US655838A - Method of insulating electric conductors. - Google Patents

Method of insulating electric conductors. Download PDF

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Publication number
US655838A
US655838A US2040500A US1900020405A US655838A US 655838 A US655838 A US 655838A US 2040500 A US2040500 A US 2040500A US 1900020405 A US1900020405 A US 1900020405A US 655838 A US655838 A US 655838A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
conductors
conductor
insulating
cooling agent
frozen
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US2040500A
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English (en)
Inventor
Nikola Tesla
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Individual
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Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US2040500A priority Critical patent/US655838A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Priority to CH22213A priority patent/CH22213A/fr
Priority to GB190014550D priority patent/GB190014550A/en
Priority to DK4094D priority patent/DK4094C/da
Priority to AT9098D priority patent/AT9098B/de
Publication of US655838A publication Critical patent/US655838A/en
Priority to US1900030722 priority patent/USRE11865E/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K1/00—Printed circuits
    • H05K1/02—Details
    • H05K1/03—Use of materials for the substrate
    • H05K1/0393—Flexible materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
    • H02G15/00—Cable fittings
    • H02G15/34—Cable fittings for cryogenic cables
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/34—Electrical apparatus, e.g. sparking plugs or parts thereof
    • B29L2031/3462—Cables
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S505/00—Superconductor technology: apparatus, material, process
    • Y10S505/825—Apparatus per se, device per se, or process of making or operating same
    • Y10S505/856—Electrical transmission or interconnection system

Definitions

  • the method consists in insulating an electric conductor by freezing or solidifying and maintaining in such state, by the circulation of a coolingagent, the material surrounding or contiguous to the conductor.
  • I may employ a hollow conductor and pass the cooling agent through the same, thus freezing the water or other medium in contact with or close to such conductor, or I may use expressly for the circulation of the cooling agent an independent channel and freeze or solidify the adjacent substance, in which any number of conductors may be embedded.
  • the conductors maybe bare or covered with some material which is capable of keeping them insulated when it is frozen or solidified.
  • the frozen mass may be in direct touch with the surrounding medium or it may be in a degree protected from contact with the same by an inclosure more or less impervious to heat.
  • the cooling agent may be any kind of liquid, preferably of low freezing-point, as brine, or it may be a gas, as atmospheric air, oxygen, carbonic acid, ammonia, illuminating-gas, or hydrogen. It may be forced through the channel by gravity, pressure, or suction, produced mechanically or otherwise, or by any other kind of force. It may be continually renewed or indefinitely used by being alternately volatilized and condensed or evaporated and absorbed and mechanically driven back and forth or steadily circulated in a closed path under any suitable conditions as regards pressure, density, temperature, and velocity.
  • O is a hollow conductor, such as a steel tube, laid in a body of water and communicating with a reservoir T, but electrically insulated from the same at
  • a pump or compressor 19 of any suitable construction connects r with another similar tank r provided with an inlet-valve "v
  • the air or other gas which is used as the cooling agent enterin g through the valve o is drawn through the tank 7* and pump 19 into the reservoir 1*, escaping thence through the conductor 0 under any desired pressure, which may be regulated by a valve o.
  • Both the reservoirs r and r are kept at a low temperature by suitable means, as by coils or tubes t t and W through which any kind of refrigerating fluid may be circulated, some provision being preferably made for adjusting the flow of the same, as by valves 0.
  • suitable means as by coils or tubes t t and W through which any kind of refrigerating fluid may be circulated, some provision being preferably made for adjusting the flow of the same, as by valves 0.
  • the gas continuously passing through the tube or conductor 0 being very cold will freeze and maintain in this state the water in contact with or adjacent to the conductorand redesignulate it.
  • Flanged bushings t" t of non-conducting material may be used to prevent the leakage of the current which would otherwise occur, owing to the formation of a superficial film of moisture over the ice projecting out of the water.
  • the tube being kept insulated by this means, may then be employed in the manner of an ordinary telegraphic or other cable by connecting either or both of the terminals
  • the cooling agent will have to carry away heat at a rate sufficient to keep the conductor at the desired temperature and to maintain a layer of the required thickness of the substance surrounding it in a frozen state, compensating continually for the heat flowing in through the layer and wall of the conductor and that generated by mechanical and electrical friction.
  • its cooling capacity which is dependent on the temperature, density, velocity, and specific heat, will be calculated by the help of data and formulae familiar to engineers. Air will be, as a rule, suitable for the use contemplated; but in exceptional instances some other gas, as hydrogen, may be resorted to, which will permit a muchgreater rate of cooling and a lower temperature to be reached.
  • any kind of fluid capable of meeting the requirements may be conveyed from one to another station and there utilized for refrigeration, power, heating, lighting, sanitation, chemical processes, or any other purpose to which it may lend itself, and thus the rcve nue of the plant may be increased.
  • the temperature of the conductor it will be determined by the nature of its use and considerations of economy. For instance, if it be employed for the transmission of telegraphic messages, when the loss in electrical friction may be of no consequence, a very low temperature may not be required; but if it be used for transmitting large amounts of electrical energy, when the frictional waste may be a serious drawback, it will be desirable to keep it extremely cold. The attainment of this object will be facilitated by any provision for reducing as much as possible the flowing in of the heat from the surrounding medium. Clearly the lower the temperature of the conductor the smaller will be the loss in electrical friction; but, on the other hand, the colder the conductor the greater will be the influx of heat from the outside and the cost of the cooling agent. From such and similar considerations the temperature securing the highest economy will be ascertained.
  • FIG. 2-3 A plan of this kind is illustrated in Fig. 2-3, in which 0 and O represent two hollow conductors embedded in a frozen mass underground and communicating, respectively, with the reservoirs R and R which are connected by a reciprocating or other suitable pump P. Cooling coils or tubes T T and T T with regulating-valves o o" are employed, which are similar to and serve the same purpose as those shown in Fig. 1. Other features of similarity, though unnecessary, are illustrated to fa cilitate an understanding of the plan.
  • a three-way valve V is provided, which when placed with its lever Z as indicated allows the cooling agent to enter through the tubes u 162 and pump P, thus filling the reservoirs R R" and hollow conductors G 0*; but when turned ninety degrees the valve shuts off the communication to the outside through the tube to and establishes a connection between the reservoir R and pump 1 through the tubes a and u, thus permitting the lluid to be circulated in the closed path 0 O R a a P R by the action of the pump.
  • Another valve V of suitable construction may be used for regulating the flow of the cooling agent.
  • the conductors C C are insulated from the reservoirs R R and from each other at the joints J J 2 J and they are, furthermore, protected at the places where they enter and leave the ground by flanged bushings I I 1 1 of insulating material, which extend into the frozen mass in order to prevent the current from leaking, as above explained.
  • Bindingposts B B and B B are provided for connecting the conductors to the circuit at each station.
  • a trench will generally be dug and a trough, round or square, as T, of smaller dimensions than the trench placed in the same, the intervening space being packed with some material (designated byM M M) more or less impervious to heat, as sawdust, ashes, or the like.
  • M M M some material
  • the conductors will be put in position and temporarily supported in any convenient manner, and finally the trough will be filled with water or other substance W, which will be gradually frozen by circulating the cooling agent in the closed path, as before described.
  • the trench will not be level, but will follow the undulations of the ground, and this will make it necessary to subdivide the trough in sections or to effect the freezing of the substance filling it successivelyin parts.
  • a layer of the same or similar material M M M will be placed on the top and the whole covered with earth or pavement.
  • the trough may be of metal, as sheetiron, and in cases where the ground is used as return-circuitit may serve as a main or it may be of any kind of material more or less insulating. Figs. 4.
  • each trough containing a single central hollow conductor, as C and O.
  • the insulation W is supposed to be ice, obtained by freezing water preferably freed of air in order to exclude the formation of dangerous bubbles or cavities, while in the second case the frozen mass W is some aqueous or other substance or mixture highly insulating when in this condition.
  • Fig. 6 represents the cross-section of a trough, the same in other respects as those before shown, but containing instead of a hollow conductor any kind of pipe or conduit L.
  • the cooling agent may be driven in any convenient manner through the pipe for the purpose of freezing the water or other substance filling the trough, thus insulating and fixing a number of conductors c c 0.
  • Such a plan may be particularly suitable in cities for insulating and fixing telegraph and telephone wires or the like. In such cases an exceedingly-low temperature of the cooling agent may not be required, and the insulation will be obtained at the expense of little power.
  • the conduit L may, however, be used simultaneously for conveying and distributing any kind of fluid for which there is a demand through the district.
  • two such conduits may be provided and used in a similar manner as the conductors C C
  • a plan may be adopted which is illustrated in Fig. 7, showing a trough similar to that in Fig. 6, with the conductors in cross-section.
  • the cooling agent may be in this instance circulated, as in Fig.
  • tubular conductors C 0 preferably of iron, may then serve to convey heavy currents for supplying light and power, while the small ones 0' c c, embedded in the ice or frozen mass, may be used for any other purposes.
  • a layer of some substance to, as oil may be used, and the conductor may be covered near the support with insulation t' i, as shown, the same extending into the oil for reasons Well understood.
  • FIG. 9 Another typical application of my invention is shown in Fig. 9, in which P and S represent, respectively, the primary and secondary conductors, bare or insulated, of a transformer, which are wound on a core N and immersed in water or other substance W, containing a jar II and, as before stated, preferably freed of air by boiling or otherwise.
  • the cooling agent is circulated in any convenient manner, as through the hollow pri mary P, for the purpose of freezing the substance ⁇ V.
  • Flanged bushings Z (Z and oilcups c c, extending into the frozen mass, illustrate suitable means for insulating the ends of the two conductors and preventing the" leakage of the currents.
  • a transformer, as described, is especially fitted for use with currents of high frequency, when a low temperature of the conductors is particularly desirable, and ice affords an exceptionally-effective insulation.
  • the object aimed at will be more completely attained by reducing the temperature of the circulating cooling agent at the distant station, which may be done by simply expanding it into a large reservoir, as R or cooling it by means of a tube or coil T or otherwise.
  • the concentric tubes may be used as independent conductors, insulated from each other by the intervening fluid and from the ground by the frozen or solidified substance.
  • my invention forms a fundamental departure in principle from the established methods of insulating conductors employed in the industrial and commercial application of electricity. It aims, broadly, at obtaining insulation by the continuous expenditure of a moderate amount of energy instead of securing it only by virtue of an inherent physical property of the material used, as heretofore. More especially its object is to provide, when and wherever required,insulation of high quality, of any desired thickness and exceptionally cheap, and to enable the transmission of electrical energy under conditions of economy heretofore unattainable and at distances until 110w impracticable by dispensing-with the necessity of using costly conductors and insulators.
  • Vhat I claim as my invention is 1.
  • the method of insulating electric conductors herein described which consists in imparting insulating properties to a material surrounding or contiguous to the said conductor by the continued action thereon of a cooling agent, as set forth.
  • the method of insulating conductors herein set forth which consists in surrounding or supporting the conductors by a material which acquires insulating properties when in a frozen or solidified state, and maintaining the material in such state by the circulation of a cooling agent through a circuit of pipes or tubes extending through the said material as set forth.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Thermal Insulation (AREA)
US2040500A 1900-06-15 1900-06-15 Method of insulating electric conductors. Expired - Lifetime US655838A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US2040500A US655838A (en) 1900-06-15 1900-06-15 Method of insulating electric conductors.
CH22213A CH22213A (fr) 1900-06-15 1900-08-14 Installation d'isolation de conducteurs électriques
GB190014550D GB190014550A (en) 1900-06-15 1900-08-14 Improvements relating to the Insulation of Electric Conductors
DK4094D DK4094C (da) 1900-06-15 1900-08-14 Fremgangsmaade til ved Hjælp af Afkøling at isolere elektriske Ledninger.
AT9098D AT9098B (de) 1900-06-15 1900-08-14 Verfahren zur Isolierung elektrischer Leiter.
US1900030722 USRE11865E (en) 1900-06-15 1900-09-21 Method Of Insulating Electric Conductors

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US2040500A US655838A (en) 1900-06-15 1900-06-15 Method of insulating electric conductors.
US1900030722 USRE11865E (en) 1900-06-15 1900-09-21 Method Of Insulating Electric Conductors

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US655838A true US655838A (en) 1900-08-14

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US2040500A Expired - Lifetime US655838A (en) 1900-06-15 1900-06-15 Method of insulating electric conductors.
US1900030722 Expired USRE11865E (en) 1900-06-15 1900-09-21 Method Of Insulating Electric Conductors

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US1900030722 Expired USRE11865E (en) 1900-06-15 1900-09-21 Method Of Insulating Electric Conductors

Country Status (5)

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US (2) US655838A (de)
AT (1) AT9098B (de)
CH (1) CH22213A (de)
DK (1) DK4094C (de)
GB (1) GB190014550A (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3562401A (en) * 1969-03-03 1971-02-09 Union Carbide Corp Low temperature electric transmission systems
US3800062A (en) * 1971-07-24 1974-03-26 Kanto Tar Prod Co Ltd Cooling method for transmission cables
US4563230A (en) * 1983-06-24 1986-01-07 C.G.A. Compagnia Generale Alluminio S.P.A. Method of making double layer sheet metal panels with ducts formed by inflation
DE102018002854A1 (de) 2017-04-11 2018-10-11 Alf Holger Tschersich Kalt dynamische Wasserstofffusion

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2439592A (en) * 1942-02-17 1948-04-13 Wallgren Johan Valdemar Method of temporarily repairing electric cables damaged by moisture
US2686215A (en) * 1950-12-12 1954-08-10 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Isothermal electric cable

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3562401A (en) * 1969-03-03 1971-02-09 Union Carbide Corp Low temperature electric transmission systems
US3800062A (en) * 1971-07-24 1974-03-26 Kanto Tar Prod Co Ltd Cooling method for transmission cables
US4563230A (en) * 1983-06-24 1986-01-07 C.G.A. Compagnia Generale Alluminio S.P.A. Method of making double layer sheet metal panels with ducts formed by inflation
DE102018002854A1 (de) 2017-04-11 2018-10-11 Alf Holger Tschersich Kalt dynamische Wasserstofffusion

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
USRE11865E (en) 1900-10-23
CH22213A (fr) 1901-12-31
AT9098B (de) 1902-09-10
DK4094C (da) 1901-08-05
GB190014550A (en) 1901-01-12

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