US5361640A - Materials testing apparatus for reduced sample bending - Google Patents
Materials testing apparatus for reduced sample bending Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5361640A US5361640A US08/114,455 US11445593A US5361640A US 5361640 A US5361640 A US 5361640A US 11445593 A US11445593 A US 11445593A US 5361640 A US5361640 A US 5361640A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- alignment
- sample
- coupling
- testing apparatus
- removably fixed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
- G01N3/04—Chucks
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
- G01N2203/0016—Tensile or compressive
- G01N2203/0017—Tensile
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/003—Generation of the force
- G01N2203/0032—Generation of the force using mechanical means
- G01N2203/0033—Weight
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/026—Specifications of the specimen
- G01N2203/0262—Shape of the specimen
- G01N2203/0266—Cylindrical specimens
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/04—Chucks, fixtures, jaws, holders or anvils
- G01N2203/0405—Features allowing alignment between specimen and chucks
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/0617—Electrical or magnetic indicating, recording or sensing means
Definitions
- Materials testing apparatus is useful to measure the stress strain and yield strength of materials under carefully controlled conditions. When compression or tensile strength testing is done it is generally desireable to minimize the bending strains in the sample.
- the sample In tensile testing, the sample is generally placed between two pull rods while one rod remains fixed and the other experiences a load. Bending strains arise at the start of the test when the pull rods are not in perfect coaxial alignment or the sample is not in coaxial alignment with the pull rods.
- the load is generally applied by use of a lever.
- the lever separates the pull rods thus stretching the sample, but, at the same time the sample stretches, the lever action moves the pull rods out of their original alignment. In this way dynamic bending strains arise in the sample.
- Prior inventions have reduced the initial bending strain by interposing an alignment fixture between the load and the moving pull rod in the load train.
- the bending strain is measured on a dummy sample with an alignment extensiometer and the alignment fixture is used to align the pull rods in a fixed position so that the strains measured by an alignment extensiometer are equal on all sides of the dummy sample.
- the extensiometer is then removed and the dummy sample replaced with the test sample.
- Prior inventions have also reduced some of the initial bending strain and some of the dynamic strain by interposing a free moving swivel, (lower alignment coupling), between the stationary pull rod and the fixed base and a second free moving swivel (upper alignment coupling) between the moving pull rod and the load train.
- a free moving swivel lower alignment coupling
- a second free moving swivel upper alignment coupling
- Alignment fixtures and free moving alignment couplings do not eliminate bending strains.
- the present invention serves to reduce the bending strain and, if desired, to subject to the sample to a known bending strain.
- a novel coupling and extensiometer are used in the present invention to actively force the pull rods into a new alignment so as to reduce the bending strain experienced by a test sample.
- a knife edge coupling is designed to permit both free swiveling action and fixed alignment of the pull rods.
- the pull rods are pivotally mounted to the load and the base with double knife edge alignment couplings.
- One of the knife edge couplings is a free moving swivel.
- the second knife edge coupling is modified by introduction of four set screws which permit free swiveling motion when they are loosed to, change the angular alignment of the coupling as the screws are tightened and fix the angular alignment of the coupling when all are tightened.
- an alignment extensiometer is specially designed to permit its use on the test sample.
- the alignment extensiometer consists of two cross heads removably attached by double compression fittings to the sample above and below the gage length.
- a split insert is pressed against the sample by closure of the hinged cross head.
- Four separate linear displacement transducers are equally spaced around the test sample and removably fixed to one of the cross heads so as to measure the distance between the two cross heads. Together the transducers measure the bending strain in the sample.
- the sample bending is reduced by using the four displacement transducers together with the four set screws.
- the four set screws are loosened and a partial load is applied to the sample.
- the knife edge couplings then freely swivel until the bending strain is partially removed.
- the transducers are zeroed for displacement then the load is increased.
- the four set screws in the specially designed knife edge coupling are then tightened one at a time to realign its pull rod. The tightening of the screws will cause the strain measured by the transducers to change and it is possible to tighten the screws in such a way so that the strain measured on all four transducers is equal. Once the measured strains are equal any loose set screws are tightened so that the alignment of the pull rods remains fixed in this desired alignment.
- the four set screws can be electro-mechanically coupled to the transducers so the desired alignment is done automatically and an electro-mechanically coupled system can continuously adjust the set screws to equalize the strain measured in the four transducers during the course of a test, however, surprisingly, an electro-mechanical coupling is not necessary for many applications, and, the above combination of a free moving alignment coupling with a free moving coupling that may be fixed in position is sufficient to permit testing with minimal sample bending.
- the present invention eliminates the need for dummy samples and assures alignment without disturbance of the load train. It allows for alignment compensation directly on the specimen and final alignment with less than 4% bending or final alignment with pre-set bending.
- the design allows for quick change of samples and stress testing in many applications without the need to realignment of the load train while the test is in process. It is a rugged design that can withstand the impulse of sample fracture and can be adapted to high temperature testing and various sample gauges and shapes.
- the present invention also permits the controlled misalignment of the pull rods when it is desired to test samples under bending strain conditions.
- FIG. 1 is a lever arm testing apparatus, sample, and alignment couplings.
- FIG. 2 is an orthogonal front view of the sample, alignment extensiometer and modified knife edge alignment coupling.
- FIG. 3 is an end view of the cross head.
- FIG. 4 is a cut away side view of FIG. 3 with hinge and hinge pin not shown.
- FIGS. 5 and 6 is an orthogonal view of a modified chain coupling.
- FIG. 7 is orthogonal side view of the modified double knife edge alignment coupling.
- FIG. 1 shows a lever arm testing apparatus.
- the sample, 1, is joined to the load train 2 by an upper sample coupling 3, upper pull rod, 4, and modified knife edge coupling 5.
- the specimen, 1, is also joined to the base 6, through a lower sample coupling, 7, lower pull rod, 8, and lower knife edge alignment coupling, 9.
- the load 10, is applied to the load train 2, by way of a lever arm 11 and weight train 12.
- FIG. 2 shows an alignment extensiometer in its position removably attached to the sample, 14.
- the alignment extensiometer consists of a lower cross head, 15, an upper cross head 16, and four variable capacitance transducers, 17.
- the preferred transducers are found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,914,543.
- the four transducers, 17, are removably attached to the lower cross head, 15, and four gage cylinders 18 are removably attached to the upper cross head, 16. It is preferred that the diameter of the gage cylinders, 18, be the same as the diameter of the transducers so that the upper and lower cross head, 15 and 16 are interchangeable.
- the checking fixtures 15 and 16 are attached to the sample so that each shaft, 19, rests on the opposing gauge cylinder, 18. This design permits the gauge cylinders, 18, to be advanced through the upper cross head to accommodate any limitation in the travel of the shaft.
- FIGS. 3 and 4 show the cross head which is split in two parts, 20 and 21 and hinged, by a pivot arm, 22, and two dowel pins, 23, so that when the hinge is closed and locked in place with a pivot arm, 25, secured by a pivot pin, 26, and swivel nut, 27, the sample, 24, can be compressed against the two parts.
- Sample sizes and shapes vary, so the preferred design makes use of a split insert, 28, that is shaped to fill the space between the sample, 24, and the two parts of the cross head, 20 and 21.
- the split insert, 28, is fixed to the two parts, 20 and 21 by a compression plates, 29 and axial compression screws, 30.
- two radial compression screws 31 can be advanced thus pushing the split insert, 28 firmly against the sample 24 and the axial compression screws, 30 tightened.
- the alignment coupling is generally shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. It is chain like in construction comprising an upper link, 32, having a head, 33, a foot, 34 and two sides, 35 and a lower link, 36 having a head, 37 a foot, 38 and two sides, 39.
- Two set screws, 40 are threadedly engaged to the opposing sides of the upper link, 35. Each screw is adapted to engage the head of the lower link, 37.
- Two more set screws, 41 are threadedly engaged to the opposing sides of the lower link, 39. Again each screw is adapted to engage the foot of the upper link, 34.
- FIGS. 2 and 7 show a front view and side view of the modified double knife edge alignment coupling.
- the coupling is chainlike in construction with an upper link, 42 and a lower link, 43, separated by a floating v-block, 44 that is compressed between an upper knife edge, 45 and a lower knife edge, 46.
- the upper link consists of a buttonhead clevis, 49, closed with a shoulder block, 50, and secured with two shoulder bolts, 51.
- the lower link is a threaded clevis, 52, closed with a shoulder block 53 and secured with two shoulder bolts, 54.
- This double knife edge alignment fixture is modified to permit fixed alignment by the introduction of two pairs of knobbed set screws, 55 and 56.
- One pair of opposing set screws, 55 pass through the sides of the button head clevis, 49, and, when one is advanced, and the other withdrawn, the advancing screw applies pressure on a shoulder block, 53, and causes the threaded clevis, 52 to rotate on its knife edge, 46.
- the second pair of opposing set screws, 56 pass through the sides of the threaded clevis, 52, and, when one is advanced, and the other withdrawn the advancing screw applies pressure on a shoulder block, 50 and causes the button head clevis, 49 to rotate on its knife edge, 45.
- the alignment coupling becomes fixed when both pairs of set screws are advanced and tightened against their shoulder blocks.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/114,455 US5361640A (en) | 1993-09-01 | 1993-09-01 | Materials testing apparatus for reduced sample bending |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/114,455 US5361640A (en) | 1993-09-01 | 1993-09-01 | Materials testing apparatus for reduced sample bending |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US5361640A true US5361640A (en) | 1994-11-08 |
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Family Applications (1)
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US08/114,455 Expired - Fee Related US5361640A (en) | 1993-09-01 | 1993-09-01 | Materials testing apparatus for reduced sample bending |
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Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5693890A (en) * | 1996-08-07 | 1997-12-02 | Holmes; John W. | Modular alignment device for tensile load frame |
WO2001094912A2 (en) * | 2000-06-06 | 2001-12-13 | Mts Systems Corporation | Dynamic tensile tester |
US6422091B1 (en) | 2000-07-20 | 2002-07-23 | Playtex Products, Inc. | Apparatus for testing the life expectancy of a straw |
US20070295091A1 (en) * | 2006-06-02 | 2007-12-27 | Mts Systems Corporation | Measurement of properties of thin specimens based on experimentallly acquired force-displacement data |
US7392708B2 (en) * | 2005-05-06 | 2008-07-01 | The Boeing Company | Apparatus and method of measuring shear strain of thick adhesive bondlines |
US20080210014A1 (en) * | 2007-03-02 | 2008-09-04 | Bridgestone Firestone North American Tire, Llc | Magnetic stability for test fixture |
US20080223145A1 (en) * | 2007-03-13 | 2008-09-18 | Bridgestone Firestone North America Tire, Llc | Electromagnetic rotation and stability apparatus |
US20090007691A1 (en) * | 2007-07-03 | 2009-01-08 | Dong Su Park | Creep tester for precision load control with weight |
CZ301364B6 (en) * | 2008-10-03 | 2010-01-27 | Vysoké ucení technické v Brne | Material deformation testing stand for the long-term monitoring of deformation characteristics under constant pressure |
US8286498B1 (en) * | 2010-08-09 | 2012-10-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Method and device for tensile testing of cable bundles |
CN106468638A (en) * | 2016-09-08 | 2017-03-01 | 新疆水利水电科学研究院 | Long cube specimen axial tension test fixture |
CN107192610A (en) * | 2017-06-30 | 2017-09-22 | 西南交通大学 | The fixture of cupping machine |
US20180031456A1 (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2018-02-01 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Lift table for a load frame |
US20180252625A1 (en) * | 2017-03-02 | 2018-09-06 | The Boeing Company | Compression test fixture and method therefore |
JP2022512142A (en) * | 2018-12-10 | 2022-02-02 | フェッター ファルマ-フェルティグング ゲーエムベーハー ウント コンパニー カーゲー | A mounting assembly for mounting a test device holder to a force measuring device, a force measuring device with such a mounting assembly, a test device holder and a slider member for the force measuring device. |
Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2454850A (en) * | 1944-11-28 | 1948-11-30 | Delbert M Van Winkle | Torsion specimen and holder for same |
US3005336A (en) * | 1958-11-06 | 1961-10-24 | Baldwin Lima Hamilton Corp | Precision specimen holder |
US3107524A (en) * | 1961-03-01 | 1963-10-22 | Satec Corp | Test specimen holder mechanism and the like |
FR2534683A1 (en) * | 1982-10-19 | 1984-04-20 | Controle Machines Services | Extensometer, especially for hot extensometry. |
US4686860A (en) * | 1986-04-17 | 1987-08-18 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Self-aligning hydraulic piston assembly for tensile testing of ceramic |
DE3731460A1 (en) * | 1986-09-19 | 1988-04-07 | Instron Corp | MATERIAL TEST DEVICE WITH AXIAL LOAD |
US4845997A (en) * | 1988-02-17 | 1989-07-11 | Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Self-alignment grip for mechanical testing |
US4914543A (en) * | 1989-07-20 | 1990-04-03 | Carroll Norman L | Variable capacitance |
US5138887A (en) * | 1990-12-03 | 1992-08-18 | Carl Schenck Ag | Clamping device for holding a test sample free of any bending moments |
US5279166A (en) * | 1992-09-29 | 1994-01-18 | Eg&G Idaho, Inc. | Self-aligning biaxial load frame |
-
1993
- 1993-09-01 US US08/114,455 patent/US5361640A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2454850A (en) * | 1944-11-28 | 1948-11-30 | Delbert M Van Winkle | Torsion specimen and holder for same |
US3005336A (en) * | 1958-11-06 | 1961-10-24 | Baldwin Lima Hamilton Corp | Precision specimen holder |
US3107524A (en) * | 1961-03-01 | 1963-10-22 | Satec Corp | Test specimen holder mechanism and the like |
FR2534683A1 (en) * | 1982-10-19 | 1984-04-20 | Controle Machines Services | Extensometer, especially for hot extensometry. |
US4686860A (en) * | 1986-04-17 | 1987-08-18 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Self-aligning hydraulic piston assembly for tensile testing of ceramic |
DE3731460A1 (en) * | 1986-09-19 | 1988-04-07 | Instron Corp | MATERIAL TEST DEVICE WITH AXIAL LOAD |
US4845997A (en) * | 1988-02-17 | 1989-07-11 | Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Self-alignment grip for mechanical testing |
US4914543A (en) * | 1989-07-20 | 1990-04-03 | Carroll Norman L | Variable capacitance |
US5138887A (en) * | 1990-12-03 | 1992-08-18 | Carl Schenck Ag | Clamping device for holding a test sample free of any bending moments |
US5279166A (en) * | 1992-09-29 | 1994-01-18 | Eg&G Idaho, Inc. | Self-aligning biaxial load frame |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
"Series 4100 Metals Testing Extensometers" pp. 4-6 dated by Aug. 1993 & 2 pages dated Jan. 1991 by Applied Test Systems Inc. |
P. 15 "Coupling" (Refer to Bulletin 4030, presumably of Applied Test Systems, Inc.) published by Aug. 1993. |
P. 15 Coupling (Refer to Bulletin 4030, presumably of Applied Test Systems, Inc.) published by Aug. 1993. * |
Series 4100 Metals Testing Extensometers pp. 4 6 dated by Aug. 1993 & 2 pages dated Jan. 1991 by Applied Test Systems Inc. * |
Cited By (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5693890A (en) * | 1996-08-07 | 1997-12-02 | Holmes; John W. | Modular alignment device for tensile load frame |
WO2001094912A2 (en) * | 2000-06-06 | 2001-12-13 | Mts Systems Corporation | Dynamic tensile tester |
WO2001094912A3 (en) * | 2000-06-06 | 2002-04-11 | Mts System Corp | Dynamic tensile tester |
US6679124B2 (en) | 2000-06-06 | 2004-01-20 | Mts Systems Corporation | Statistically rigid and dynamically compliant material testing system |
JP2004510131A (en) * | 2000-06-06 | 2004-04-02 | エムティエス・システムズ・コーポレーション | Dynamic tensile tester |
JP4922527B2 (en) * | 2000-06-06 | 2012-04-25 | アジレント・テクノロジーズ・インク | Dynamic tensile testing machine |
