US5294372A - Aqueous dispersion of intrinsically electroconductive polyalkoxythiophenes, a process for their preparation and their use - Google Patents
Aqueous dispersion of intrinsically electroconductive polyalkoxythiophenes, a process for their preparation and their use Download PDFInfo
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- US5294372A US5294372A US07/853,297 US85329792A US5294372A US 5294372 A US5294372 A US 5294372A US 85329792 A US85329792 A US 85329792A US 5294372 A US5294372 A US 5294372A
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- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 229920002779 poly(alkoxythiophenes) Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical group CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004642 (C1-C12) alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000013557 residual solvent Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 36
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 19
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 13
- -1 polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920006267 polyester film Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001684 low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004702 low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- LXOFYPKXCSULTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,7,9-tetramethyldec-5-yne-4,7-diol Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)(O)C#CC(C)(O)CC(C)C LXOFYPKXCSULTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002216 antistatic agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002848 electrochemical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011104 metalized film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000229 (C1-C4)alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- CARJPEPCULYFFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-Sulfo-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=CC(S(O)(=O)=O)=C1 CARJPEPCULYFFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003855 Adhesive Lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001634 Copolyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SUAKHGWARZSWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N‐diethylformamide Chemical compound CCN(CC)C=O SUAKHGWARZSWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004734 Polyphenylene sulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101100386054 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) CYS3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920004890 Triton X-100 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008199 coating composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012994 industrial processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011140 metalized polyester Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101150035983 str1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/10—Definition of the polymer structure
- C08G2261/14—Side-groups
- C08G2261/141—Side-chains having aliphatic units
- C08G2261/1412—Saturated aliphatic units
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/30—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/32—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/322—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed
- C08G2261/3223—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed containing one or more sulfur atoms as the only heteroatom, e.g. thiophene
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
Definitions
- these materials are soluble in low percentages in organic aprotic solvents, such as toluene, THF, acetonitrile, diethylformamide and N-methylpyrrolidone, and are therefore suitable as base materials for the electroconductive and/or antistatic coating of substrates (EP-A-0 328 981, EP-A-0 257 573 and EP-A-0 328 982).
- organic aprotic solvents such as toluene, THF, acetonitrile, diethylformamide and N-methylpyrrolidone
- DE-A-38 34 526 describes the coating of substrates with free-flowing dispersions based on polyaniline. It is also possible to use aqueous media here. It is disadvantageous that, after coating is complete and the solvent has been removed, it is necessary to convert the layer chemically or electrochemically into the conductive form necessary for its later function.
- insoluble, intrinsically conductive polymers in the doped form are used.
- Aqueous dispersions of conductive polymers which are soluble in organic solvents have not been disclosed.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide coated articles having an electroconductive and/or antistatic layer made by a process comprising the steps of applying to a substrate an aqueous dispersion of an intrinsically electroconductive polymer which requires neither addition of stabilizers nor subsequent doping.
- a bag with heat-sealed edges made by a process comprising the steps of applying to one side of a film comprising at least one functional layer on the second side, an aqueous dispersion comprising electroconductive doped polyalkoxythiophene, to produce a coated film; laminating the second side of the coated film with a heat-sealable film to produce a coated laminated film; forming a bag by folding; and heat-sealing the bag with the coated side on the outside of the bag.
- a bag with heat-sealed edges made by a process comprising the steps of applying to one side of a film an aqueous dispersion comprising electroconductive, doped, polyalkoxythiophene, to produce a coated film; applying to one side of a heat-sealable film an aqueous dispersion comprising electroconductive, doped, polyalkoxythiophene, and a suitable binder, to produce a coated heat-sealable film; laminating the uncoated side of said coated film with the uncoated side of the heat-sealable film to produce a coated laminated film; forming a bag by folding; and heat sealing the bag.
- the electroconductive polymers contain the corresponding number of anions, preferably anions of the conductive salt employed in the electrolysis preparation process, to compensate for the positive charges on the polymer chain.
- anions preferably anions of the conductive salt employed in the electrolysis preparation process. Examples are: BF 4 - , PF 6 - , SbF 6 - , SbCl 6 - , FeCl 4 - and [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3- , etc.
- the conductive polymer is first dissolved in a dipolar aprotic solvent (for example N-methyl-pyrrolidone).
- a dipolar aprotic solvent for example N-methyl-pyrrolidone
- one or more nonconductive binders are preferably added to this solution; these binders have the task of providing the later layer with mechanical stability and better adhesion. These binders should likewise be soluble or dispersible in the same solvent and additionally in water.
- the solution is then added dropwise to water, the dispersion forming being mixed permanently. If desired, additives (flow-control agents, wetting agents) can be added to the dispersion forming.
- the dispersion prepared in this way has a solids content of from 2 to 15% by weight, preferably of from 4 to 8% by weight, in each case based on the total weight of the dispersion.
- From 5 to 100% by weight, preferably from 10 to 30% by weight, of the dispersion comprises the above-described intrinsically conductive polyalkoxythiophenes, and from 0 to 95% by weight, preferably from 70 to 90% by weight, of the dispersion comprises nonconductive binders and other additives.
- the water content is from 95 to 75% by weight, preferably from 80 to 90% by weight; the residual solvent content is between 5 and 25% by weight, preferably between 10 and 20% by weight.
- the dispersion according to the invention is particularly suitable for coating a very wide variety of substrates, preferably films made of polyester, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacetate, polyethylene, polycarbonate and polyamide, by conventional methods of applying surface coatings, such as dipping, spraying and various printing processes, such as, for example, application by a smooth roller, application by an engraved roller, intaglio printing and flexographic printing.
- the dispersion according to the invention is particularly suitable for the continuous coating of film webs.
- antistatic, transparent layers having surface resistances of between 10 4 and 10 9 ohms, preferably between 10 6 and 10 8 ohms (DIN 53482) and a transparency of between 50% and 98% (ASTM 1003-61) can be produced in this way.
- Films provided in this way with an antistatic layer can advantageously be converted into composite films, preferably using a film made from a heat-sealable material, preferably polyethylene, and applied by adhesive lamination.
- a film composite of this type can comprise, for example, a substrate film, for example a polyester film, which has been coated with the aqueous dispersion according to the invention and has a thickness in the range between 6 and 100 ⁇ m, preferably between 12 and 50 ⁇ m, and a heat-sealable film, for example a polyethylene film, having a thickness of between 20 and 200 ⁇ m, preferably between 25 and 75 ⁇ m.
- Heat-sealed packaging bags can then also be produced from a composite of this type, the polyester film coated with the dispersion according to the invention being arranged on the outside of the packaging bag.
- the heat-sealable film used can then also be polyethylene film provided with an antistatic finish by means of conventional known agents.
- heat-sealable binders also makes it possible for the heat-sealable film itself to be coated with the aqueous dispersion according to the invention and thus provided with an antistatic finish. In this way, heat-sealable composite films coated with an antistatic layer on both sides are obtained; these can be converted, for example, into bags.
- a further very advantageous application of the dispersion according to the invention is the coating of metallized films.
- Commercially available metallized films in particular metallized polyester or polypropylene films, are preferably produced by applying aluminum layers by vacuum vapor deposition in thicknesses in the range between 10 and 200 nm.
- Optically transparent metal layers having optical transparency values above about 30% are achieved at layer thicknesses of less than 20 nm.
- the surface resistances of transparent layers of this type are between about 30 and 200 ohms. Coating of a film of this type on the reverse, i.e.
- aqueous dispersion according to the invention on the side not coated with the metallization, with the aqueous dispersion according to the invention and lamination of this film with the metal side against a heat-sealable film, for example made from polyethylene, gives a laminate which can be converted as described above to give heat-sealed packaging bags.
- the metal layer on the inside additionally provides a screening effect against high-frequency alternating fields.
- the solution was then added dropwise with continuous stirring to 1488 g of water (80° to 90° C.) together with 10 g of ®Surfynol 104 (wetting agent from Air Products).
- the resultant dispersion has a total solids content of 7% by weight; the relative mixing ratio between the conductive polyethoxythiophene and the binder used is 15:85.
- the mixing ratio between water and NMP is 80:20.
- This dispersion was used to continuously coat a polyester film (Hostaphan RN 36, width 340 nm) by means of a smooth roller (counter-rotating with an air brush) and dried at 125° C. in a circulating-air tunnel).
- the coated film has a surface resistance of 5 ⁇ 10 7 ohms (DIN 53482) by means of a spring-tongue electrode), a transparency of 79% (ASTM 1003-61) and a haze of 14.5% (ASTM 1003-61).
- the scratch resistance of the layer corresponds to pencil hardness 1H (ASTM 3363). Scanning electron photomicrographs show a fineness of the dispersion particles in the dried layer of on average less than 100 nm.
- 0.53 g of electroconductive polyethoxythiophene from Example 1 is dissolved at room temperature in 12.1 g of NMP, and 0.18 q of ®Surfynol 104 is added.
- 20 g of ®Zinpol 1519 an acrylic resin dispersed in water to give a solids content of 24%, obtainable from Worlee-Chemie
- ®Triton X100 flow-control agent, Rohm und Haas
- the NMP solution is then incorporated dropwise into the aqueous phase.
- the finished dispersion contains 80% of water and 20% of NMP, the solids content is about 8.5% by weight, and the mixing ratio between polyethoxythiophene and ®Zinpol 1519 is 1:9.
- This dispersion was then applied to a corona-pretreated polyester film (Hostaphan RN 25) by means of a wire doctor and dried for 2 minutes at 120° C. in a circulating-air drying cabinet. A surface resistance of 3 ⁇ 10 7 ohms and a transparency of 81% were achieved. The adhesion and wipe resistance were good, and the scratch resistance was 1H.
- a 200 ⁇ 300 mm sample of a polyester film antistatically coated on one side as in Example 1 was adhesive-laminated with a single-layer film of low density polyethylene (LDPE) having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m.
- LDPE low density polyethylene
- the uncoated side of the polyester film was coated with a two-component polyurethane-based adhesive by means of a 12 ⁇ m hand coater, placed together with the LDPE film and dried for one minute at 40° C. in a circulating-air oven.
- the transparency of the resultant film laminate was 77%, and the bond strength, determined by means of a T-peel test, was 4 N/15 mm of strip width.
- Heat-sealed bags were produced from the resultant film laminate, with the antistatic coating on the polyester film being arranged on the outside of the bag.
- the polyethylene sides of the laminate were heat-sealed for 0.5 s at 160° C. and 0.15 bar in a low-pressure heat-sealing unit.
- the seal strength, determined by the T-peel method was 25 N/15 mm of strip width.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Coating Of Shaped Articles Made Of Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Polyoxymethylene Polymers And Polymers With Carbon-To-Carbon Bonds (AREA)
Abstract
An aqueous dispersion is described which contains electroconductive, doped, polyalkoxythiophene which is soluble in aprotic organic solvents and is insoluble in water. The dispersion has a residual solvent content of less than or equal to 25% by weight, based on the total weight of the dispersion. A process for the preparation of this dispersion and the use of the dispersion for forming coatings on substrates are also described.
Description
There have been worldwide endeavors for some years to synthesize so-called "intrinsically" electroconductive polymers. These are taken to mean polymer materials which have an inherent conductivity without the addition of electroconductive substances such as metal powders or fibers, conductive black or the like. Examples of such polymers are polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene sulfide, etc. However, polyconjugated bonding systems of this type are only electroconductive in the doped state, i.e. they must be converted into a conductive state by means of an oxidant or reducing agent in an electrochemical or chemical reaction. However, all of the materials listed above are insoluble and infusible in the doped state i.e. are unsuitable for further processing.
Therefore, up to a few years ago, there were few concrete applications for intrinsically electroconductive polymers. A further disadvantage was the low stability of the novel materials, in particular in moist atmospheres.
In order to obtain processable electroconductive polymers, soluble, intrinsically electroconductive polymers were developed (cf. R. L. Elsenbaumer, K. Y. Jen and R. Oboodi, Synth. Met. 15 (1986), 169). In particular, doped polyalkoxythiophenes synthesized by electrochemical methods are distinguished by high stability (M. Feldhues et al., Synth. Met. 28 (1989), C487). In doped form, these materials are soluble in low percentages in organic aprotic solvents, such as toluene, THF, acetonitrile, diethylformamide and N-methylpyrrolidone, and are therefore suitable as base materials for the electroconductive and/or antistatic coating of substrates (EP-A-0 328 981, EP-A-0 257 573 and EP-A-0 328 982).
However, it has proven very disadvantageous in the production of such coatings on an industrial scale that organic solvents have to be used, since many organic solvents today require industrial post-combustion, which is very expensive and complex. Attempts are therefore increasingly being made, in particular for the continuous coating of flexible substrates, such as, for example, films, to employ aqueous systems in which at least a large part of the organic solvent has been replaced by water.
In principle, two methods are conceivable for obtaining aqueous coating formulations based on intrinsically electroconductive polymers. The first is the development of novel, water-soluble, conductive polymers (A. O. Patil et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109 (1987), 1858; E. E. Havinga et al., Polymer Bulletin 18 (1987), 277; A. O. Patil et al., Synth. Met. 20 (1987), 151). A second method is the preparation of aqueous dispersions. However, industrial processing of the materials, which became known as a result of the new development of water-soluble polymers, has hitherto been unsuccessful due to only very low electrical conductivity values achieved of below 0.1 S/cm and due to poor stability in water.
S. P. Armes and M. Aldissi, Polymer 31 (1990), 569, describe the preparation of an aqueous polypyrrole dispersion. In the process described, a steric stabilizer (poly-2-vinylpyridylbutyl methacrylate) must be added in order to avoid particle agglomeration of the polypyrrole, which can only be dispersed with difficulty. The specific conductivity of the dried powder is from 1 to 2 S/cm. No suitability of the material for coating purposes has been disclosed.
S. P. Armes et al., J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 118 (1987), 410, likewise describes an aqueous polypyrrole dispersion, in which the dispersion stabilizer employed is polyvinyl acetate. The individual conductive particles (not the liquid dispersion) exhibit a specific conductivity of 5 S/cm at a particle diameter of from 100 to 150 nm. The properties of thin layers made from these dispersions are not described.
DE-A-38 34 526 describes the coating of substrates with free-flowing dispersions based on polyaniline. It is also possible to use aqueous media here. It is disadvantageous that, after coating is complete and the solvent has been removed, it is necessary to convert the layer chemically or electrochemically into the conductive form necessary for its later function.
In both cases, insoluble, intrinsically conductive polymers in the doped form are used. Aqueous dispersions of conductive polymers which are soluble in organic solvents have not been disclosed.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an aqueous dispersion of an intrinsically electroconductive polymer which requires neither addition of stabilizers nor subsequent doping and which is suitable for the coating of substrates in order to achieve an electroconductive and/or antistatic layer.
Another object of the present invention is to provide coated articles having an electroconductive and/or antistatic layer made by a process comprising the steps of applying to a substrate an aqueous dispersion of an intrinsically electroconductive polymer which requires neither addition of stabilizers nor subsequent doping.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a bag with heat-sealed edges and, an antistatic layer made by a process comprising the steps of applying to one side of a film an aqueous dispersion comprising electroconductive, doped, polyalkoxythiophene.
In accomplishing these objects, there has been provided in accordance with one aspect of the present invention an aqueous dispersion containing, an electroconductive polyalkoxythiophene which is insoluble in water, but soluble in dipolar aprotic organic solvents, the aqueous dispersion having a maximum residual solvent content of about 25%.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided, a bag with heat-sealed edges, made by a process comprising the steps of applying to one side of a film comprising at least one functional layer on the second side, an aqueous dispersion comprising electroconductive doped polyalkoxythiophene, to produce a coated film; laminating the second side of the coated film with a heat-sealable film to produce a coated laminated film; forming a bag by folding; and heat-sealing the bag with the coated side on the outside of the bag.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided, a bag with heat-sealed edges, made by a process comprising the steps of applying to one side of a film an aqueous dispersion comprising electroconductive, doped, polyalkoxythiophene, to produce a coated film; applying to one side of a heat-sealable film an aqueous dispersion comprising electroconductive, doped, polyalkoxythiophene, and a suitable binder, to produce a coated heat-sealable film; laminating the uncoated side of said coated film with the uncoated side of the heat-sealable film to produce a coated laminated film; forming a bag by folding; and heat sealing the bag.
Further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description of preferred embodiments that follows.
The preparation of suitable polyalkoxythiophenes is described in EP-A-0 257 573. This application discloses intrinsically electroconductive polymers, preferably oligomers, which are synthesized by electrochemical methods and, in the oxidized form, are fully soluble in dipolar aprotic solvents at room temperature and which comprise structural units of the formula: ##STR1## in which R1 is a C1 - to Cu12 -, preferably C1 - to C4 -alkoxy group. The monomer units are bonded to one another in the 2-position and/or 5-position.
In the oxidized form, the electroconductive polymers contain the corresponding number of anions, preferably anions of the conductive salt employed in the electrolysis preparation process, to compensate for the positive charges on the polymer chain. Examples are: BF4 -, PF6 -, SbF6 -, SbCl6 -, FeCl4 - and [Fe(CN)6 ]3-, etc.
In order to obtain the aqueous dispersions according to the invention, the conductive polymer is first dissolved in a dipolar aprotic solvent (for example N-methyl-pyrrolidone). In addition, one or more nonconductive binders are preferably added to this solution; these binders have the task of providing the later layer with mechanical stability and better adhesion. These binders should likewise be soluble or dispersible in the same solvent and additionally in water. The solution is then added dropwise to water, the dispersion forming being mixed permanently. If desired, additives (flow-control agents, wetting agents) can be added to the dispersion forming.
The dispersion prepared in this way has a solids content of from 2 to 15% by weight, preferably of from 4 to 8% by weight, in each case based on the total weight of the dispersion. From 5 to 100% by weight, preferably from 10 to 30% by weight, of the dispersion comprises the above-described intrinsically conductive polyalkoxythiophenes, and from 0 to 95% by weight, preferably from 70 to 90% by weight, of the dispersion comprises nonconductive binders and other additives. The water content is from 95 to 75% by weight, preferably from 80 to 90% by weight; the residual solvent content is between 5 and 25% by weight, preferably between 10 and 20% by weight.
The dispersion according to the invention is particularly suitable for coating a very wide variety of substrates, preferably films made of polyester, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacetate, polyethylene, polycarbonate and polyamide, by conventional methods of applying surface coatings, such as dipping, spraying and various printing processes, such as, for example, application by a smooth roller, application by an engraved roller, intaglio printing and flexographic printing. The dispersion according to the invention is particularly suitable for the continuous coating of film webs. In layers having thicknesses of less than 1 μm, preferably from 50 to 500 nm, antistatic, transparent layers having surface resistances of between 104 and 109 ohms, preferably between 106 and 108 ohms (DIN 53482) and a transparency of between 50% and 98% (ASTM 1003-61) can be produced in this way.
Films provided in this way with an antistatic layer can advantageously be converted into composite films, preferably using a film made from a heat-sealable material, preferably polyethylene, and applied by adhesive lamination. A film composite of this type can comprise, for example, a substrate film, for example a polyester film, which has been coated with the aqueous dispersion according to the invention and has a thickness in the range between 6 and 100 μm, preferably between 12 and 50 μm, and a heat-sealable film, for example a polyethylene film, having a thickness of between 20 and 200 μm, preferably between 25 and 75 μm. Heat-sealed packaging bags can then also be produced from a composite of this type, the polyester film coated with the dispersion according to the invention being arranged on the outside of the packaging bag. For an application of this type, the heat-sealable film used can then also be polyethylene film provided with an antistatic finish by means of conventional known agents.
The use of suitable heat-sealable binders also makes it possible for the heat-sealable film itself to be coated with the aqueous dispersion according to the invention and thus provided with an antistatic finish. In this way, heat-sealable composite films coated with an antistatic layer on both sides are obtained; these can be converted, for example, into bags.
A further very advantageous application of the dispersion according to the invention is the coating of metallized films. Commercially available metallized films, in particular metallized polyester or polypropylene films, are preferably produced by applying aluminum layers by vacuum vapor deposition in thicknesses in the range between 10 and 200 nm. Optically transparent metal layers having optical transparency values above about 30% are achieved at layer thicknesses of less than 20 nm. The surface resistances of transparent layers of this type are between about 30 and 200 ohms. Coating of a film of this type on the reverse, i.e. on the side not coated with the metallization, with the aqueous dispersion according to the invention and lamination of this film with the metal side against a heat-sealable film, for example made from polyethylene, gives a laminate which can be converted as described above to give heat-sealed packaging bags. The metal layer on the inside additionally provides a screening effect against high-frequency alternating fields.
The advantages of the antistatic layers applied with the aid of the aqueous dispersions described above compared with conventional, so-called chemical antistatic agents (for example fatty acid esters, quaternary ammonium salts, amines, etc.) are principally the significantly lower surface resistances (below 109 ohms) and the independence of the antistatic action of the ambient atmospheric humidity. In addition, the corrosive effect on metals (for example in circuit boards) which is frequently present in the case of chemical antistatic agents is not observed in the case of the layers according to the invention.
The working examples below are intended to illustrate the invention in greater detail without representing a limitation to the embodiments represented explicitly.
18 g of electroconductive polyethoxythiophene (described in Example 1 of EP-A-0 257 573, specific electrical conductivity: 0.85 S/cm) and 102 g of a water-dispersible copolyester containing about 90 mol % of isophthalic acid and 10 mol % of the sodium salt of 5-sulfoisophthalic acid as the acid component and 100 mol % of ethylene glycol as the glycol component (described in EP-A-0 144 878) were dissolved in 376 g of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) at 60° C. The solution was then added dropwise with continuous stirring to 1488 g of water (80° to 90° C.) together with 10 g of ®Surfynol 104 (wetting agent from Air Products). The resultant dispersion has a total solids content of 7% by weight; the relative mixing ratio between the conductive polyethoxythiophene and the binder used is 15:85. The mixing ratio between water and NMP is 80:20.
This dispersion was used to continuously coat a polyester film (Hostaphan RN 36, width 340 nm) by means of a smooth roller (counter-rotating with an air brush) and dried at 125° C. in a circulating-air tunnel).
The coated film has a surface resistance of 5×107 ohms (DIN 53482) by means of a spring-tongue electrode), a transparency of 79% (ASTM 1003-61) and a haze of 14.5% (ASTM 1003-61). The scratch resistance of the layer corresponds to pencil hardness 1H (ASTM 3363). Scanning electron photomicrographs show a fineness of the dispersion particles in the dried layer of on average less than 100 nm.
0.53 g of electroconductive polyethoxythiophene from Example 1 is dissolved at room temperature in 12.1 g of NMP, and 0.18 q of ®Surfynol 104 is added. 20 g of ®Zinpol 1519 (an acrylic resin dispersed in water to give a solids content of 24%, obtainable from Worlee-Chemie) is diluted with 28 g of water; 0.12 g of ®Triton X100 (flow-control agent, Rohm und Haas) is subsequently added. The NMP solution is then incorporated dropwise into the aqueous phase. The finished dispersion contains 80% of water and 20% of NMP, the solids content is about 8.5% by weight, and the mixing ratio between polyethoxythiophene and ®Zinpol 1519 is 1:9.
This dispersion was then applied to a corona-pretreated polyester film (Hostaphan RN 25) by means of a wire doctor and dried for 2 minutes at 120° C. in a circulating-air drying cabinet. A surface resistance of 3×107 ohms and a transparency of 81% were achieved. The adhesion and wipe resistance were good, and the scratch resistance was 1H.
A 200×300 mm sample of a polyester film antistatically coated on one side as in Example 1 (thickness 36 μm, transparency 79%, surface resistance of the coated side 5×107 ohms) was adhesive-laminated with a single-layer film of low density polyethylene (LDPE) having a thickness of 50 μm. To this end, the uncoated side of the polyester film was coated with a two-component polyurethane-based adhesive by means of a 12 μm hand coater, placed together with the LDPE film and dried for one minute at 40° C. in a circulating-air oven. The transparency of the resultant film laminate was 77%, and the bond strength, determined by means of a T-peel test, was 4 N/15 mm of strip width. Heat-sealed bags were produced from the resultant film laminate, with the antistatic coating on the polyester film being arranged on the outside of the bag. The polyethylene sides of the laminate were heat-sealed for 0.5 s at 160° C. and 0.15 bar in a low-pressure heat-sealing unit. The seal strength, determined by the T-peel method, was 25 N/15 mm of strip width.
Claims (16)
1. An aqueous dispersion comprising electroconductive, polyalkoxythiophene which is soluble in aprotic organic solvents, said dispersion having a residual organic solvent content of at least about 5% by weight and less than or equal to 25% by weight, based on the total weight of the dispersion.
2. A dispersion according to claim 1, wherein said electroconductive polyalkoxythiophene comprises structural units of the formula ##STR2## in which R1 is a C1 -C12 -alkoxy group, and the monomer units are bonded to one another in the 2-and/or 5-position.
3. A dispersion according to claim 1, additionally containing at least one nonconductive binder which is dispersible or soluble in water.
4. A dispersion according to claim 2, wherein said R1 is a C1 -C4 -alkoxy group.
5. A dispersion according to claim 1, wherein said residual organic solvent content is 10 to 20% by weight.
6. A dispersion according to claim 1, wherein said residual organic solvent is N-methylpyrrolidone.
7. A dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the water content is 95 to 75% by weight.
8. A dispersion according to claim 7, wherein said water content is 80 to 90% by weight.
9. A process for the preparation of a dispersion according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
(a) dissolving the electroconductive polyalkoxythiophene in at least one dipolar, aprotic solvent; and
(b) dispersing the solution in water.
10. A process for the preparation of a dispersion according to claim 3 comprising the steps of:
(a) dissolving the electroconductive polyalkoxythiophene in at least one dipolar aprotic solvent; and
(b) dispersing or dissolving said binder in said solvent;
(c) dispersing the solution in water.
11. An aqueous dispersion comprising electroconductive, polyalkoxythiophene which is soluble in aprotic organic solvents, said dispersion having a residual organic solvent content of at least about 5% by weight and less than or equal to 25% by weight, a water content of 95 to 75% by weight, and a solids content of 2 to 15% by weight, based on the total weight of the dispersion.
12. A dispersion according to claim 11, wherein said residual organic solvent content is 10 to 20% by weight.
13. A dispersion according to claim 11, wherein said solids content is 4 to 8% by weight.
14. A dispersion according to claim 11, wherein said water content is 80 to 90% by weight.
15. A dispersion according to claim 11, wherein said residual organic solvent is N-methylpyrrolidone.
16. A dispersion according to claim 11, additionally containing at least one nonconductive binder which is dispersible or soluble in water.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US08/181,064 US5401537A (en) | 1991-03-28 | 1994-01-14 | Aqueous dispersion of intrinsically electroconductive polyalkoxythiophenes, a process for their preparation and their use |
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE4110263A DE4110263A1 (en) | 1991-03-28 | 1991-03-28 | AQUEOUS DISPERSION OF INTRINSICALLY ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE POLYALCOXYTHIOPHENES, METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION AND THEIR USE |
DE4110263 | 1991-03-28 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FI921326A (en) | 1992-09-29 |
JPH0598021A (en) | 1993-04-20 |
FI921326A0 (en) | 1992-03-26 |
DE4110263A1 (en) | 1992-10-01 |
US5401537A (en) | 1995-03-28 |
EP0505955A2 (en) | 1992-09-30 |
EP0505955A3 (en) | 1993-02-24 |
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