US4906853A - Apparatus and method for varying the timing of a control signal - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for varying the timing of a control signal Download PDFInfo
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- US4906853A US4906853A US07/169,382 US16938288A US4906853A US 4906853 A US4906853 A US 4906853A US 16938288 A US16938288 A US 16938288A US 4906853 A US4906853 A US 4906853A
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- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 35
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- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 claims 5
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 6
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- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/10544—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation by scanning of the records by radiation in the optical part of the electromagnetic spectrum
- G06K7/10821—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation by scanning of the records by radiation in the optical part of the electromagnetic spectrum further details of bar or optical code scanning devices
- G06K7/1097—Optical sensing of electronic memory record carriers, such as interrogation of RFIDs with an additional optical interface
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K17/00—Methods or arrangements for effecting co-operative working between equipments covered by two or more of main groups G06K1/00 - G06K15/00, e.g. automatic card files incorporating conveying and reading operations
- G06K17/0022—Methods or arrangements for effecting co-operative working between equipments covered by two or more of main groups G06K1/00 - G06K15/00, e.g. automatic card files incorporating conveying and reading operations arrangements or provisions for transferring data to distant stations, e.g. from a sensing device
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/10009—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves
- G06K7/10019—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves resolving collision on the communication channels between simultaneously or concurrently interrogated record carriers.
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- G07C9/00—Individual registration on entry or exit
- G07C9/20—Individual registration on entry or exit involving the use of a pass
- G07C9/28—Individual registration on entry or exit involving the use of a pass the pass enabling tracking or indicating presence
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B1/00—Systems for signalling characterised solely by the form of transmission of the signal
- G08B1/08—Systems for signalling characterised solely by the form of transmission of the signal using electric transmission ; transformation of alarm signals to electrical signals from a different medium, e.g. transmission of an electric alarm signal upon detection of an audible alarm signal
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
- G08B25/01—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium
- G08B25/10—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium using wireless transmission systems
Definitions
- This invention relates to a means for varying the control of a transmission of binary signals.
- Proximity monitoring systems for persons or objects have been provided which comprise a transmitter and receiver for position reporting. These systems have deficiencies in an inability to process a plurality of signals from multiple units in a limited area, particularly in a short time span. With substantially simultaneous multiple transmissions to a common receiver collisions occur which hinder or defeat the desired identification of the transmitters.
- the actuating means which trigger the transmission of identifying signals from these transmitters are operated by means which are occasional in nature.
- various previous systems which transmit a coded RF signal are actuated by a mechanical-type of operation, such as a switch actuated by a coded card or detection unit such as a peripheral instrusion detector.
- These triggering means fail to provide a continuous, and regularly present triggering means which is also variable.
- This invention provides a variation of start up of a system which operates to cyclically issue a distinct signal in cycles of significantly variable duration and within a finite time period.
- the inception of the issuance of the signal and the duration of the cycle is varied by the intensity of the incident light on photosensitive component such as a photodiode, that is a variation from dark to light.
- an identification means is provided for communication from one or more transmitters associated within a system and movably positioned with respect to each other. It is a feature of the present system that multiple transmissions are possible from a plurality of transmitters so that the single system can process the information from several transmitters.
- a transmitter has a clock producing pulses which time the sequencing of pulses to a stored memory to produce a characteristic binary number issued for transmission to a receiver.
- the binary numbers are produced by transition from hi to lo which produce bits.
- the transition is an on-off phenomenon, like Morse Code.
- a plurality of separately individual and independent transmitters may be programmed to transmit distinctive signals within comparable time cycle and be actuated to initiate the transmission of the signals at different segments within the time cycle as a result of variations in the intensity of incident light on the various individual transmitters.
- FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of an independent transmitter according to the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a circuit in the transmitter providing the triggering impulses initiating the functions of the transmitter;
- FIG. 3 is a timing diagram with graphs showing the cycle of operation and the transmission intervals of the bi-phase method for data formation and graphs of the relevant functions in this method,
- FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of a system embodying a transmitter of this invention
- FIG. 5 is a chart illustrating the relationship between an active interval of signal transmission and a cycle of the system.
- comparator--a unit that compares two binary numbers telling whether the numbers are equal, one-greater-than-the-other or visa-versa.
- counter--a special kind of register made up of flip-flop circuits with one input and usually a output from each flip-flop, which counts pulses arriving at the input and stores the total count in a certain code (usually binary numbers).
- programmable--a circuit which can be set with a fixed program.
- character--symbol used as part of organization, control or representation of data.
- clock--a circuit that generates a series of evenly spaced pulses and in a microprocessor causes the microprocessor to proceed from one step to the next in executing instructions.
- FIG. 1 illustrates in a block diagram a typical individual independent transmitter assembly 10 for the operation of this invention.
- this is a pocket-sized device which can be passively carried by individuals.
- the assembly includes a random time variable generator 11 which provides a signal to a timer 12.
- the timer 12 initiates an operation of the transmitter assembly and the generator 11 is adapted to affect this initiation.
- the initiation of the timer 12 is under the control of the generator 11 and the operation of a voltage level provided by light incident on the assembly.
- the timing of the occurrence of the signal from the generator 11 is proportional to the incident light.
- the generator introduces a random time variable resulting from the conventional variations in ambient light in the area.
- the timer 12 periodically creates the cycle of pulses of the assembly by sending out a periodic pulse.
- the periodic pulse is set to occur at predetermined points in time, such as once every ten seconds, and thus define a cycle.
- the timing of the frequency of the pulse can be varied over a range of from once every second to once every 10 seconds with commensurate cycle duration.
- the timer 12 actuates a clock oscillator 13 in each cycle.
- the clock oscillator 13 is gated by the pulses from its clock to provide sequencing of the counter 14 associated with a programmable read-only-memory 15, hereinafter referred to as PROM 15.
- PROM 15 is programmed with a specific bit pattern which will generate a unique code in a binary number to be transmitted from the assembly 10.
- the coded word is in the form of a binary number.
- the binary character is stored in memory by the program in the PROM 15 to identify the individual transmitter assembly.
- the PROM 15 is provided with means for easily programming into the PROM 15 an individual and unique
- the characteristic binary number of the transmitter unique code is read out of the memory by the sequencing of the memory addresses by the counter.
- the counter 14 and the PROM 15 when energized by the pulses from the clock oscillator 13 progress through the active interval, 30 milliseconds in the preferred embodiment and then shuts off. The cycle continues for the remainder of the 10 second period.
- This binary number is transmitted to an IR emitter 20 through suitable amplifier 19.
- the IR emitter 20 which is driven by transistors in the amplifier 19 converts the electrical signals making up the code of the binary numbers into signals of infra-red radiation.
- This signal emission from the IR emitter 20 is in a wavelength of from 900 to 10,000 nanometers and an illustrative pulsing frequency is 1.2 milliseconds or 833 pulses/second.
- the binary numbers making up the binary character are formed by changes in state.
- Data is transmitted as a fixed-length stream of binary digits (bits) concatenated to form one or more binary characters. Each bit is weighted according to its position within a character in binary fashion. The bit length is defined by the "bit cell" time which is nominally 1200 microseconds.
- Data is encoded in a so-called bi-phase which is defined as follows:
- a binary "1” or “hi” bit is represented by a transition of the signal level from a “0” or low voltage level to a “1” or high voltage level at the nominal center of a bit cell.
- a binary "0” or “low” bit is represented by a transition of the signal level from a “1” or high voltage level to a “0” or low voltage level at the nominal center of a bit cell.
- the transmitter utilizes an amplitude-shift-keyed modulation technique with a nominal carrier frequency of 38 kilohertz and a data rate of 833 hertz. A logical "0" and a logical "1" are defined by the modulation of the carrier.
- zeroes and ones are transmitted by the radiation from emitter 20 in on-and-off pulses of the infra-red radiation emitting emitter 20.
- FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a variable time generator 11 according to this invention.
- the means for varying the initiation of the periodic pulse variations in the level of light on a photodiode varies the level of current flowing through the component so that an increase in illumination increases the current and vice versa.
- the generator 11 described herein and R/C circuit has a resistance 16, a capacitor 17 and a photodiode 18 in parallel across the resistance 16. Upon an increase of current across the photodiode 18 the capacitor is charged to a voltage level at which the timer 12 is actuated to vary the timing of the initiation of the transmission cycle.
- the operation of the generator in producing a voltage level which actuates the timer 12 is provided by current from the photodiode 18.
- this active interval as described herein is representative of the actuation in any one of a plurality of transmitter assemblies which are coded with similar cycles of transmission of uniquely coded characters to a common receiver, as explained in greater detail below.
- the active interval makes up the part of recurring transmission cycle. In this active interval the assembly produces and sends coded characters.
- the timer 12 pulses the clock and these clock pulses are delivered to the oscillator 13.
- the clock pulses span the active interval.
- the oscillator 13 initiates and sustains a carrier frequency delivered. These clock pulses are delivered from the oscillator 13 to the counter 14 on line 21.
- a suitable carrier frequency is 38 Kc.
- the counter 14 provides an output in the active interval over address lines 22 to the PROM 15.
- the signals from the counter 14 sequence the addresses of the PROM 15 to read out the data stored in the addresses by the programming of the PROM 15.
- a carrier frequency is provided in the PROM 15 for providing the data carrying bits.
- Each pulse from counter 14 is related to modulation of the carrier frequency.
- the data in ones and zeroes is encoded by transitions.
- the data in the addresses is written out by transitions of signal levels from hi to lo or vice versa.
- the receiver 23 contains a central processing unit, not shown and identified hereinafter as CPU delivered to computer 25.
- the program in the CPU of receiver 23 decodes the binary numbered code and validates the code by comparison with information stored in the computer 25 memory.
- the receiver assembly 23 by operation of the program in the computer 25 receives, synchronizes and decodes the transmitted data from each of the transmitter assemblies 10 in the designated area.
- the decoded data is relayed to the data processor.
- the data is stored in memory in the central computer 25 until software routines call for the data to be utilized in subsequent operations.
- the receiver 23 detects infra-red signals within a receiver band pass for the radiation, and the CPU in the receiver 23 converts the encoded bit stream to a binary non-return-to zero bit stream and also provides a synchronizing clock signal.
- the uppermost graph (a) illustrates the cycle of transmission and the active interval within the cycle.
- the cycle is represented as 10 seconds in length and the active interval 30 milliseconds.
- the next graph (b) illustrates the individual cell times of 1.2 milliseconds each.
- the 30 millisecond active interval is made up of 25 cells, which define the bit lengths.
- the cell times represent the timing in the formulating and transmission of the binary characters.
- the graph (c) represents the train of clock pulses which as the diagram of FIG. 3 shows are synchronized with the cell times. Accordingly, in the embodiment of this detailed description the active interval has 13 pulse separated by 12 spacing interims to equal the 25 cell times of the illustrated active interval.
- Graph (d) illustrates the bits representing a binary character consisting a string of ones and zeroes.
- Graph (e) illustrates in a graphic manner the charge states of the circuitry in the PROM 15 in accordance with the coded bi-phase data which in turn provide the binary code of the binary characters illustrated in graph (d).
- the vertical lines carrying arrows represent transitions of signal level.
- the horizontal lines represent states of voltage level.
- the upward pointing arrows signify a transition from low voltage level to high voltage level and the downward pointing arrows vice versa; correspondingly the upper horizontal lines in the cell times represent “ones” or “1” and the lower horizontal lines in a cell times represent “zeroes” or "0".
- the transitions are peculiar to the coded characteristic binary number of the individual transmitter assembly 10. They are produced by the data read out of the PROM 15 addresses as the counter 14 sequences the data containing addresses in the PROM 15. Thus it is seen that the coded data programmed into the PROM 15 of an individual transmitter assembly 10 is read out to make up the characteristic coded binary numbers of the individual assembly 10. As described above, these signals suitably amplified are sent out form IR emitter for reception and detection, as in the receiver 23.
- FIG. 5 is a chart illustrating this shifting of the active interval within the overall transmission cycle as related to the intensity of light incident on the variable time generator 11.
- the timer 12 is adjusted to run for 9 seconds after actuation.
- the timer 12 is designed to be actuated by a voltage charge from the capacitor 17 during the first second of each 10 second cycle. At the end of the first second the time enabling pulse to clock oscillator 13 is automatically generated within the timer 12.
- the bar (i) represents the plotted against time transmission cycle when there is no light incident on the generator 11.
- the cycle starts at the symbol 0 but the timer 12 does not issue the enabling pulse to clock oscillator until the end of the first second.
- the bar (ii) represents the transmission cycle with low intensity light on the generator 11.
- the charging of the generator 11 causes the timer 12 to issue the enabling pulse after about 1/2 second.
- the bar (iii) represents the transmission cycle with high intensity light on the generator 11.
- the variable time generator 11 produces an analog signal with a value change in the time of voltage build-up proportional to variations of the intensity of the incident light on the photosensitive element of the generator 11.
- the incident light is generally intrinsic to or derived from the particular area in which the particular transmitter is located but can as well be the result of some specified light source. According to this invention normal or conventional variations in light intensity within a defined area are adequate to result in value changes in the timing of the analog signal. In the preferred embodiment, this is a change in the period of voltage build-up.
- the analog signal is converted to a pulse which enables a digital operation of the PROM 15. After the conversion takes place the transmission of the characteristic binary number is obtained.
- a random time variable is provided to the transmittal of the preselected code.
- the transmitter can transmit one of several codes in a cycle of once every few seconds, a 1 to 10 range in this embodiment.
- the random time variable in causing the active interval vary some small amount in the cycle, for example 0.1 second, randomizes the transmission and makes the transmission from the individual and independent transmitter distinctive.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (9)
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US07/169,382 US4906853A (en) | 1988-03-17 | 1988-03-17 | Apparatus and method for varying the timing of a control signal |
EP89302559A EP0333459A3 (en) | 1988-03-17 | 1989-03-15 | Apparatus and method for position reporting |
JP1063974A JPH0228581A (en) | 1988-03-17 | 1989-03-17 | Position reporting apparatus and method |
US07/475,718 US5017794A (en) | 1988-03-17 | 1990-02-06 | Apparatus and method for varying the timing of a control signal |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US07/169,382 US4906853A (en) | 1988-03-17 | 1988-03-17 | Apparatus and method for varying the timing of a control signal |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US07/475,718 Continuation US5017794A (en) | 1988-03-17 | 1990-02-06 | Apparatus and method for varying the timing of a control signal |
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US4906853A true US4906853A (en) | 1990-03-06 |
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US07/169,382 Expired - Lifetime US4906853A (en) | 1988-03-17 | 1988-03-17 | Apparatus and method for varying the timing of a control signal |
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Cited By (28)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5192500A (en) * | 1991-04-05 | 1993-03-09 | Treddenick George A | Firefighter safety badge |
US5324931A (en) * | 1992-12-30 | 1994-06-28 | Allen-Bradley Company, Inc. | Process for reliably detecting the passage of a target object using a photoelectric control unit employing pseudo-random jitter factor pulses |
US5465082A (en) * | 1990-07-27 | 1995-11-07 | Executone Information Systems, Inc. | Apparatus for automating routine communication in a facility |
US5515426A (en) * | 1994-02-28 | 1996-05-07 | Executone Information Systems, Inc. | Telephone communication system having a locator |
US5822544A (en) * | 1990-07-27 | 1998-10-13 | Executone Information Systems, Inc. | Patient care and communication system |
US6104295A (en) * | 1998-07-20 | 2000-08-15 | Versus Technology, Inc. | Electronic band tag and method of storing ID information therein |
US6154139A (en) * | 1998-04-21 | 2000-11-28 | Versus Technology | Method and system for locating subjects within a tracking environment |
US6211790B1 (en) | 1999-05-19 | 2001-04-03 | Elpas North America, Inc. | Infant and parent matching and security system and method of matching infant and parent |
WO2001052213A1 (en) * | 2000-01-10 | 2001-07-19 | Sarnoff Corporation | Encoding/decoding system for coherent signal interference reduction |
US6373389B1 (en) | 2000-04-21 | 2002-04-16 | Usm Systems, Ltd. | Event driven information system |
US20020044043A1 (en) * | 1990-07-27 | 2002-04-18 | John Chaco | Patient care and communication system |
US20020145534A1 (en) * | 2001-03-09 | 2002-10-10 | Sentinel Wireless, Llc | System and method for performing object association using a location tracking system |
US20030090387A1 (en) * | 2001-07-20 | 2003-05-15 | James Lestienne | Badge for a locating and tracking system |
US20030148812A1 (en) * | 2002-02-01 | 2003-08-07 | Paulsen Craig A. | Gaming system and gaming method |
US20040023709A1 (en) * | 2002-08-05 | 2004-02-05 | Nicole Beaulieu | Gaming apparatus and gaming method |
US20040077367A1 (en) * | 2002-08-27 | 2004-04-22 | Closer Communications Llc | Wireless information retrieval and content dissemination system and method |
US20040183682A1 (en) * | 2003-03-21 | 2004-09-23 | Versus Technology, Inc. | Methods and systems for locating subjects and providing event notification within a tracking environment and badge for use therein |
US20050043072A1 (en) * | 2002-02-06 | 2005-02-24 | Igt | Control and configuration of gaming machines based on gaming machine location |
US20060261951A1 (en) * | 2005-04-26 | 2006-11-23 | Rf Code, Inc. | RFID systems and methods employing infrared localization |
US20090284347A1 (en) * | 2008-05-15 | 2009-11-19 | International Business Machines Corporation | Identity verification badge and method for utilizing same in a security system |
US20110121974A1 (en) * | 2009-11-20 | 2011-05-26 | Versus Technology, Inc. | Real-time method and system for monitoring hygiene compliance within a tracking environment |
US20110125524A1 (en) * | 2009-11-20 | 2011-05-26 | Versus Technology, Inc. | Context-aware method and system for facilitating the delivery of healthcare to patients within a clinical environment monitored by real-time locating apparatus |
WO2011062659A1 (en) | 2009-11-23 | 2011-05-26 | Versus Technology, Inc. | Real-time method and system for locating a mobile object or person while conserving electrical energy |
US20110125513A1 (en) * | 2009-11-20 | 2011-05-26 | Versus Technology, Inc. | Real-time method and system for controlling healthcare delivery processes within a clinical environment |
US8310364B2 (en) | 2010-07-28 | 2012-11-13 | Versus Technology, Inc. | Real-time method and system for determining and validating location of a relocated mobile object or person in a tracking environment |
US8514071B2 (en) | 2010-07-28 | 2013-08-20 | Versus Technology, Inc. | Real-time method and system for locating a mobile object or person in a tracking environment |
US8742929B2 (en) | 2002-07-09 | 2014-06-03 | Automated Tracking Solutions, Llc | Method and apparatus for tracking objects and people |
US10734110B2 (en) | 2018-12-05 | 2020-08-04 | Hill-Rom Services, Inc. | Caregiver locating tag having advanced functionality |
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