US5126023A - End-column electrical and electrochemical detector for capillary zone electrophoresis - Google Patents

End-column electrical and electrochemical detector for capillary zone electrophoresis Download PDF

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US5126023A
US5126023A US07/580,259 US58025990A US5126023A US 5126023 A US5126023 A US 5126023A US 58025990 A US58025990 A US 58025990A US 5126023 A US5126023 A US 5126023A
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Prior art keywords
capillary
electrode
outlet end
separation
sensing electrode
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Xiaohua Huang
Richard N. Zare
Andrew G. Ewing
Sandra E. Sloss
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Leland Stanford Junior University
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Leland Stanford Junior University
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Priority to US07/580,259 priority Critical patent/US5126023A/en
Priority to CA002051006A priority patent/CA2051006A1/fr
Priority to JP3259591A priority patent/JPH04244955A/ja
Priority to EP91308231A priority patent/EP0475713B1/fr
Priority to DE69117622T priority patent/DE69117622T2/de
Priority to US07/771,345 priority patent/US5298139A/en
Assigned to BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY reassignment BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: PENNSYLVANIA RESEARCH CORPORATION, THE
Assigned to PENNSYLVANIA RESEARCH CORPORATION, THE reassignment PENNSYLVANIA RESEARCH CORPORATION, THE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: SLOSS, SANDRA E.
Assigned to BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY reassignment BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: HUANG, XIAOHUA, ZARE, RICHARD N.
Assigned to PENNSYLVANIA RESEARCH CORPORATION, THE reassignment PENNSYLVANIA RESEARCH CORPORATION, THE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: EWING, ANDREW G.
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/416—Systems
    • G01N27/447—Systems using electrophoresis
    • G01N27/44704—Details; Accessories
    • G01N27/44717—Arrangements for investigating the separated zones, e.g. localising zones
    • G01N27/4473—Arrangements for investigating the separated zones, e.g. localising zones by electric means

