US5862789A

US5862789A - Applied ignition internal combustion engine whose pistons have elliptical recesses

Info

Publication number: US5862789A
Application number: US08/838,829
Authority: US
Inventors: Ali Chaouche; Stephane Henriot; Gaetan Monnier
Original assignee: IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
Current assignee: IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN; Renault Trucks SAS; Engie SA
Priority date: 1995-10-11
Filing date: 1997-04-10
Publication date: 1999-01-26
Anticipated expiration: 2017-04-10
Also published as: SE9701276D0; FR2739896A1; NL1005777C2; FR2739896B1; SE506730C2; CA2202085A1; SE9701276L

Abstract

The present invention relates to an applied ignition internal combustion engine having at least one cylinder in which a piston slides along the cylinder axis, with a cylinder head capping the cylinder and, together with the piston and cylinder, defining a combustion chamber. The piston has a recess open toward the cylinder head, the recess having several shapes of an ellipsoid section along a transverse plane of the piston, of which the main axis and generatrices are substantially parallel to the lengthwise axis of the piston in order to reduce the area-volume ratios in the combustion chamber and increase turbulence levels at the end of the compression cycle. The ellipse or ellipses is or are such that:

1) 0<λ<0.6 with ##EQU1## where G_R is the major radius of at least one of the spaces P_R is the minor radius of the space or spaces.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the field of applied ignition internal combustion engine. Specifically, the present invention relates to at least one cylinder in which a piston slides along the cylinder axis, with a cylinder head Capping the cylinder and, together with the piston and cylinder, defining a combustion chamber, the piston having a recess open toward the cylinder head. Engines of the aforementioned type that operate on a lean mixture are particularly the subject of the invention.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Advantageously, applied ignition engines operating on a highly dilute mixture (richness of the mixture less than 0.6 for example) considerably reduce pollutant emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NO_X).

However, this technology may raise problems linked to flame initiation and propagation which result in combustion instabilities and increased levels of unburned hydrocarbons.

An engine manufacturer familiar with this type of engine must thus pay special attention to the quality of combustion which must be rapid and stable to reduce NO_X emissions while increasing the energy efficiency of the engine.

Combustion characteristics depend on geometric factors (shape of chamber, shape of recess in piston, position of spark plug, and position of intake system) and aerodynamic factors (turbulence and speed), distribution factors, etc.

Optimization of the internal aerodynamics proves to be an important step in the design of an applied ignition engine operating on a lean mixture. The design of the internal aerodynamics in the chamber at the time of ignition must contribute to increasing combustion rates and favoring stability of the flame upon ignition. The flow characteristics at this time in the chamber depend on the result of the interaction between the post-intake aerodynamics and the shape of the combustion chamber. The turbulence levels and rates must in particular be optimized to favor ignition stability and flame propagation in the chamber.

Various geometries have been recently developed, particularly of the recess formed in the piston itself

Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 5,351,665 describes a combustion chamber formed in the piston by a recess with a particular geometry.

Document French Patent 2 713 282 discloses another geometry of the recess formed in the upper part of the piston.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present application endeavors to meet the aerodynamic objectives listed above to contribute to optimizing the energy efficiency/emissions compromise.

The invention optimizes turbulence and speed levels near the spark plug since too high a turbulence level increases cyclic instability.

Another objective of the invention is to maximize mean turbulence levels in the chamber using in particular the interaction between the chamber shape and swirling around the cylinder axis to generate turbulence.

In particular, the main problem is to prevent excessive gas flowrates at the time of ignition as these rates can affect combustion quality.

The recess of the piston, open toward the cylinder head, has at least one space with an ellipsoid section along a transverse plane of the piston whose main axis and generatrices are essentially parallel to the lengthwise axis of the piston in order to reduce the ratios between area and volume in the combustion chamber and optimize turbulence levels at the end of the compression cycle.

According to the invention, the ellipses are such that 0 <λ<0.6 with ##EQU2## where G_R is the major radius of at least one of the spaces and P_R is the minor radius of said space or spaces.

More specifically, the recess has two spaces having the following characteristics:

depth P_B >0.15×B;

major radius G_R is such that: 0.25×B<G_R <0.40×B;

minor radius P_R is such that: 0.10×B<P_R <0.25×B with

B being the bore of the cylinder.

In particular, according to the invention, the position of the spaces is such that, with C_i being the center of symmetry of each ellipse and D_i being the distance between the cylinder axis and the center C_i of each ellipse: 0<D_i <0.20 B.

