US6239690B1 - Battery economizing in a communications system - Google Patents

Battery economizing in a communications system Download PDF

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Publication number
US6239690B1
US6239690B1 US09/188,750 US18875098A US6239690B1 US 6239690 B1 US6239690 B1 US 6239690B1 US 18875098 A US18875098 A US 18875098A US 6239690 B1 US6239690 B1 US 6239690B1
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United States
Prior art keywords
bits
parts
wake
radio identity
identity code
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Expired - Lifetime
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US09/188,750
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English (en)
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Richard C. Burbidge
David K. Roberts
Philip A. Jamieson
Rodney W. Gibson
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ST Ericsson SA
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US Philips Corp
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Assigned to ST WIRELESS SA reassignment ST WIRELESS SA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NXP B.V.
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
    • H04W52/0209—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices
    • H04W52/0212—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices managed by the network, e.g. network or access point is master and terminal is slave
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/06—Receivers
    • H04B1/10—Means associated with receiver for limiting or suppressing noise or interference
    • H04B1/12—Neutralising, balancing, or compensation arrangements
    • H04B1/123—Neutralising, balancing, or compensation arrangements using adaptive balancing or compensation means
    • H04B1/126—Neutralising, balancing, or compensation arrangements using adaptive balancing or compensation means having multiple inputs, e.g. auxiliary antenna for receiving interfering signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
    • H04W52/0209—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices
    • H04W52/0225—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices using monitoring of external events, e.g. the presence of a signal
    • H04W52/0229—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices using monitoring of external events, e.g. the presence of a signal where the received signal is a wanted signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
    • H04W52/0209—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices
    • H04W52/0225—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices using monitoring of external events, e.g. the presence of a signal
    • H04W52/0238—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices using monitoring of external events, e.g. the presence of a signal where the received signal is an unwanted signal, e.g. interference or idle signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
    • H04W88/02—Terminal devices
    • H04W88/022—Selective call receivers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of battery economising in a communications system, a communications system, a transmitting station for use in the system and to a receiving station for use in the system.
  • the communications system may comprise a telecommunications system such as a paging or cordless/cellular telephone system or telemetry system used for example in say an automatic meter reading system.
  • Power saving in receivers of radio equipments is known for example in the digital paging field.
  • the POCSAG or CCIR Radiopaging Code No. 1
  • a batch comprises a sync code word and 8 frames.
  • a receiver is powered for receipt of a sync code word and for a predesignated one of eight frames in successive batches, any messages for the receiver being transmitted in the predesignated frame.
  • the receiver can be powered down.
  • EP-B1-0 554 941 discloses the option of a paging system controller transmitting address or receiver identity codes (RICs) in an order of increasing or decreasing numerical significance and if a pager notes from the first few bits of an address being received that it follows after its address in the ordered sequence and therefore there is not a call or message for itself, the receiver section of the pager is powered down before the end of the frame in order to save power.
  • RICs receiver identity codes
  • WO 90/06634 discloses the concept of a portable receiver receiving a 32 bit sync code word and checking the sync code word in 2 parts, firstly the first 8 bits and secondly the last 24 bits. If the first part is received having less than two bit errors, the sync code word is considered detected and power control means in the portable receiver powers down the receiving stage for the duration of the second part. If the result is not acceptable, the receiver remains energised for the remaining 24 bits of the sync code word and the result is accepted if there are less than 3 errors in the remaining 24 bits.
  • This citation also mentions power conservation by disabling the receiving stage or operating a microcomputer in the portable receiver in a low power mode, or by doing both.
  • Paging systems are structured in that the air interface protocol determines, once the pagers are synchronised, when the receivers should be energised or not.
  • telemetry as applied to for example automatic meter reading systems where transceivers coupled to metering units are required to transmit parcels of data in response to the receipt of an infrequently given request.
  • transceivers In the interests of power saving the transceivers have to be controlled to minimise the energisation of the receivers whilst ensuring that a prompt response can be given to an interrogation signal.
  • An object of the present invention is to facilitate power saving in communications apparatus which are on standby for long time periods.
  • a method of battery economising in a communications system comprising a transmitting station and a receiving station having a radio identity code consisting of M bits, characterised by transmitting a wake-up message comprising at least two repetitions of a wake-up sequence, the wake-up sequence comprising N concatenated parts, where N is an integer, each of said N parts including a sync code word and a different fraction M/N of bits of a radio identity code, by energising the receiving station intermittently in order to detect at least one of said parts, by the receiving station remaining energised and analysing said at least one of said parts, and by de-energising the receiving station in response to determining that the received bits of the radio identity code do not correspond to the corresponding bits of the receiving station's radio identity code.