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to capillary electrokinetic devices and in particular to an improved system for detecting electrokinetically separated species with electrical or electrochemical measurement.
  • Zone electrophoresis in capillaries has become an important technique in the repertoire of liquid-phase separations. See Jorgenson et al., Science 222 (1983) 266-272; Gordon et al., Science 242 (1988), 224-228; Ewing et al., Anal Chem. 61 (1989), 292A-303A; Wallingford et al., Advances in Chromatography 29 (1989), 1-76; and Kuhr, Anal. Chem., 62 (1990), 403R-414R.
  • Capillary electrophoresis has been used for separations of small and large molecules and comprises several subtechniques including capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary gel electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis, and capillary isoelectric focusing.
  • CZE employs extremely high potential fields, typically 300 V/cm, resulting in highly efficient separations of ionic solutes.
  • Detection schemes developed to date include direct and indirect UV absorption (Hjerten, J. Chromatogr., 347 (1985) 191-198 and Hjerten et al. J. Chromatogr., 403 (1987), 47-61), fluorescence (Jorgenson et al., Anal. Chem., 53 (1981), 1298-1302 and Kuhr et al., Anal. Chem., 60 (1988), 2642-2644)), and radioisotope (Pentoney et al., Anal.
  • Electrochemical detectors involve electric effects due to chemical changes which occur when a particle or species enters the detection zone. Electrical detectors respond to changes in the conductance of current or changes of resistance which result when particles or species enter the detection zone. With electrical detectors no chemical reaction is necessarily associated or required.
  • Existing electrical and electrochemical detectors for CZE use elaborate on-column and post-column detection schemes to prevent the high separation potentials used from interfering with the detection process.
  • One scheme involves construction of 40- ⁇ m-diameter holes in the capillary using a laser. Thereafter, small platinum wire electrodes are placed in these holes to carry out on-column conductivity detection.
  • the present invention provides a new design for CZE conductimetric and amperometric detectors in which a sensing microelectrode is placed at the outlet of the separation capillary.
  • These "end-column detectors” are easy to construct. They do not suffer from electrical interference caused by the applied high voltage during the CZE separation. Moreover, end-column detectors demonstrate sensitivities approaching those of previous on-column conductivity and post-column amperometric detectors (Ewing et al., Anal. Chem. 61 (1989), 292A-303A; Huang et al., Anal. Chem., 59 (1987), 2747-2749; and Huang et al., Anal.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a CZE separation device with an end-column conductivity detector.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the plastic jacket assembly.
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the end-column sensing microelectrode.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of a CZE separation device with an end-column amperometric detector.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing of an end-column amperometric detector.
  • FIG. 6 is an electropherogram obtained with an end-column conductivity detector.
  • FIG. 7 is an electropherogram obtained with end-column amperometric detection.
  • FIG. 8 is an electropherogram obtained with end-column amperometric detection.
  • FIG. 1 shows a CZE separation device with an end-column conductivity detector.
  • the separation capillary 100 is a 80 ⁇ m i.d., 354 o.d. fused silica microcolumn with a length of 60 cm (Polymicro Technologies, Phoenix, Ariz.).
  • a reversible high voltage power supply 110 (Model R50B, Hipotronics, Inc., Brewster, N.Y.) provides a variable voltage of 0-30 kV with the outlet of the separation capillary at ground potential.
  • the capillary is liquid-filled with a support electrolyte and terminates near a sensing microelectrode inside plastic jacket 200.
  • the jacket is approximately 25 mm long and has a diameter of approximately 6.4 mm.
  • Inlet reservoir 120 and outlet reservoir 130 contain support electrolyte as well, so that the liquid-filled capillary 100 creates a continuous liquid and electrical connection between them.
  • the electrolyte exiting the capillary flows into the outlet reservoir by way of a hole 290 in the plastic jacket 200.
  • the jacket is inserted part-way into the outlet reservoir through one of the reservoir walls and is held in position thereby.
  • An effective electrokinetic voltage is supplied from power supply 110 through conductors 140 and 150 and grounding electrode 170 and electrode 160.
  • a sensing microelectrode (described below) is situated at the outlet of the capillary 100 inside plastic jacket 200.
  • the output of the end-column conductivity detector which varies as a function of the material in the electrolyte, is passed through lead 270 to conductivity meter 180, and is recorded.
  • the conductivity measurement is made between the sensing microelectrode and the grounding electrode 170.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the plastic jacket assembly.
  • Lead 270 is positioned inside the 1 cm long fused silica capillary 220 (150 ⁇ m i.d. and 355 ⁇ m o.d., Polymicro Technologies) that extends midway into the plastic jacket.
  • separation capillary 100 extends midway into the plastic jacket from the other direction.
  • Epoxy 210 and Teflon® washer 240 provide support for the capillary 220.
  • epoxy 250 and Teflon® washer 260 provide support for separation capillary 100.
  • the plastic jacket defines channel 280 into which capillary 220 and separation capillary 100 are positioned. The channel is sealed at its ends by the Teflon® washers 240 and 260.
  • a hole 290 on one side of the plastic jacket lines up with the sensing microelectrode so that fluid flows off the separation capillary 100 and into the reservoir 130.
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the sensing microelectrode 300, which is made of a 50 ⁇ m diameter platinum wire (California Fine Wire Co., Grover City, Calif.).
  • the microelectrode is centered in capillary 220, and held in place by epoxy 310 (Torrseal, Varian Corp., Lexington, Mass.).
  • the surface of the microelectrode facing the outlet of separation capillary 100 is sanded flat.
  • capillary 220 facing the separation capillary is positioned inside a short but somewhat larger support fused silica capillary 320 (approximately 355 ⁇ m i.d.), which resembles a ring or collar structure.
  • the outer surface at the end of capillary 220 is sealed with epoxy to the inner surface of one end of capillary 320.
  • the other end of capillary 320 extends about 1-2 mm over the outlet end of the separation capillary 100, which is nearly butted against the sensing microelectrode 300.
  • the eluent gap can be defined generally as a narrow channel that serves as the detection zone for electrical detectors. The dimensions of the eluent gap depend on, among other things, the amount of sample injected into the separation capillary for analysis. With the inventive conductivity detector, the resistance of each component zone or band is measured as each band flows through the eluent gap.
  • gap length is too long, more than one band will be present in the eluent gap at a given time thereby interfering with the measurement.
  • Increasing the wall separation distance reduces the gap length, but has the concomitant adverse effect of creating additional dead volume.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the CZE system used for amperometric measurements.
  • the separation capillary 400 is a fused-silica capillary 5 ⁇ m i.d./140 ⁇ m o.d., Polymicro Technologies (Phoenix, Ariz.).
  • the capillary (50-70 cm in length) is positioned in plastic vessel 410 through a bore defined by stainless steel fitting 420 (shown with size exaggerated) that is epoxied to one side of the vessel.
  • the vessel functions as the electrochemical cell.
  • the fitting also serves as the cathode for electrophoresis.
  • the high voltage DC power supply 430 provides the electric field for electrophoresis.
  • Electrode 440 situated in buffer reservoir 470 is connected to the power source by conductor 450.
  • stell fitting 420 is connected to the power source by conductor 460.
  • the end of the microelectrode 530 (described below) of the detector 480 is manipulated through a slot cut into the opostie side of plastic vessel 410 and up against the end of the separtion capillary 400 with a micromanipulator (Newport, Model 422) while viewed under a microscope.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic top view ofthe ampoteric detector.
  • a single carbon fiber 10 ⁇ m diameter, Amoco Performance Products, Greenville, S.C.
  • the capillary was pulled around the fiber 530 with a vertical microelectrode puller.
  • the fiber 530 serves as the microelectrode.
  • a drop of epoxy 540 is applied to the area where the fiber entered the glass capillary.
  • the fiber is cut with a scalpel to an exposed length of 0.1-1 mm.
  • the open end of the glas capillary is filled with mercury, a segment of nichrome wire 590 placed into it, and sealed with a drop of DUCO cement.
  • the carbon fiber detector is cemented onto a microscope slide 510 so that the end containing the exposed fiber protruded from the edge of the slide.
  • the entire detector assembly is then placed onto a micromanipulator 520, Oriel Cor., Stratford, Conn.
  • the tip of the carbon fiber is aligned with the bore of the separation capillary 400.
  • the separation between the tip of the carbon fiber and the separation capillary is approximately 1-5 ⁇ m.
  • the carbon fiber electrode 530 and outlet of the separation capillary 400 are submerged in the buffer solution of electrochemical cell 410 wherein a reference electrode 550 is also positioned.
  • Reference electrode 550 is conencted to potentiostat 570 by lead 560; nichrome wire 590 is connected to the potentiostat by lead 580.
  • the end-column conductivity detector was placed directly at the outlet of the CZE capillary (as shown in FIG. 3). Samples were introduced by gravity at the cathodic or the anodic end of the capillary by raising the inlet a known height (7-12 cm) with respect to the outlet for a fixed period of time (5-10 s).
  • Amperometric Detection For amperometric measurements, the cell was filled with 0.1M KCl as supporting electrolyte. Detection was performed in a 2-electrode configuration with a sodium saturated calomel reference electrode (SSCE). Electrochemical detection was carried out at 0.8 V SSCE. The low currents measured required that the detection end of the system be housed in a Faraday cage in order to minimize the effects of external noise sources. Injection was by electromigration
  • FIG. 6 shows an electropherogram obtained when a mixture containing six different carboxylic acids at 5 ⁇ 10 -5 M each is injected onto the CZE setup illustrated in FIGS. 1-3.
  • the acids were: formate (peak 1), acetate (peak 2), propanoate (peak 3), butanoate (peak 4), pentanoate (peak 5), and hexanoate (peak 6).
  • the CZE is operated at 20 kV and 8.8 ⁇ A.
  • the buffer is MES/HIS (20 mM each) at pH 6 with 1 mM TTAB. Injection was by gravity.
  • This end-column conductivity detector has more dead volume than an on-column conductivity detector.
  • This additional dead volume estimated to be about 5-6 nL arises from the eluent gap 330 between capillaries 100, 220, and 320 as shown in FIG. 3.
  • Benzoate anion C 6 H 5 COO -
  • the UV absorption detector was 9 cm upstream from the end-column conductivity detector, so that the additional zone broadening in traveling this distance is minimal (Huang et al., J.
  • the CZE system for amperometric detection comprises essentially a fused-silica capillary and a carbon fiber microelectrode.
  • inventive end-column amperometric detector there is no need to isolate the sensing electrode from the high electric field needed for electrophoresis because the voltage drop outside the bore of the separation capillary is negligible.
  • the microelectrode is aligned with the bore of the capillary and positioned up against but not into the capillary, thereby creating a thin layer cell at the capillary outlet. Because the diameter of the microelectrode in this embodiment is about twice the internal diameter of the capillary, good oxidation efficiency is obtained.
  • Detector sensitivity is further increased by approximately one order of magnitude when a cylindrical carbon fiber electrode is used, as shown in FIG. 5, relative to a disk-shaped electrode. Apparently the eluent from the capillary forms a sheath-like flow around the electrode, providing more efficient oxidation of solutes at the detector.
  • the separation conditions for the electropherograms in FIGS. 7 and 8 were: separation potential, 20 kV; electrochemical detector potential, 0.7 V; injection, 20 kV for 5 s.
  • the electropherogram in FIG. 7 shows the separation of equimolar (1 ⁇ 10 -5 M) concentrations of dopamine (peak 7), isoproterenol (peak 8), catechol (peak 9), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (peak 10) obtained with a 5 ⁇ m i.d. capillary that was 56.6 cm long. It is clear that cations, neutrals, and anions are readily separated using this technique.
  • FIG. 8 shows an electropherogram obtained in a separate study of the linearity of the detection system.
  • An equimolar (5 ⁇ 10 -6 ) mixture of dopamine (peak 11), isoproterenol (peak 12), and catechol (peak 13) was injected onto a 5 ⁇ m i.d., 56.6 cm long capillary.
  • the peaks correspond to 960 amol dopamine, 870 amol isoproterenol, and 560 amol catechol. No attempt was made to optimize these separations.
  • Standard calibration curves for test solutes were computed. In one set of experiments, detection of catechol was examined for total injection amounts ranging from 1.13 fmol to 0.113 pmol (10 -5 to 10 -3 M). Linear regression analysis provided values for the slope, and correlation coefficient of 7.7 ⁇ 10 -3 and 0.991, respectively.

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US07/580,259 1990-09-10 1990-09-10 End-column electrical and electrochemical detector for capillary zone electrophoresis Expired - Lifetime US5126023A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/580,259 US5126023A (en) 1990-09-10 1990-09-10 End-column electrical and electrochemical detector for capillary zone electrophoresis
CA002051006A CA2051006A1 (fr) 1990-09-10 1991-09-09 Detecteurs electriques et electrochimiques pour l'electrophorese de zone sur colonne capillaire
EP91308231A EP0475713B1 (fr) 1990-09-10 1991-09-10 Détecteur électrique et électrochimique en fin de colonne pour l'électrophorèse capillaire
DE69117622T DE69117622T2 (de) 1990-09-10 1991-09-10 Am Ende eines Kapillarrohres gelegener elektrischer und elektrochemischer Fühler für Kapillarelektroforese
JP3259591A JPH04244955A (ja) 1990-09-10 1991-09-10 毛細管ゾーン電気泳動法用のカラム端における電気および電気化学検出器
US07/771,345 US5298139A (en) 1990-09-10 1991-10-04 End-column conductivity detector for capillary zone electrophoresis

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US5244560A (en) * 1992-12-29 1993-09-14 The Regents Of The University Of California Method of fabrication for capillary electrophoresis and electrochemical detector for the same
US5342492A (en) * 1993-09-01 1994-08-30 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University System for electrokinetic separation and detection where detection is performed at other than separation electric field
US5417925A (en) * 1993-04-16 1995-05-23 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Capillary and capillary retaining system
EP0679885A2 (fr) * 1994-04-29 1995-11-02 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Procédé et dispositif d'alignement d'un capillaire avec un capteur
US5545304A (en) * 1995-05-15 1996-08-13 Battelle Memorial Institute Ion current detector for high pressure ion sources for monitoring separations
US5580435A (en) * 1994-06-10 1996-12-03 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University System for detecting components of a sample in electrophoretic separation
US5605666A (en) * 1993-04-16 1997-02-25 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Capillary retaining system
US5641388A (en) * 1995-06-05 1997-06-24 Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Method and apparatus for electrolyzing by using vertical circulating capillary tube type mercury bundled electrode
US6159353A (en) * 1997-04-30 2000-12-12 Orion Research, Inc. Capillary electrophoretic separation system
US6256460B1 (en) * 1999-03-30 2001-07-03 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Detecting device and processing device
US20060172517A1 (en) * 2005-02-03 2006-08-03 Applied Materials, Inc. Method for plasma-enhanced physical vapor deposition of copper with RF source power applied to the target
US9651520B2 (en) 2010-02-25 2017-05-16 Mettler-Toledo Thornton, Inc. Microfluidic interface for a microchip

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GB9320286D0 (en) * 1993-10-01 1993-11-17 Drew Scient Ltd Electro-chemical detector
US5453170A (en) * 1994-09-26 1995-09-26 Ati Orion Off-column detector for ion separation techniques
DE19857627C2 (de) * 1998-12-14 2001-08-16 Univ Leipzig Elektrochemischer Detektor für die Kapillarelektrophorese
EP1371975A1 (fr) * 2002-06-13 2003-12-17 Stichting Voor De Technische Wetenschappen Dispositif d'électrophorèse avec protection pour les détecteurs
CN112315464A (zh) * 2020-11-25 2021-02-05 东莞华贝电子科技有限公司 穿戴设备和电解质含量的检测方法

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FI41214B (fr) * 1968-03-27 1969-06-02 Pekka Kivalo
CA1339779C (fr) * 1987-06-17 1998-03-24 Xiao-Hua Huang Detecteur de conductivite monte sur la colonne d'un systeme de separation electrocinetique a microcolonne

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WO1994015205A1 (fr) * 1992-12-29 1994-07-07 The Regents Of The University Of California Fabrication d'un detecteur electrochimique pour electrophorese a zone capillaire
US5417925A (en) * 1993-04-16 1995-05-23 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Capillary and capillary retaining system
US5605666A (en) * 1993-04-16 1997-02-25 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Capillary retaining system
US5342492A (en) * 1993-09-01 1994-08-30 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University System for electrokinetic separation and detection where detection is performed at other than separation electric field
EP0679885A2 (fr) * 1994-04-29 1995-11-02 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Procédé et dispositif d'alignement d'un capillaire avec un capteur
US5480525A (en) * 1994-04-29 1996-01-02 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Machine-accessible electrochemical detector for capillary electrophoresis
EP0679885A3 (fr) * 1994-04-29 1996-01-10 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Procédé et dispositif d'alignement d'un capillaire avec un capteur.
US5580435A (en) * 1994-06-10 1996-12-03 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University System for detecting components of a sample in electrophoretic separation
US5545304A (en) * 1995-05-15 1996-08-13 Battelle Memorial Institute Ion current detector for high pressure ion sources for monitoring separations
US5641388A (en) * 1995-06-05 1997-06-24 Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Method and apparatus for electrolyzing by using vertical circulating capillary tube type mercury bundled electrode
US6159353A (en) * 1997-04-30 2000-12-12 Orion Research, Inc. Capillary electrophoretic separation system
US6256460B1 (en) * 1999-03-30 2001-07-03 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Detecting device and processing device
US20060172517A1 (en) * 2005-02-03 2006-08-03 Applied Materials, Inc. Method for plasma-enhanced physical vapor deposition of copper with RF source power applied to the target
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US9651520B2 (en) 2010-02-25 2017-05-16 Mettler-Toledo Thornton, Inc. Microfluidic interface for a microchip

Also Published As

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JPH04244955A (ja) 1992-09-01
DE69117622D1 (de) 1996-04-11
EP0475713A1 (fr) 1992-03-18
EP0475713B1 (fr) 1996-03-06
CA2051006A1 (fr) 1992-03-11
DE69117622T2 (de) 1996-08-29

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