Without departing from the invention, the angle (α) between the major axes of each ellipse can be 0.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the angle (α) between the major axes of each ellipse can be substantially equal to 90°.

In summary, the invention relates to the design of an internal combustion engine, whose cylinder head may or may not be flat, that can be used in a lean mixture with natural gas with a better compromise between energy efficiency and pollution emission than current technologies.

The invention relates to the development of recess geometries in the piston that allow high turbulence levels to be developed at the end of compression. These geometries were created from internal aerodynamic analysis and are based on specific elliptical shapes. These shapes contribute to reducing the area/volume ratios in chambers and hence reducing heat transfers while improving energy efficiency. In addition, these geometries increase turbulence levels at the end of compression by breaking up the flow coming from the intake. This optimizes the combustion characteristics. The judicious disposition of the ellipses of which the recess in the piston is made yields the aerodynamics most favorable to realizing our objectives during the compression phase, taking into account constraints linked to manufacture of the parts.

Thus it is possible to convert existing engines by giving them chamber geometries and in particular piston geometries as disclosed. High-power Diesel engines can be modified according to the invention to operate on natural gas with very low pollution emissions (particularly of NO_x and C0₂) associated with an efficiency comparable to that of a direct-injection Diesel engine.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other characteristics, details, and advantages of the present invention will emerge on reading the description hereinbelow, provided illustratively and not limitively with reference to the attached figures wherein:

FIG. 1 shows in lengthwise section an internal combustion engine with a chamber according to the invention;

FIG. 2 is a top view of a piston with a recess according to the invention;

FIG. 3 is a top view and FIG. 3A a cross-section of the piston with a particular recess according to the invention;

FIG. 4 is a top view and FIG. 4A a cross-section of the piston with a recess according to another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 shows mean turbulent kinetic energy curves as a function of crankshaft angle, obtained for different piston recess geometries.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 illustrates in lengthwise section the combustion chamber 1 of an applied ignition internal combustion engine according to the invention.

The combustion chamber is defined by a piston 2 which slides lengthwise in cylinder 3 and by a cylinder head 4 which in the normal fashion has a spark plug 5 and one or more openings (not shown) for intake and exhaust. Piston 2 has a recess of a specific shape.

Recess 6 is open towards cylinder head 4 and is in the form of at least one space with an ellipsoid section containing ellipses along a transverse plane of the piston. In addition, the main axis of the at least one space is substantially parallel to the lengthwise axis of the cylinder. The generatrices of recess 6 are essentially parallel to the lengthwise axis and hence to the walls of the cylinder.

According to the invention, the ellipses have a flat portion λ such that ##EQU3## where G_R is the major radius the ellipses of the at least one space and P_R is the minor radius of the ellipses of the at least one space.

This characteristic is very important for obtaining the effects referred to hereinbelow particularly in terms of internal aerodynamics and heat transfers, while otherwise respecting geometric constraints.

When λ=0, G_R =P_R giving a circle which in fact is a special case of an ellipse. This corresponds to the case where G_R =P_R =0.25 B.

When λ=0.6, the ellipse is flattened, corresponding to the extreme case where G_R =0.4 B and where P_R =0.1 B.

These values mark the geometric boundaries to which the invention applies. Within the range defined by these boundaries, the invention allows in particular the improvements listed below.

Preferably, according to the invention, recess 6 has two

ellipsoid spaces

61, 62 as shown in FIG. 2. The depth P_B of each space is greater than 15% of bore B of the cylinder.

In addition, major radius G_R of each ellipse is between 0.25 and 0.40 times the bore B of the cylinder: 0.25 B<G_R <0.40 B.

The minor radius P_R of each ellipse is preferably between 0.10 and 0.25 times the bore B of the cylinder: 0.10 B<P_R <0.25 B.

The major radius is substantially equal to half the major axis of the ellipse and the minor radius is equal to half the minor axis of the ellipse.

According to another characteristic of the invention, the centers of symmetry C_i of the ellipses (here C₁ and C₂) are located at a distance from center C of the bore that is less than 0.20 times the value of bore B.

The angle α between the major axes of each space can be any angle.

FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of the invention according to which the major axes of the ellipses are perpendicular to each other. For illustration, bore B of the cylinder in this case is equal to 120 mm, major radius G_R of each space is equal to 40 mm, and minor radius P_R is equal to 24 mm. Center C₁ is equated with center C of the cylinder while center C₂ of the second space is located at a distance of 5.4 mm from center C.

