US5767660A - Method and apparatus for charging and/or charge exchange between a plurality of series connected energy storage devices - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for charging and/or charge exchange between a plurality of series connected energy storage devices Download PDF

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Publication number
US5767660A
US5767660A US08/776,734 US77673497A US5767660A US 5767660 A US5767660 A US 5767660A US 77673497 A US77673497 A US 77673497A US 5767660 A US5767660 A US 5767660A
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Prior art keywords
energy storage
storage device
charging
storage devices
windings
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Expired - Fee Related
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US08/776,734
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English (en)
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Heribert Schmidt
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0018—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using separate charge circuits
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Definitions

  • the invention concerns a method for charging and/or charge exchange between a plurality of like energy storage devices connected in series where at least one electric storage device is, in timed fashion, connected in parallel to the energy storage devices, wherein each electric storage device is a transformer component charged from the energy storage devices, and concerns additionally an apparatus for the application of the method.
  • Such a monitoring method is known from U.S. Pat. No. -A-4 331 911 and serves the equalization of voltages of individual series-connected accumulators with a DC--DC converter.
  • the sole central converter for all accumulators is charged from the overall battery and is unable to detect peculiarities of individual accumulators resulting from ageing.
  • DE-PS 30 31 931 describes a device for extending the discharge time of rechargeable accumulators where the states of charge of the accumulators are detected with a monitoring device. A longer, reliable discharge of the accumulators is accomplished in that the accumulator operation is not terminated upon discharge of the weakest cell, and thus arrival at a limit voltage, but only when this limit voltage is reached at the average of all interconnected accumulators. A service life extension of accumulators in view of their replacement cannot be achieved thereby.
  • SU 1 065 959 is a device for an accumulator charger that prevents overcharging and charging at inverted polarity of accumulators.
  • the charging current is monitored by a transistor circuit which additionally comprises zener diodes.
  • This safety circuit can guarantee neither a monitoring of the quality of the accumulators nor bring about a longer service life of accumulators degrading in their quality.
  • a monitoring device for a plurality of series-wired like accumulators wherein with the aid of a control circuit an electric storage device is connected in parallel to one of the accumulators, wherein the primary winding of a transformer, in series with a breaker connected to the control circuit, is connected in parallel to the poles of the group of accumulators,
  • the electric storage device is always formed of the secondary winding, which is always connected via a blocking diode to each accumulator.
  • a function generator is, via a comparator, circuit turned on between the accumulators, the output of which generator is connected to the breaker. This makes it possible to supply energy to exactly the weakest accumulator.
  • this system has the disadvantage of a plurality of control components representing a cost factor and, as the case may be, a space and weight factor. Besides the appreciable expense for selecting the respective weak or strong cell, the performance range of the blocking converters used is upwardly limited.
  • the objective underlying the invention is to provide a method of the initially mentioned type wherein, besides delaying the replacement of an accumulator degraded in its quality at low wiring expense, the charging of the energy storage devices can also be effected.
  • This objective is inventionally met for a method in that the at least one electric storage device is switched in the charging operation, in one timing step, as secondary winding, with a feeder winding arranged on the same core being provided as primary winding, and in that the at least one electric storage device is, in the charge exchange operation, switched, in one timing step, as transfer winding into which a voltage is induced from the overall energy storage device or from one or several individual energy storage devices.
  • the at least one electric storage device is in the charging operation switched, in one timing step, as secondary winding, with a feeder winding arranged on the same core being provided as primary winding, and in that the at least one electric storage device is, in the charge exchange operation, switched, in one timing step, as transfer winding in which a voltage is induced from the overall energy storage device or from one or several individual energy storage devices.
  • FIG. 1 a schematic wiring diagram of an apparatus for charging and charge equalization in four accumulators according to a first exemplary embodiment
  • FIG. 2 a schematic wiring diagram of a further apparatus for charging and charge equalization in three accumulators according to a second exemplary embodiment
  • FIG. 3 a schematic wiring diagram of a further apparatus for charging and charge equalization in two accumulators according to a third exemplary embodiment.
  • the apparatus allows integration, e.g., in a device for charge exchange according to EP 90 123 409, of the applicant. Moreover, it may be employed also in DE (application number of ISE-P55, Az-PST; 93/30586) for forming with a small number of additional components a combined apparatus for charge exchange and charging.
  • DE application number of ISE-P55, Az-PST; 93/30586
  • FIG. 1 shows a wiring diagram of an apparatus for charging and charge exchange for four accumulators 1 according to a first embodiment.
  • These accumulators can form a single group of four accumulators 1 or may be parts of a larger battery bank comprising, e.g., 10 to 12 accumulators.
  • a transformer 2 is provided that has four identical windings 3, all of which are arranged on a common core 4 in close magnetic coupling in the same directional sense indicated by the dots.
  • One winding 3, forming an energy storage device is always associated with an accumulator 1, with each winding 3 arrayed in series with a diode 7 and wired in parallel with the accumulator 1.
  • a supplemental winding 13 with a winding sense opposite to the windings 3 the supplemental winding is arrayed, in series with a parallel combination of a switch 8 and a diode 17, for being switched to the overall battery bank.
  • the power rectifier 10 is energized, e.g., from the usual A/C source 11 and generates on the secondary side an intermediate-circuit voltage.
  • the windings 23 and 33 are now connected with the aid of the switches 5 and 6 alternately to the poles of the power rectifier 10 at a pulse duty factor of less than 50%.
  • the switches 5 and 6 are illustrated in the timing step in which the switch 5 is closed, so that the winding 23 is acted upon by the intermediate-circuit voltage generated by the power rectifier 10.
  • switch 6 closes, whereas switch 5 opens, so that the winding 33 is acted upon by the intermediate-circuit voltage.
  • the switch 8 is open at that time.
  • the device operates as a rectifier.
  • the feeder winding 23 induces in the windings 3 a voltage to the effect that the diodes 7 become conductive and a current flows directly to the accumulators 1.
  • the larger portion of the current flows to the accumulator cell with the lowest voltage, so that in conjunction with charging a direct equalization of charged voltages occurs during the charging operation.
  • the feeder winding 33 induces a voltage in the winding 13, making the diode 17 conductive and causing a current to flow into the overall battery.
  • the switches 5 and 6 are each connected to appropriate outputs of a clock generator, which is not illustrated in the drawing and is able to generate a clock frequency of preferably more than 20 kHz.
  • the switches 5 and 6 are opened and the power rectifier 10 is disconnected from the power source. Thereafter, the device is operated as a blocking oscillator with the aid of a sequence control.
  • an activating circuit is provided which can be tripped by a plurality of events, depending on the purpose of application as an example a simple on/off switch may be used, e.g., by the equivalent of an ignition lock of a battery-powered vehicle.
  • the circuit may also feature a voltage comparator that transmits a switching pulse to the output of the circuit when the absolute value of the battery voltage ranges within, or better without, predetermined values.
  • a voltage comparator that transmits a switching pulse to the output of the circuit when the absolute value of the battery voltage ranges within, or better without, predetermined values.
  • these values could range at a voltage of greater than 2.2 volts or smaller than 1.95 volts.
  • a voltage of an accumulator 1 outside these values allows inferring a charging or discharging operation at which the charge equalization should take place.
  • the activating circuit When the activating circuit generates a start pulse in accordance with one of the above conditions, which can be checked individually but also grouped, said pulse activates, e.g., a monoflop that turns on the device for charge equalization for a predetermined time, for instance for one-half hour, this time period may also be set by a characteristic of the activated load.
  • the device is monitored by a logic unit to which further signals for detection of an excess current or excess temperature of components, such as transistors and windings.
  • This circuit may also possess an output for display of status signals or control signals, for example, for load dumping
  • This control logic activates the said clock generator of high clock frequency, to the output of which the control input of the switch 8 is connected.
  • the switch 8 opens and closes at a high clock frequency of several kHz, whereby energy is withdrawn from the overall battery and is passed to the weakest individual cell.
  • FIG. 2 shows a wiring diagram of a further device for charging and charge equalization with three accumulators 1 according to a second exemplary embodiment. Identical features are referenced identically in all of the figures.
  • the control signal of the clock generator acts upon further switches 15 that are each wired in series with the windings 3. These switches 15 are also closed in the timing step in which the switch 5 is closed, and they switch the windings 3 is parallel with the accumulators 1. This allows the energy delivered by the power rectifier 10 to be induced via the feeder winding 23 in the windings 3, which output a charging current for the individual accumulators 1.
  • the clock generator opens the switches 15 and causes a voltage to be induced in the winding 13 via the feeder winding 33, thereby charging the overall battery.
  • the device according to FIG. 2 therefore operates as a circuit for charge equalization, when both switches 5 and 6 are open and the switches are only opened and closed with the aid of the same or of a further clock generator.
  • All of the windings 3 are switched to the accumulators 1 in the same direction, while for the second timing period with open switches 15 there is provided the demagnetizing winding 13, which acts jointly for all accumulators 1 and is switched via a diode 17 via the overall battery.
  • the actual charge exchange occurs in the cut-in phase within the first timing period. With a suitable selection of the windings 3 and 13, this timing period can also amount to over 50% of a cycle, since the demagnetization can occur swiftly.
  • FIG. 3 shows a wiring diagram of a further device for charge equalization with two accumulators 1 illustrated in this section, according to a third exemplary embodiment. Illustrated are two series-wired accumulators 1 which are part of a battery bank comprising a plurality of accumulators. Two windings 3 of different winding sense are coordinated with each of the accumulators 1. These windings 3, each with a different winding sense as regards their switching to the accumulator 1, are series-wired each with a switch 15 or 16. The windings 3 are arranged on a common core 4.
  • each of the two windings 3 assigned to an accumulator 1 is connected in parallel with the accumulator 1, with all of the accumulators being virtually switched in parallel, so that a charge exchange occurs in each step and a current flows into the weakest accumulator 1.
  • the device possesses the feeder windings 23 and 33 on the common core 4, connected to the power rectifier 10 in a manner analogous to the other exemplary embodiments.
  • the switches 5 and 15, respectively 6 and 16 are now jointly closed or opened. Switches 5 and 15 or switches 6 and 16 are always operated in synchronism. Hence, a voltage is induced in the windings 3 via the feeder winding 23 while the switch 5 is closed, which windings 3 are wired in parallel with the accumulators 1 via the switches 15.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
US08/776,734 1994-08-13 1995-07-21 Method and apparatus for charging and/or charge exchange between a plurality of series connected energy storage devices Expired - Fee Related US5767660A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4428769.0 1994-08-13
DE4428769A DE4428769C1 (de) 1994-08-13 1994-08-13 Vorrichtung zur Aufladung von und/oder zum Ladungsaustausch zwischen einer Vielzahl von in Reihe geschalteten Energiespeichern
PCT/DE1995/000975 WO1996005643A1 (de) 1994-08-13 1995-07-21 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur aufladung von und/oder zum ladungsaustausch zwischen einer vielzahl von in reihe geschalteten energiespeichern

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Publication Number Publication Date
US5767660A true US5767660A (en) 1998-06-16

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US (1) US5767660A (de)
EP (1) EP0775378B1 (de)
DE (2) DE4428769C1 (de)
WO (1) WO1996005643A1 (de)

Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999021241A1 (en) * 1997-10-20 1999-04-29 Usar Systems Inc. Improved voltaic pile with charge equalizing system
US6046573A (en) * 1995-10-31 2000-04-04 Xicon Battery Electronics Ab System for equalizing the level of charge in batteries
JP2000308271A (ja) * 1999-04-21 2000-11-02 Nagano Japan Radio Co エネルギー移送装置、充電装置および電源装置
JP2001076766A (ja) * 1999-09-08 2001-03-23 Nagano Japan Radio Co 蓄電システムおよび蓄電モジュール
JP2001076765A (ja) * 1999-09-08 2001-03-23 Nagano Japan Radio Co エネルギー移送装置
US6297616B1 (en) * 1999-01-18 2001-10-02 Hitachi, Ltd. Charge and discharge system for electric power storage equipment
US6301138B1 (en) * 1999-10-22 2001-10-09 U.S. Philips Corporation Data carrier with load modulation means and with improved power supply in the process of load modulation
US6323620B1 (en) * 2000-03-14 2001-11-27 Hitachi, Ltd. Electric power system using an electric power storing secondary battery effective for load leveling
FR2815787A1 (fr) * 2000-10-19 2002-04-26 Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd Appareil d'egaliseur de tension et son procede
FR2817087A1 (fr) * 2000-11-21 2002-05-24 Japan Radio Co Ltd Appareil d'egalisation de tension pour dispositifs a batterie
US6410992B1 (en) 2000-08-23 2002-06-25 Capstone Turbine Corporation System and method for dual mode control of a turbogenerator/motor
US20030214267A1 (en) * 2002-05-20 2003-11-20 Long Laurence P. Ultracapacitor balancing circuit
US6664653B1 (en) 1998-10-27 2003-12-16 Capstone Turbine Corporation Command and control system for controlling operational sequencing of multiple turbogenerators using a selected control mode
