US5877754A - Process, apparatus, and system for color conversion of image signals - Google Patents

Process, apparatus, and system for color conversion of image signals Download PDF

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US5877754A
US5877754A US08/224,833 US22483394A US5877754A US 5877754 A US5877754 A US 5877754A US 22483394 A US22483394 A US 22483394A US 5877754 A US5877754 A US 5877754A
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clut
signal
signals
image
palette
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Michael Keith
Stephen Wood
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Intel Corp
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Intel Corp
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Assigned to INTEL CORPORATION reassignment INTEL CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KEITH, MICHAEL, WOOD, STEPHEN
Priority to PCT/US1995/004026 priority patent/WO1995027974A1/en
Priority to EP95916156A priority patent/EP0754339B1/de
Priority to CA002187297A priority patent/CA2187297C/en
Priority to JP7526385A priority patent/JP2999825B2/ja
Priority to DE69522102T priority patent/DE69522102T2/de
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G5/00—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators
    • G09G5/02—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators characterised by the way in which colour is displayed
    • G09G5/06—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators characterised by the way in which colour is displayed using colour palettes, e.g. look-up tables
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/2007—Display of intermediate tones
    • G09G3/2044—Display of intermediate tones using dithering
    • G09G3/2051—Display of intermediate tones using dithering with use of a spatial dither pattern

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  • the present invention relates to digital image signal processing, and, in particular, to computer-implemented processes, apparatuses, and systems for color converting digital image signals.
  • a video decoding system for displaying high-quality, full-motion digital video images on a graphics display monitor in a personal computer (PC) environment that does not require any additional hardware.
  • a decoding system is preferably capable of performing decoding, conversion, and display functions to support a video playback mode.
  • the decoding system accesses encoded video signals from a mass storage device, decodes the signals into a multi-component (e.g., subsampled three-component YUV9) video format, converts the multi-component signals to single-index color lookup table (CLUT) signals, and uses the CLUT signals to generate displays for a display monitor.
  • a multi-component e.g., subsampled three-component YUV9
  • Such an encoding system is preferably capable of performing capture, encoding, decoding, conversion, and display functions to support both a compression mode and the playback mode.
  • the encoding system captures and encodes video images generated by a video generator, such as a video camera, VCR, or laser disc player.
  • the encoded video signals may then be stored to a mass storage device, such as a hard drive or, ultimately, a CD-ROM.
  • the encoded video signals may also be decoded, converted, and displayed on a display monitor to monitor the compression-mode processing.
  • the present invention is a computer-implemented process, apparatus, and system for displaying an image.
  • the system has a CLUT palette, which maps each CLUT signal C h of a plurality of CLUT signals C to a corresponding display signal d h of a plurality of display signals D.
  • a color conversion table is generated for the CLUT palette.
  • the color conversion table maps each image signal s i of a plurality of image signals S to a corresponding CLUT signal c i of the plurality of CLUT signals C.
  • An image signal s j corresponding to an image is provided.
  • the image signal s j is transformed to a CLUT signal c j of the plurality of CLUT signals C using the color conversion table.
  • the image is displayed in accordance with the CLUT signal c j , wherein the CLUT signal c j is transformed to a display signal d j of the plurality of display signals D using the CLUT palette.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a video system for displaying video images in a PC environment, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a representation of YUV component space
  • FIG. 3 shows a process flow diagram of preferred processing implemented by the video system of FIG. 1 to generate the lookup tables used in the color-conversion processing of FIG. 6 for an arbitrary CLUT palette;
  • FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of preferred processing implemented by the video system of FIG. 1 to generate the U,V dither magnitude for use in generating U and V dither lookup tables;
  • FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram of preferred processing implemented by the video system of FIG. 1 to generate the U and V biases for use in generating U and V dither lookup tables;
  • FIG. 6 shows a process flow diagram of processing implemented by the video system of FIG. 1 to convert a three-component YUV signal to a single-index CLUT signal.
  • Video system 100 is capable of performing in the compression and playback modes.
  • the operations of video system 100 are controlled by operating system 112 which communicates with the other processing engines of video system 100 via system bus 120.
  • video generator 102 of video system 100 When video system 100 operates in compression mode, video generator 102 of video system 100 generates analog video signals and transmits those signals to capture processor 104.
  • Capture processor 104 decodes (i.e., separates) the analog video signal into three linear components (one luminance component Y and two chrominance components U and V), digitizes each component, and scales the digitized signals. Scaling of the digitized signals preferably includes subsampling the U and V signals to generate digitized video signals in subsampled YUV9 format.
  • YUV9 signals have one U-component signal and one V-component signal for every (4 ⁇ 4) block of Y-component signals.
  • Real-time encoder 106 encodes (i.e., compresses) each component of the captured (i.e., unencoded or uncompressed) YUV9 signals separately and transmits the encoded signals via system bus 120 for storage to mass storage device 108.
  • the encoded signals may then be optionally further encoded by non-real-time encoder 110. If such further encoding is selected, then non-real-time encoder 110 accesses the encoded signals stored in mass storage device 108, encodes the signals further, and transmits the further encoded video signals back to mass storage device 108. The output of non-real-time encoder 110 is further encoded digital video signals.
  • Video system 100 also provides optional monitoring of the compression-mode processing. If such monitoring is selected, then, in addition to being stored to mass storage device 108, the encoded signals (generated by either real-time encoder 106 or non-real-time encoder 110) are decoded (i.e., decompressed) back to YUV9 format (and scaled for display) by decoder 114. Color converter 116 then converts the decoded, scaled YUV9 signals to a display format selected for displaying the video images on display monitor 118. For the present invention, the display format is preferably selected to be 8-bit CLUT format, although alternative embodiments of the present invention may support additional or alternative CLUT display formats.
  • decoder 114 accesses encoded video signals stored in mass storage device 108 and decodes and scales the encoded signals back to decoded YUV9 format.
  • Color converter 116 then converts the decoded, scaled YUV9 signals to selected CLUT display format signals for use in generating displays on display monitor 118.
  • operating system 112 is a multi-media operating system, such as, but not limited to, Microsoft® Video for Windows or Apple® QuickTime, running on a personal computer with a general-purpose host processor, such as, but not limited to, an Intel® x86 or Motorola® microprocessor.
  • An Intel® x86 processor may be an Intel® 386, 486, or Pentium® processor.
  • Video generator 102 may be any source of analog video signals, such as a video camera, VCR, or laser disc player.
  • Capture processor 104 and real-time encoder 106 are preferably implemented by a video co-processor such as an Intel® i750 encoding engine on an Intel® Smart Video Board.
  • Non-real-time encoder 110 is preferably implemented in software running on the host processor.
  • Mass storage device 108 may be any suitable device for storing digital signals, such as a hard drive or a CD-ROM. Those skilled in the art will understand that video system 100 may have more than one mass storage device 108. For example, video system 100 may have a hard drive for encoded signals generated during compression mode and a CD-ROM for storing other encoded signals for playback mode.
  • Decoder 114 and color converter 116 are preferably implemented in software running on the host processor.
  • Display monitor 118 may be any suitable device for displaying video images and is preferably a graphics monitor such as a VGA monitor.
  • each of the functional processors of video system 100 depicted in FIG. 1 may be implemented by any other suitable hardware/software processing engine.
  • Video system 100 preferably supports the use of an 8-bit color lookup table (CLUT) that may contain up to 256 different colors for displaying pixels on display monitor 118 of FIG. 1. Each CLUT color corresponds to a triplet of YUV components. Previous approaches to the conversion of three-component YUV9 signals to single-index CLUT signals relied upon specific predefined palettes, which the operating systems were programmed to use. Under the present invention, video system 100 is capable of converting YUV9 signals to CLUT signals using an arbitrary predefined CLUT palette. Those skilled in the art will understand that video system 100 is therefore capable of displaying video signals in an environment in which some or all of the palette is defined, for example, by an application running on video system 100.
  • CLUT color lookup table
  • Video system 100 is capable of generating lookup tables for converting YUV9 signals to CLUT signals for an arbitrary CLUT palette. Video system 100 is also capable of using those lookup tables to convert YUV9 signals to CLUT signals as part of video display processing.
  • An 8-bit single-index CLUT palette maps each of (up to) 256 8-bit CLUT signals to a color space (e.g., three-component RGB) that is used by a PC operating system (e.g., Microsoft® Windows® operating system) to display images (e.g., video, graphics, text) on a display monitor.
  • a PC operating system e.g., Microsoft® Windows® operating system
  • Video processing systems may encode and decode video images using color formats other than single-index CLUT signals and three-component RGB signals, such as subsampled YUV9 signals.
  • the video processing system preferably first converts YUV9 signals to CLUT signals.
  • Video system 100 of the present invention generates color-conversion lookup tables to map subsampled YUV9 signals into 8-bit CLUT signals for arbitrary pre-defined CLUT palettes.
  • One way to generate such lookup tables is to compare each of the possible YUV9 signals with each of the 256 possible CLUT signals to identify the CLUT signal that is closest to each of the YUV9 signals.
  • This brute force method may be prohibitively expensive (in terms of processing time) in a video system with limited processing bandwidth due both to the number of comparisons involved and to the complexity of each comparison.
  • Each comparison would typically involve the following computation:
  • new color-conversion lookup tables are preferably generated when video system 100 is initialized and each time the CLUT palette changes.
  • the generation of lookup tables is preferably implemented in as short a time period as practicable to avoid significant disruption or delay in the display of video images.
  • the generation of lookup tables is preferably implemented on the host processor of video system 100.
  • three color-conversion lookup tables are generated: ClutTable, TableU, and TableV.
  • ClutTable is used to convert three-component YUV signals from YUV space to the closest single-index 8-bit CLUT signals in CLUT space.
  • TableU and TableV provide U and V component dithering to improve the quality of the video display.
  • the CLUT signals are generated using 7-bit Y, U, and V component signals in which the Y component signals are constrained between 8 and 120 inclusive.
  • the U and V component signals are also preferably constrained between 8 and 120.
  • the ClutTable lookup table is a 16K lookup table that is accessed with 14-bit indices that are based on 7-bit Y component signals and 3-bit U and V component signals. One of the bits of the 14-bit indices are unused.
  • FIG. 2 there is shown a two-dimensional representation of the portion of YUV space for component Vi (one of the eight possible 3-bit V components (V0, V1, . . . , V7)).
  • component Vi there are 128 different 7-bit Y components (Y0, Y1, . . . , Y127) and 8 different 3-bit U components (U0, U1, . . . , U7).
  • a fine grid is defined to include all of the possible YUV combinations of the full YUV space.
  • a coarse grid is defined to include all of the possible YUV combinations of the full YUV space in which Y is an integer multiple of 16.
  • all of the points depicted are part of the fine grid, while only those points having a Y component of one of (Y0, Y16, . . . , Y112) are part of the coarse grid.
  • the coarse grid divides the YUV space into 8 Y regions.
  • One Y region comprises all of the YUV combinations with Y components between Y0 and Y15 inclusive.
  • Another Y region comprises all of the YUV combinations with Y components between Y16 and Y31 inclusive.
  • FIG. 3 there is shown a process flow diagram of the processing implemented by video system 100 to generate the ClutTable lookup table for YUV9-to-CLUT color conversion for an arbitrary CLUT palette, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • ClutTable generation begins by converting each of the (up to 256) palette colors into the corresponding YUV components and storing the color in the appropriate location of an array (YRegion 8! 256! that identifies the Y region in which the palette color lies (step 302 of FIG. 3).
  • the palette colors may be distributed in any manner throughout the YUV space and will typically not coincide with the YUV points of either the coarse grid or fine grid. For a truly arbitrary palette, it is possible for all 256 colors of the palette to lie within a single Y region of the YUV space.
  • each YUV combination of the coarse grid is then compared with all of the palette colors (using Equation (1)) to identify the palette color that most closely matches the YUV combination (step 304).
  • a palette color is said to match a particular YUV combination most closely if the value resulting from Equation (1) is smaller than that for any other palette color.
  • the closest palette color for each of the other YUV combinations of the fine grid is generated by comparing the YUV combination with only a subset of palette colors (step 306).
  • the preferred subset includes: (1) the two palette colors identified (in step 304) for the two closest coarse-grid points having the same U and V components and (2) all those palette colors identified (in step 302) as lying within the same Y region as the YUV combination. For example, when processing the YUV combination (Y1,U3,Vi) of FIG. 2, (Y1,U3,Vi) is compared to:
  • Step 306 is preferably implemented by processing the fine grid points sequentially along lines of fixed U and V components.
  • step 306 may sequentially process fine grid points (Y1,U3,Vi), (Y2,U3,Vi), . . . , (Y15,U3,Vi).
  • the distance measure D(y,y 0 ) between YUV combination (y,u,v) and palette color (y 0 ,u 0 ,v 0 ) is generated using Equation (1)
  • the distance measure D(y+1,y 0 ) between the next YUV combination (y+1,u,v) and the same palette color (y 0 ,u 0 ,v 0 ) may be generated using Equation (2) as follows: ##EQU1##
  • the distance measure D(y+1,y 0 ) for the current fine grid point may be calculated by incrementing the distance measure D(y,y 0 ) for the previous fine grid point simply by adding the expression 2(y-y 0 )+1. Since the derivative of this expression with respect to y is 2, the distance measures for all of the points along a line of constant U and V components may be generated differentially using the following C computer language code:
  • Equation (1) is simply the square of the three-component distance between two signals in YUV space.
  • the processing of FIG. 3 may be used to generate a lookup table ClutTable that maps each of the YUV combinations of the fine grid in YUV space to the closest color in the CLUT palette.
  • ClutTable is a 16K lookup table that is accessed with 14-bit indices of the form (vvvuuu 0yyyyyyy).
  • Video system 100 also generates lookup tables (TableU and TableV) that are used to dither the subsampled U and V signals to reconstruct video images with improved quality.
  • Generation of the TableU and TableV lookup tables involves generating a U,V dither magnitude for the pre-defined arbitrary palette and then generating U and V bias levels.
  • Y dither magnitude is preferably not adapted to the palette, because, in the preferred conversion process described in the next section of this specification entitled "Color Conversion Processing," constant Y dither offsets are encoded into the procedure for retrieving values from ClutTable.
  • the U,V dither magnitude is preferably the average distance in YUV space between a palette color and its M closest palette neighbors, where closeness is determined using the three-component distance measure of Equation (1).
  • the U and V dither magnitudes are preferably assumed to be identical.
  • N is specified to be 32.
  • video system 100 For each of the N selected palette colors, video system 100 performs an exhaustive search throughout the CLUT palette to identify the M closest palette colors (using the three-component distance measure of Equation (1)) (step 404).
  • M is specified to be 6.
  • Video system 100 generates the U and V dither magnitude DMAG as the average distance for all of the N selected palette colors (step 406).
  • the average distance is generated by summing all the square roots of the distance measures of Equation (1) from step 404 and dividing by the number of distance measures.
  • FIG. 5 there is shown a process flow diagram of the processing implemented by video system 100 to generate the U and V biases for use in generating the U and V dither lookup tables, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the U and V biases are preferably the average U and V errors involved in converting from a YUV combination to the CLUT palette.
  • video system 100 arbitrarily selects P YUV combinations (step 502).
  • P is specified to be 128.
  • video system 100 For each of the P selected YUV combinations, video system 100 generates (in step 504) 4 dithered YU j V j combinations according to the following relationships:
  • video system 100 implements the color conversion process (described in the next section of the specification entitled "Color Conversion Processing") to generate the corresponding palette colors (step 506).
  • video system 100 For each of the 4*P selected YU j V j combinations generated in step 504, video system 100 generates (in step 508):
  • Video system 100 generates the U bias as the average U component difference and the V bias as the average V component difference between the 4*P selected YU j V j combinations and the corresponding CLUT palette colors (step 510).
  • Video system 100 then uses the U,V dither magnitude and the U and V biases to generate the lookup tables TableU and TableV that will be used for color conversion processing.
  • TableU and TableV are a 512-byte lookup tables.
  • the index to TableU is a 7-bit U component and the index to TableV is a 7-bit V component.
  • Each of the 128 entries in TableU is a 4-byte value of the form:
  • each of the 128 entries in TableV is a 4-byte value of the form:
  • V is the 7-bit V component
  • DMAG is the dither magnitude
  • VBIAS is the V component bias
  • the YUV9 signals comprise (4 ⁇ 4) blocks of pixels, wherein each pixel block comprises a corresponding (4 ⁇ 4) block of 7-bit Y component signals, a single 7-bit U component signal, and a single 7-bit V component signal.