FIG. 3A (lengthwise section) shows more precisely how recess 6 whose generatrices are parallel to the piston axis is designed. In other words, the cross sections are equal whatever the depth of the recess. However the base and top of recess 6 has small variations in cross section due to manufacturing constraints.

FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the invention where recess 6 has two spaces with an ellipsoid cross section, of which the major axes of the ellipses are substantially parallel with each other. According to this illustration of the invention, bore B is equal to 120 mm, major radius G_R of each ellipse is equal to 40 mm, minor radius P_R of each ellipse is equal to 24 mm, and centers of symmetry C₁ and C₂ of each ellipse are each 12 mm from center C of bore B. The other details of this geometry can be seen in FIG. 4A and are similar to those provided in relation to FIG. 3A.

The precise position of each of centers C1 and C2 is chosen to accentuate the offcentering effect relative to the axis of the combustion chamber while taking certain dimensional constraints into account.

The embodiments described above were tested on an engine test bench for a heavy vehicle engine operating on a lean mixture, with methane. The results obtained with these chamber geometries enabled NO_x emissions to be reduced to less than 1 g/KWH while maintaining a maximum effective efficiency of approximately 40%, which is close to the efficiency of the pollution-controlled direct-injection Diesel engine.

FIG. 5 illustrates the improvement of the invention in terms of the turbulence created in the combustion chamber.

Curves I and II represent respectively the mean turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) as a function of crankshaft angle in a chamber according to FIG. 4 and according to FIG. 3.

The other curves relate to turbulence kinetic energy for recess geometries not according to the invention.

Curve III is for a cylinder-shaped recess off-center with respect to the spark plug;

Curve IV shows the performance of a cylindrical recess centered around the spark plug;

Curve V illustrates the turbulence created by a frustroconical recess; and finally

Curve VI relates to an essentially spherical recess; it corresponds to a known geometry used in Diesel engines.

These various recess geometries show the differences in turbulence particularly at the end of compression since with geometries according to the invention, turbulent kinetic energies of between 42 and 50 m² /s² are attained whereas with the other geometries (curves III to VI), these same energies remain less than 30 m² /s².

Advantageously, the increase in turbulence levels in the combustion chamber was obtained during the compression phase by "transforming" the vortex flow coming from the intake.

Claims

We claim:

1. An ignition internal combustion engine comprising:

at least one cylinder in which a piston slides along a cylinder axis, with a cylinder head capping the cylinder and, together with the piston and cylinder, defining a combustion chamber, the piston having a recess open toward the cylinder head defining at least one space, the at least one space having an ellipsoid section along a transverse plane of the piston, of which a main axis and generatrices are substantially parallel to a lengthwise axis of the piston in order to reduce area-volume ratios in the combustion chamber and to increase turbulence levels at an end of a compression cycle, with the ellipsoid section having an ellipse such that 0<λ<0.6 with ##EQU4## where G_R is a major radius of the ellipse and P_R is a minor radius of the ellipse.

2. An engine in accordance with claim 1 wherein:

the ellipsoid section has a pair of ellipses such that 0<λ<0.6 with ##EQU5## where G_R is a major radius of the ellipses and P_R is a minor radius of the ellipses.

3. An engine according to claim 2 wherein:

the recess has two spaces having the characteristics:

depth P_B >0.15×B;

the major radius G_R is such that: 0.25×B<G_R <0.40×B;

the minor radius P_R is such that: 0.10×B<P_R <0.25×B; and

B is a bore of the cylinder.

4. An engine according to claim 1, wherein:

a position of the at least one space is such that, with C_i being a center of symmetry of the ellipsoid section and D_i being the distance between the cylinder axis and C_i of the ellipse: 0<D_i <0.20 B.

5. An engine according to claim 2, wherein:

a position of the at least one space is such that, with C_i being a center of symmetry of the ellipsoid section and D_i being the distance between the cylinder axis and C_i of the ellipses: 0<D_i <0.20 B.

6. An engine according to claim 2 wherein:

an angle (α) between the major axes of the ellipses is zero.

7. An engine according to claim 3 wherein:

an angle (α) between the major axes of the ellipses is zero.

8. An engine according to claim 2, wherein:

an angle (α) between the major axes of the ellipses is substantially equal to 90°.

9. An engine according to claim 3, wherein: