpose specified. 24. In a prime-motor governor the combination of a controlling device for the prime motor a cylinder means for supplying pressure to both ends of said cylinder, a piston within the cylinder connected to the controller and balanced between opposing pressures, and means for exhausting the pressure on one or the other side of the piston, as and for the purpose specified.

25. In a prime-motor governor the combination of a controlling device for the prime motor a cylinder open at both ends to fluidpressure, a piston within the cylinder connected to the controller and balanced between opposing pressures, and means for exhausting the pressure on one side of the piston controlled by the speed of the prime motor.

26. In a prime-motor governor the combination of a controlling device for the prime motor a cylinder, means for admitting Huidpressure to both ends of the cylinder, a piston within the cylinder connected to the controller and balanced between opposing pressures, means for exhausting pressure from one or the other side of the piston, and means for controlling the pressure admitted and the exhaust by the speed of the prime motor.

27. In a prime-motor governor the combination of a controller for the prime motor a cylinder, means for admitting Huid-pressure to both ends thereof, a piston Within the cylinder connected to the controller and balanced between opposing pressures, means for exhausting pressure on one or the other side of the piston, and means for controlling the IOO pressure admitted by the speed of the wheel,

and a valve controlling the exhaust.

28. In a prime-motor governor the combination of a piston balanced between opposing pressures, means for admitting pressure to both sides of the piston, means for exhausting pressure from both sides of the piston with a centrifugal governor controlling the ad mission and exhaust of pressure t0 and from the piston consisting of a screw driven by the prime motor, a nut, a pair of governorweights and a fly-wheel, the screw having a rotary and vertical motion, the nut being threaded upon the screw and secured to it by IIO means of a coiled spring, one end of which