US6422091B1 (en) | 2000-07-20 | 2002-07-23 | Playtex Products, Inc. | Apparatus for testing the life expectancy of a straw |
US7392708B2 (en) * | 2005-05-06 | 2008-07-01 | The Boeing Company | Apparatus and method of measuring shear strain of thick adhesive bondlines |
US7441465B2 (en) | 2006-06-02 | 2008-10-28 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Measurement of properties of thin specimens based on experimentally acquired force-displacement data |
US20070295091A1 (en) * | 2006-06-02 | 2007-12-27 | Mts Systems Corporation | Measurement of properties of thin specimens based on experimentallly acquired force-displacement data |
US20080210014A1 (en) * | 2007-03-02 | 2008-09-04 | Bridgestone Firestone North American Tire, Llc | Magnetic stability for test fixture |
US7568397B2 (en) | 2007-03-02 | 2009-08-04 | Bridgestone Firestone North American Tire, Llc | Magnetic stability for test fixture |
US7543506B2 (en) | 2007-03-13 | 2009-06-09 | Bridgestone Firestone North American Tire, Llc | Electromagnetic rotation and stability apparatus |
US20080223145A1 (en) * | 2007-03-13 | 2008-09-18 | Bridgestone Firestone North America Tire, Llc | Electromagnetic rotation and stability apparatus |
US20090007691A1 (en) * | 2007-07-03 | 2009-01-08 | Dong Su Park | Creep tester for precision load control with weight |
US7784357B2 (en) * | 2007-07-03 | 2010-08-31 | Korea Electric Power Corporation | Creep tester for precision load control with weight |
CZ301364B6 (en) * | 2008-10-03 | 2010-01-27 | Vysoké ucení technické v Brne | Material deformation testing stand for the long-term monitoring of deformation characteristics under constant pressure |
US8286498B1 (en) * | 2010-08-09 | 2012-10-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Method and device for tensile testing of cable bundles |
CN107662889B (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2019-07-23 | 通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司 | Lifting platform for loading frame |
US20180031456A1 (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2018-02-01 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Lift table for a load frame |
CN107662889A (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2018-02-06 | 通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司 | Lifting platform for loading frame |
CN106468638A (en) * | 2016-09-08 | 2017-03-01 | 新疆水利水电科学研究院 | Long cube specimen axial tension test fixture |
CN106468638B (en) * | 2016-09-08 | 2023-08-15 | 新疆水利水电科学研究院 | Axial tensile test fixture for long cube test piece |
US20180252625A1 (en) * | 2017-03-02 | 2018-09-06 | The Boeing Company | Compression test fixture and method therefore |
US10578528B2 (en) * | 2017-03-02 | 2020-03-03 | The Boeing Company | Compression test fixture and method therefor |
CN107192610A (en) * | 2017-06-30 | 2017-09-22 | 西南交通大学 | The fixture of cupping machine |
CN107192610B (en) * | 2017-06-30 | 2023-08-25 | 西南交通大学 | Clamp of tensile testing machine |
JP2022512142A (en) * | 2018-12-10 | 2022-02-02 | フェッター ファルマ-フェルティグング ゲーエムベーハー ウント コンパニー カーゲー | A mounting assembly for mounting a test device holder to a force measuring device, a force measuring device with such a mounting assembly, a test device holder and a slider member for the force measuring device. |
US20220107248A1 (en) * | 2018-12-10 | 2022-04-07 | Vetter Pharma-Fertigung GmbH & Co. KG | Fastening assembly for fastening a test device holder to a force-measuring apparatus, force-measuring apparatus having a fastening assemply of this type, test device holder, and slide part for a force-measuring apparatus |
US12061175B2 (en) * | 2018-12-10 | 2024-08-13 | Vetter Pharma-Fertigung GmbH & Co. KG | Fastening assembly for fastening a test device holder to a force-measuring apparatus, force-measuring apparatus having a fastening assembly of this type, test device holder, and slide part for a force-measuring apparatus |
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