US20050077879A1 (en) * 2003-10-14 2005-04-14 Near Timothy Paul Energy transfer device for series connected energy source and storage devices
US20050140336A1 (en) * 2003-12-26 2005-06-30 Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Voltage equalizer for battery elements
US20050185429A1 (en) * 2004-02-24 2005-08-25 Patrizio Vinciarelli Adaptively configured voltage transformation module array
US20050185430A1 (en) * 2004-02-24 2005-08-25 Patrizio Vinciarelli Adaptively configured and autoranging voltage transformation module arrays
US20050254272A1 (en) * 2004-02-24 2005-11-17 Patrizio Vinciarelli Energy storage and hold-up method and apparatus for high density power conversion
US20050270812A1 (en) * 2004-02-24 2005-12-08 Patrizio Vinciarelli Universal AC adapter
US20060214636A1 (en) * 2005-03-04 2006-09-28 Yazaki Corporation Method and apparatus for equalizing secondary cells
US20080123374A1 (en) * 2004-02-24 2008-05-29 Patrizio Vinciarelli Adaptively Configured and Autoranging Power Converter Arrays
US20090079265A1 (en) * 2001-01-24 2009-03-26 Cochlear Limited Power supply having an auxiliary power cell
US7561446B1 (en) 2005-09-15 2009-07-14 Vlt, Inc. Double-clamped ZVS buck-boost power converter
US20100219793A1 (en) * 2001-01-24 2010-09-02 Cochlear Limited Power supply for an electronic device
US20100326063A1 (en) * 2009-06-29 2010-12-30 Leblanc William Kenneth Methods and apparatus to charge accumulator apparatus
US20110140663A1 (en) * 2009-12-14 2011-06-16 Farshid Tofigh Systems and methods for balancing multi-cell batteries
WO2014026801A1 (de) * 2012-08-14 2014-02-20 Robert Bosch Gmbh Schaltbare energiespeichervorrichtung sowie verfahren zum betreiben einer schaltbaren energiespeichervorrichtung
USRE46156E1 (en) 2009-04-01 2016-09-20 Eaglepicher Technologies Llc Hybrid energy storage system, renewable energy system including the storage system, and method of using same
US20210181265A1 (en) * 2018-02-21 2021-06-17 Igus Gmbh Monitoring system for cable drag chains

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DE10312362A1 (de) * 2003-03-20 2004-09-30 Andreas Klasen Lade und Ausgleich System für Akkumulatoren, Einzelzellen oder Blöcke (Kurz LAS)
DE102008023291A1 (de) * 2008-05-13 2009-11-19 Clean Mobile Ag Elektrisches Leichtfahrzeug mit elektrischer Energieversorgungseinheit und Verfahren zum Laden und Entladen von Akkumulatoren eines elektrischen Leichtfahrzeugs
DE102008023292A1 (de) * 2008-05-13 2009-12-03 Clean Mobile Ag Elektrische Energieversorgungseinheit und Verfahren zum Laden und Entladen von Akkumulatoren einer elektrischen Energieversorgungseinheit
DE102011014925A1 (de) * 2011-03-24 2012-09-27 Jungheinrich Aktiengesellschaft Vorrichtung zum aktiven Balancieren von Spannungsquellen
DE102011014924A1 (de) * 2011-03-24 2012-09-27 Jungheinrich Aktiengesellschaft Flurförderzeug mit einem elektrischen Antrieb

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Cited By (55)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6046573A (en) * 1995-10-31 2000-04-04 Xicon Battery Electronics Ab System for equalizing the level of charge in batteries
US6511764B1 (en) * 1997-10-20 2003-01-28 Usar Systems, Inc. Voltaic pile with charge equalizing system
WO1999021241A1 (en) * 1997-10-20 1999-04-29 Usar Systems Inc. Improved voltaic pile with charge equalizing system
US6664653B1 (en) 1998-10-27 2003-12-16 Capstone Turbine Corporation Command and control system for controlling operational sequencing of multiple turbogenerators using a selected control mode
US6297616B1 (en) * 1999-01-18 2001-10-02 Hitachi, Ltd. Charge and discharge system for electric power storage equipment
JP2000308271A (ja) * 1999-04-21 2000-11-02 Nagano Japan Radio Co エネルギー移送装置、充電装置および電源装置
JP2001076766A (ja) * 1999-09-08 2001-03-23 Nagano Japan Radio Co 蓄電システムおよび蓄電モジュール
JP2001076765A (ja) * 1999-09-08 2001-03-23 Nagano Japan Radio Co エネルギー移送装置
US6633091B1 (en) * 1999-09-08 2003-10-14 Nagano Japan Radio Co., Ltd. Storage module
JP3280641B2 (ja) 1999-09-08 2002-05-13 長野日本無線株式会社 エネルギー移送装置
US6301138B1 (en) * 1999-10-22 2001-10-09 U.S. Philips Corporation Data carrier with load modulation means and with improved power supply in the process of load modulation
US6323620B1 (en) * 2000-03-14 2001-11-27 Hitachi, Ltd. Electric power system using an electric power storing secondary battery effective for load leveling
US6410992B1 (en) 2000-08-23 2002-06-25 Capstone Turbine Corporation System and method for dual mode control of a turbogenerator/motor
US6664654B2 (en) 2000-08-23 2003-12-16 Capstone Turbine Corporation System and method for dual mode control of a turbogenerator/motor
FR2815787A1 (fr) * 2000-10-19 2002-04-26 Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd Appareil d'egaliseur de tension et son procede
FR2817087A1 (fr) * 2000-11-21 2002-05-24 Japan Radio Co Ltd Appareil d'egalisation de tension pour dispositifs a batterie
US8026637B2 (en) * 2001-01-24 2011-09-27 Cochlear Limited Power supply having an auxiliary power cell
US20090079265A1 (en) * 2001-01-24 2009-03-26 Cochlear Limited Power supply having an auxiliary power cell
US20100219793A1 (en) * 2001-01-24 2010-09-02 Cochlear Limited Power supply for an electronic device
US8030798B2 (en) 2001-01-24 2011-10-04 Cochlear Limited Power supply for an electronic device
US20030214267A1 (en) * 2002-05-20 2003-11-20 Long Laurence P. Ultracapacitor balancing circuit
US20050077879A1 (en) * 2003-10-14 2005-04-14 Near Timothy Paul Energy transfer device for series connected energy source and storage devices
US20050140336A1 (en) * 2003-12-26 2005-06-30 Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Voltage equalizer for battery elements
US7400114B2 (en) * 2003-12-26 2008-07-15 Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Voltage equalizer for battery elements
US7212419B2 (en) * 2004-02-24 2007-05-01 Vlt, Inc. Adaptively configured and autoranging voltage transformation module arrays
USRE44136E1 (en) 2004-02-24 2013-04-09 Vlt, Inc. Energy storage and hold-up method and apparatus for high density power conversion
US7170764B2 (en) 2004-02-24 2007-01-30 Vlt, Inc. Adaptively configured voltage transformation module array
US20070159862A1 (en) * 2004-02-24 2007-07-12 Vlt, Inc. A California Corporation Adaptively configured and autoranging voltage transformation module arrays
US20080123374A1 (en) * 2004-02-24 2008-05-29 Patrizio Vinciarelli Adaptively Configured and Autoranging Power Converter Arrays
US9413259B1 (en) 2004-02-24 2016-08-09 Vlt, Inc. Universal AC adaptor
US7408795B2 (en) 2004-02-24 2008-08-05 Vlt, Inc. Energy storage and hold-up method and apparatus for high density power conversion
US7420825B2 (en) 2004-02-24 2008-09-02 Vlt, Inc. Adaptively configured voltage transformation module array
US7423892B2 (en) 2004-02-24 2008-09-09 Vlt, Inc. Adaptively configured and autoranging voltage transformation module arrays
US20050270812A1 (en) * 2004-02-24 2005-12-08 Patrizio Vinciarelli Universal AC adapter
US7548441B2 (en) 2004-02-24 2009-06-16 Vlt, Inc. Universal AC adapter
US8462527B1 (en) 2004-02-24 2013-06-11 Vlt, Inc. Universal AC adaptor
US7616465B1 (en) 2004-02-24 2009-11-10 Vlt, Inc. Energy storage and hold-up method and apparatus for high density power conversion
US7782639B2 (en) 2004-02-24 2010-08-24 Vlt, Inc. Adaptively configured and autoranging power converter arrays
US20050254272A1 (en) * 2004-02-24 2005-11-17 Patrizio Vinciarelli Energy storage and hold-up method and apparatus for high density power conversion
US20070091649A1 (en) * 2004-02-24 2007-04-26 Vlt, Inc., A California Corporation Adaptively configured voltage transformation module array
US20050185429A1 (en) * 2004-02-24 2005-08-25 Patrizio Vinciarelli Adaptively configured voltage transformation module array
US7940540B2 (en) 2004-02-24 2011-05-10 Vlt, Inc. Universal AC adaptor
US20050185430A1 (en) * 2004-02-24 2005-08-25 Patrizio Vinciarelli Adaptively configured and autoranging voltage transformation module arrays
US20060214636A1 (en) * 2005-03-04 2006-09-28 Yazaki Corporation Method and apparatus for equalizing secondary cells
US7920391B1 (en) 2005-09-15 2011-04-05 Vlt, Inc. Double-clamped ZVS buck-boost power converter
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EP0775378B1 (de) 1998-11-11
EP0775378A1 (de) 1997-05-28
WO1996005643A1 (de) 1996-02-22
DE4428769C1 (de) 1996-05-02
DE59504232D1 (de) 1998-12-17

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