  • a communications system comprising a transmitting station and a receiving station having a radio identity code consisting of M bits, characterised in that the transmitting station has means for transmitting a wake-up message comprising at least two repetitions of a wake-up sequence, the wake-up sequence comprising N concatenated parts, where N is an integer, each of said N parts including a sync code word and a different fraction M/N of bits of a radio identity code, the receiving station has means for intermittently energising its receiver in order to detect at least one of said parts, for remaining energised and for analysing said at least one of said parts, and for de-energising the receiving station in response to determining that the received bits of the radio identity code do not correspond to the corresponding bits of the receiving station's radio identity code.
  • a transmitting station for use in a communications system including a receiving station having a radio identity code consisting of M bits, characterised in that the transmitting station has means for transmitting a wake-up message comprising at least two repetitions of a wake-up sequence, the wake-up sequence comprising N concatenated parts, where N is an integer, each of said N parts including a sync code word and a different fraction M/N of bits of a radio identity code.
  • a receiving station for use in a communications system comprising a transmitting station and the receiving station, said receiving station having a radio identity code consisting of M bits, wherein the transmitting station has means for transmitting a wake-up message comprising at least two repetitions of a wake-up sequence, the wake-up sequence comprising N concatenated parts, where N is an integer, each of said N parts including a sync code word and a different fraction M/N of bits of a radio identity code, characterised in that the receiving station has radio identity code detecting means and means for intermittently energising its receiver in order to detect at least one of said parts, for remaining energised whilst said at least one of said parts is being analysed by said radio identity code detecting means, and for de-energising the receiving station in response to determining that the received bits of the radio identity code do not correspond to the corresponding bits of the receiving station's radio identity code.
  • the bits of the radio identity code are randomised prior to fractionalising.
  • the bits of the radio identity code are randomised by applying the bits to stages of a linear feedback shift register with a generator polynomial for generating an M-sequence, clocking the shift register a predetermined number of times, and reading-out the new contents of the shift register.
  • a different sync code word may precede each of the N parts of the wake-up sequence.
  • the receiving station in response to detecting a particular sync code word indicating which of the N parts is being received will know which bits of the radio identity code are to be compared with the received bits.
  • a wake-up message comprises a relatively large number of wake-up sequences
  • a receiving station in response to a receiving station recognising its radio identity code in the early portion continues to intermittently energise at least its receiver until the later portion of the wake-up message is detected whereat its receiver is energised continuously in order to receive a message concatenated with the wake-up message. By delaying the instant at which the receiver is energised continuously the overall power consumption is reduced.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a simplified embodiment of an automatic water metering system
  • FIG. 2 is a block schematic diagram of a consumer unit
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a consumer unit being energised initially intermittently and then continuously
  • FIG. 4 is an example of a wake-up message and concatenated start of message sequence and message
  • FIG. 5A illustrates the structure of a wake-up message
  • FIG. 5B illustrates the structure of a wake-up sequence
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the structure of a sync code word
  • FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating the operations involved in detecting a message
  • FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of randomising address bits by means of a maximal length pseudo-random sequence
  • FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate another embodiment of an address randomising scheme
  • FIGS. 10A, 10 B and 10 C illustrate a further embodiment of randomising bits by exclusive-OR folding.
  • the simplified embodiment of the automatic water metering system comprises a plurality of consumer units CU 1 , CU 2 , CU 3 attached to water conduits supplying domestic premises.
  • Each of the consumer units CU 1 to CU 3 comprises a metering unit 10 operatively coupled to a microprocessor 12 and a transceiver 14 having an antenna 16 which may be incorporated into or comprise a cover for a socket set into the ground and containing the consumer unit CU 1 to CU 3 .
  • the consumer units CU 1 to CU 3 can be interrogated remotely by in range management interface units (MIU) MIU 1 , MIU 2 which relay meter reading information by way of land lines 18 , such as the PSTN, or further radio links (not shown) to a master MIU, MMIU, which amongst other tasks controls the operation of the metering system and the billing of customers. Additionally the consumer units CU 1 to CU 3 may be interrogated remotely by portable MIUs (not shown) which store the meter reading information for later transfer to the master MIU, MMIU.
  • MIU range management interface units
  • each of the MIUs, MIU 1 and MIU 2 covers a respective plurality of meters in a particular geographic area.
  • each of the MIUs is mounted in an elevated position on say a dedicated mast or a lamppost.
  • Each of the MIUs comprises a controller 20 for controlling the operation of a transceiver 22 which may be similar to the transceiver 14 of the consumer unit, the storage of meter information in a store 24 and the relaying of the stored meter information by way of a modem 26 .
  • the MMIU has a controller comprising a large computer 30 which is coupled to a modem 32 which enables communication to be effected by way of the land lines 18 .
  • the consumer unit CU shown in FIG. 2 comprises a metering unit 10 which provides a digital output to a microprocessor 12 .
  • the transceiver 14 comprises a receiver 34 for receiving signals from the antenna 16 and demodulates them.
  • the demodulated signals are decoded in a decoder 36 and the decoded signals are applied to the microprocessor 12 .
  • the microprocessor 12 wants to transmit signals to the MIU, the signals are encoded in an encoder 38 and the encoded signals are modulated and transmitted by a transmitter 40 .
  • the consumer unit CU is a self contained unit which is powered by a low leakage battery 42 , such as a lithium cell.
  • a low leakage battery 42 such as a lithium cell.
  • the performance of radio equipment used in automatic meter reading systems is governed by a number of official standards such as the UK Radiocommunications Agency Standard MPT 1601, Issue 2, 1996 and ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute) Standard I-ETS 300 200, December 1996.
  • ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute
  • each transceiver whether within a consumer unit CU or MIU to have a respective 32 bit address thereby enabling each transceiver to be called on a point to point basis.
  • the system has provision for multicast addressing which allows a single message to be addressed to a group of transceivers. Irrespective of the number of groups created for multicasting, there should be at least one supergroup covering all the transceivers in consumer units.
  • a time cycle may be allocated to a particular MIU in order that it can communicate with consumer units within its radio coverage area.
  • the MIU transmits a wake-up call to a predetermined consumer unit and then switches to receive in order to permit the addressed consumer unit to reply.
  • the transceivers are energised at regular intervals to listen for signals on its channel. This is shown in FIG. 3 .
  • the wake-up message WU (FIG. 4) itself must have a length greater than the duration of the regular intervals T when the transceiver is switched-off.
  • the receiver section of a transceiver When the receiver section of a transceiver is powered-up, it performs a carrier detection and if no signal is found, it goes back to sleep for time T. If a carrier is detected, the receiver section obtains bit and word synchronisation and then decodes address information to determine if it is the addressee of the message that follows. If it is the addressee, it remains energised to receive a start of message sequence SOM (FIG. 4) and the concatenated message MES (FIG. 4 ).
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a wake-up message WU which comprises a first portion 44 (FIG. 4 ), which is the earlier portion, and a second portion 46 , which is the later portion.
  • the wake-up message is concatenated with the start of message sequence SOM and the message MES proper.
  • FIGS. 5A, 5 B and 6 illustrate the structure of a wake-up message WU for an individual consumer unit.
  • the structure comprises a plurality of concatenated wake-up sequences WS 0 , WS 1 . . . WS(N ⁇ 1).
  • FIG. 5B illustrates the structure of one example of a wake-up sequence for an individual address.
  • the sequence assumes that a 32-bit address is divided into 4 bytes each of 8 bits.
  • the wake-up sequence commences with a first 16 bit sync code word SO which is concatenated with a first of the address bytes A 3 .
  • the sequence is completed by alternating second to fourth sync code words S 1 to S 3 with address bytes A 2 , A 1 and A 0 to make a fixed length of 96 bits.
  • the address byte A 3 is the most significant byte.
  • a consumer unit being synchronised with the wake-up signal, if it determines that the address byte A 3 is not part of its address, it switches off its receiver section for the remainder of that sequence. Otherwise if byte A 3 is accepted, it checks byte A 2 and so on so that by the end of the sequence it will have determined whether or not all 4 bytes comprise its address.
  • each of the sync code words S 0 to S 3 include bits identifying the number of the address byte that follows the sync code word.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a 16 bit sync code word in which 12 of the bits comprise a fixed pattern and four bits b 0 to b 3 comprise signalling bits.
  • the signalling bits have the meanings tabulated below:
  • b1 is the most significant bit
  • b2 Identifies the following addressing mode: 0 - multicast addressing 1 - individual addressing b3 Identifies the first or second portion of the Wakeup. 0 - first part of Wakeup 1 - second part of Wakeup
  • Bits b 1 , b 0 identify the transmitted address byte appended to the sync code word so that the processor 12 can determine which of the bits of its address are to be compared with the bits in the received address byte.
  • a consumer unit CU determines from the bit b 3 in the sync code word that identification of its address has occurred during the first portion 44 (FIG. 4) of the wake-up message WU, it resumes the sampling strategy in order to save battery power until the consumer unit CU determines from the change in value of the bit b 3 that it is now receiving signals in the second portion 46 (FIG. 4 ), in which case the receiver section of the consumer unit CU remains continuously energised to receive the start of message sequence SOM.
  • block 50 indicates energising the receiver section of a consumer unit for a short time period in order to detect carrier.
  • Block 52 relates to checking if carrier has been detected.
  • the process returns to the block 50 . If carrier has been detected (Y), then in block 54 the receiver remains energised to detect the wake-up message. In block 56 a check is made to see if the wake-up message has been detected. If the answer is no (N), the flow chart reverts to the block 50 .
  • Block 68 relates to the receiver receiving the start of message sequence SOM and the concatenated message MES.
  • Block 70 represents the consumer unit responding to the message and reverting to a sleep mode. The flow chart reverts to the block 50 .
  • the four bytes A 3 to A 0 of the address should have approximately random properties in order to maximise the chance that the consumer unit is able to reject the address being transmitted after receiving only one of the address bytes.
  • Each byte may take one of 256 different values.
  • the address may be mapped onto a randomised address for use in the wake-up message WU. If the randomisation is successful, then in 255 out of 256 cases the wake-up address byte will not match that of the receiving consumer unit, and the consumer unit can reject the address after having seen one byte out of four.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates performing random mapping using a 32 bit linear feedback shift register 48 with a generator polynomial which is configured to generate a maximal length pseudo-random sequence or M-sequence.
  • the 32 bit radio address is loaded in parallel into the stages a 0 to a 31 of the shift register 48 which is clocked 32 times to give a randomised address.
  • generator polynomial represented in hex
  • the contents of the shift register cycles through all 2 r ⁇ 1 non-zero r-bit numbers.
  • the order in which these numbers appear in the shift register depends on the generator polynomial and may be approximately random.
  • a 31 , a 30 . . . a 0 are address bits with a 31 being the most significant bit and c 32 , c 31 . . . c 0 are coefficients of the generator polynomial.
  • the scrambled address is the new contents of the shift register and are read-out in parallel.
  • Using a linear feedback shift register with a generator polynomial gives a high degree of randomisation and a unique mapping of the radio address.
  • the shift register 48 can be clocked by less than the number of bits in the radio address, clocking the shift register by at least the number of bits in the radio address ensures that all the bits contribute to the randomising operation.
  • FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrates a randomisation scheme in which the least significant bits of the address are distributed evenly over the different parts of the scrambled address.
  • FIG. 9A represents the unscrambled 4 bytes of the radio address and FIG. 9B represents 4 bytes of scrambled address, each byte containing 2 bits from each byte of the unscrambled address shown in FIG. 9 A.
  • the most significant bits of the addresses will be the same for all of the consumer units.
  • the least significant bits provide a way of differentiating between the consumer units. Therefore in this scheme it is important that each byte of a scrambled address contains some of the least significant bits.
  • FIGS. 10A, 10 B and 10 C illustrate randomising bits by exclusive-OR (XOR) folding.
  • FIG. 10A illustrates the unscrambled address about a central fold line FL 1 .
  • the address bits in corresponding bit positions on either side of the fold line FL 1 are combined by XOR operations and the result is shown in FIG. 9 B.
  • FIG. 10B includes a central fold line FL 2 and the bits in corresponding bit positions on either side of the fold line FL 2 are combined by XOR operations and the result is shown in FIG. 10C which shows one byte of the scrambled address.
  • the other 3 bytes of the scrambled address can be formed by folding or overlapping in different ways, for example
  • the address rejection time is in addition to the carrier detection time.
  • Bit synchronisation is achieved in 16 bits.
  • Word synchronisation is achieved after a complete sync code word has been received. The time taken for this depends on where within the wake-up sequence the receiver starts producing valid data. If the first valid bit produced is the first bit of a sync word then it takes 16 bits. If the first valid bit is the second bit of a sync code word then it takes 40 bits.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
US09/188,750 1997-11-12 1998-11-09 Battery economizing in a communications system Expired - Lifetime US6239690B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB9723743.2A GB9723743D0 (en) 1997-11-12 1997-11-12 Battery economising in a communications system
GB9723743 1997-11-12

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US (1) US6239690B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP0981850B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP4115541B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR100703910B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1126381C (fr)
DE (1) DE69839991D1 (fr)
GB (1) GB9723743D0 (fr)
TW (1) TW401660B (fr)
WO (1) WO1999025051A2 (fr)

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DE69839991D1 (de) 2008-10-23
EP0981850A2 (fr) 2000-03-01
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GB9723743D0 (en) 1998-01-07
KR100703910B1 (ko) 2007-04-05
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