  • the (4 ⁇ 4) block of Y component signals y ij may be represented in matrix form as follows:
  • the dithered U signal used to generate the CLUT index signal for a particular pixel depends upon the location of the pixel within the (4 ⁇ 4) block.
  • the different dithered U signals for each (4 ⁇ 4) block may be represented in matrix form as follows:
  • the dithered V signal used to generate the CLUT index signal for a particular pixel depends upon the location of the pixel within the (4 ⁇ 4) block.
  • the different dithered V signals for each (4 ⁇ 4) block may be represented in matrix form as follows:
  • the Y signals are also dithered.
  • the preferred Y dither signals for each (4 ⁇ 4) block correspond to the following Bayer matrix:
  • the U component signal may be used to generate the appropriate dithered U signal from the U dither table (TableU) (step 602 of FIG. 6).
  • the dithered U signal may be represented as 000uuu.
  • the V component signal may then be used to generate the appropriate dithered V signal from the V dither table (TableV).
  • This dithered V signal may be combined (by ORing) with the dithered U signal to generate a dithered UV signal (step 604).
  • the dithered V signal may be represented as vvv000 and the dithered UV signal as vvvuuu.
  • the 7-bit Y component signal may then be combined with the dithered UV signal and the appropriate Y dither signal Y dith to generate a 14-bit index I (step 606).
  • the 14-bit index I may be derived from the following relation:
  • 0yyyyyyyy is the Y component signal and Y dith is the corresponding Y dither signal (from the Y dither matrix).
  • the Y dith signal is doubled and 8 is subtracted from the result so that the dithering component is balanced around 0.
  • the 8-bit CLUT index signal corresponding to the pixel may then be generated from the 16K CLUT conversion table (ClutTable) using the 14-bit index I (step 608). Note that since bit 7 (where bit 0 is the LSB) of the 14-bit index I is always 0, half of the 16K ClutTable is never used.
  • a preferred implementation of the color conversion process takes advantage of some of the symmetries and redundancies in the color conversion process.
  • the preferred color conversion process is also designed for efficient implementation on the preferred Intel® host processors.
  • a preferred implementation of the color conversion process of the present invention may be represented by the following C computer language code:
  • eax is a 4-byte register, where al is byte 3 (the lowest byte) and ah is byte 2 (the second lowest byte) in register eax. Similarly, for registers ebx and ecx.
  • the present invention may be used to generate and use lookup tables to convert video signals between color formats other than from YUV9 to 8-bit CLUT.

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US08/224,833 1993-06-16 1994-04-08 Process, apparatus, and system for color conversion of image signals Expired - Lifetime US5877754A (en)

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US08/224,833 US5877754A (en) 1993-06-16 1994-04-08 Process, apparatus, and system for color conversion of image signals
PCT/US1995/004026 WO1995027974A1 (en) 1994-04-08 1995-04-07 Process, apparatus, and system for color conversion of image signals
DE69522102T DE69522102T2 (de) 1994-04-08 1995-04-07 System zur farbkonvertierung von bildsignalen
EP95916156A EP0754339B1 (de) 1994-04-08 1995-04-07 System zur farbkonvertierung von bildsignalen
CA002187297A CA2187297C (en) 1994-04-08 1995-04-07 Process, apparatus, and system for color conversion of image signals
JP7526385A JP2999825B2 (ja) 1994-04-08 1995-04-07 画像信号を色変換する方法、装置およびシステム

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US08/078,935 US5384582A (en) 1993-06-16 1993-06-16 Conversion of image data from subsampled format to clut format
US08/224,833 US5877754A (en) 1993-06-16 1994-04-08 Process, apparatus, and system for color conversion of image signals

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JPH09505676A (ja) 1997-06-03
EP0754339B1 (de) 2001-08-08
DE69522102T2 (de) 2002-06-06
CA2187297C (en) 2000-11-14
EP0754339A1 (de) 1997-01-22
DE69522102D1 (de) 2001-09-13

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