US461333A - Robert a - Google Patents
Robert a Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US461333A US461333A US461333DA US461333A US 461333 A US461333 A US 461333A US 461333D A US461333D A US 461333DA US 461333 A US461333 A US 461333A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- iron
- steel
- per cent
- chromium
- aluminium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 70
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 36
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 34
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 34
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 30
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 30
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 28
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 28
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 28
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 28
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 24
- REDXJYDRNCIFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium(3+) Chemical class [Al+3] REDXJYDRNCIFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 16
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910000604 Ferrochrome Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 241000282898 Sus scrofa Species 0.000 description 4
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910000499 pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000616 Ferromanganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000754 Wrought iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007705 chemical test Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 compound alloy Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052595 hematite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011019 hematite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000266 injurious Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
Definitions
- My invention relates to the manufacture of a new alloy or steel, the principal constituents of which are iron, carbon, silicon, chromium, and aluminium, and which may also contain other ingredients, such as sulphur and phosphorus, necessarilypresent in the metal.
- the injurious properties of sulphur and phosphorus in cheaperqualitiesot' iron have largely prevented their use in the manufacture of high grades of steel; but I have discovered that by the addition of silicon, chromium, and aluminium in certain proportions such cheap qualities of iron can be used and steel of very fine quality obtained therefrom.
- the iron which forms the principal constituent of my improved steel or alloy, may be used in the form of ordinary steel-making pig metal, cast-iron, wrought-iron, steel or iron scrap, or a mixture of any or all of these, and the process by which the steel or iron 1s subsequently treated is not essential.
- I carry on the process in the usual way until the iron has been substantially decarbonized and desiliconized, and then add to it the otherconstitucuts of the alloy. In this way I prevent the loss of such constituents by oxidation.
- the crucible process of. steel-making is employed in the manufacture of the alloy, the chromium, silicon, and aluminium may be 1ntrod need at any stage of the operation, either with the prime charge before the melting or afterward, when the iron or other scrap has been melted.
- the percentages of silicon, chromium, and aluminium are introduced by means of alloys or admixtures containing these elements.
- the silicon addition may consist of silicon pig-iron or other ferrosilicon;
- the aluminium addition may consist of aluminiump g-iron, a well-known product, fe11O-tllIIIllIllLlm,Ol
- the chromium addition mayin like manner consist of chrome pig-iron or other ferro-chrome; or,if desired, these constituents maybe added in their metallic state or as nearlyin their metallic state as.it is possible to obtain them.
- These additions may be made also by a compound alloy containing all of these elements, or the silicon and chromium may be added in one alloy and the aluminium by a separate alloy, 850.; but I prefer to add each constituent by a sepa rate alloy, since I have therefore greater control over the result.
- the additions should also include carbon, which may be present in one or more of the alloys or may be added by means of cast-iron, hematite pig metal, or other carbonaceous iron. The additions may be introduced either broken up or preferably heated, or, better still, in a melted state, and after their incorporation with the iron it is ready to be run into ingots or other desired forms.
- the re sult would be a steel or iron alloy containing about one-quarter of one per centl ofcarbon, one-quarter'of one per cent. of silicon, one per cent. of chromium, and one-tenth of one per cent. of aluminium.
- I may also add, as another constituent, manganese in the formof aptasenor ferro-manganesesay, ten pounds of ferro-manganese containing eighty per cent. of manganese-which would give to the product a percentage of eight-tenths of one per cent. of manganese.
- the proportions of the constituents desired in the final product being known and the proportions in which theyare presentin the additions being ascertained by Well-known chemical tests, the skilled steel-maker by a simple calculation will know in what relative amounts the additions should be made.
- My improved steel is tough and possesses great tensile strength. -It is suitable for eastings or for steel that is to be forged, and its constituents should be varied according to the purpose for which the steel isintended to be used.
- the steel produced by the sample operation described above is dense, closegr'ained, tough, and easily capable of being forged and rolled. As the proportions of the additions are increased the steel becomes gradually harder and less malleable, and by bearing this in mind the operator may, within the limits of my invention, obtain products suitable for a great variety of usese. g., for car-wheel tires, steel shot and shell, castings of various kinds, &c. p
- the effect of adding manganese in small proportions is to improve the malleability of the steel, and in higher proportion it supplements the action of the chromium and aluminium in imparting hardness to the product.
- I claim 1 As a new article of manufacture, steel containing, in combination with iron, chromium, silicon,and aluminium, the iron being presentin greater proportion than the others of said elements, substantially as and for the purposes described.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
Description
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
RoBERr A. HADFIELD, OF SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND.
STEEL OR METALLIC ALLOY.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 461,333, dated October 13, 1891. Application filed November 18, 1890. Serial No. 371,832. (No specimens.)
To all whom it may concern.-
Be it known that I, ROBERT A. HADFIELD, of Sheflield, in the county of York, England, a citizen ofGreat Britain, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Steel or Metallic Alloys; and I do hereby declare that the following is a full, clear, and exact description thereof.
My invention relates to the manufacture of a new alloy or steel, the principal constituents of which are iron, carbon, silicon, chromium, and aluminium, and which may also contain other ingredients, such as sulphur and phosphorus, necessarilypresent in the metal. The injurious properties of sulphur and phosphorus in cheaperqualitiesot' iron have largely prevented their use in the manufacture of high grades of steel; but I have discovered that by the addition of silicon, chromium, and aluminium in certain proportions such cheap qualities of iron can be used and steel of very fine quality obtained therefrom.
The iron, which forms the principal constituent of my improved steel or alloy, may be used in the form of ordinary steel-making pig metal, cast-iron, wrought-iron, steel or iron scrap, or a mixture of any or all of these, and the process by which the steel or iron 1s subsequently treated is not essential. In using the Bessemer or open-hearth processes in the manufacture of my alloy I carry on the process in the usual way until the iron has been substantially decarbonized and desiliconized, and then add to it the otherconstitucuts of the alloy. In this way I prevent the loss of such constituents by oxidation. Then the crucible process of. steel-making is employed in the manufacture of the alloy, the chromium, silicon, and aluminium may be 1ntrod need at any stage of the operation, either with the prime charge before the melting or afterward, when the iron or other scrap has been melted.
The percentages of silicon, chromium, and aluminium are introduced by means of alloys or admixtures containing these elements. The silicon addition may consist of silicon pig-iron or other ferrosilicon; the aluminium addition may consist of aluminiump g-iron, a well-known product, fe11O-tllIIIllIllLlm,Ol
other aluminium addition; and the chromium addition mayin like manner consist of chrome pig-iron or other ferro-chrome; or,if desired, these constituents maybe added in their metallic state or as nearlyin their metallic state as.it is possible to obtain them. These additions may be made also by a compound alloy containing all of these elements, or the silicon and chromium may be added in one alloy and the aluminium by a separate alloy, 850.; but I prefer to add each constituent by a sepa rate alloy, since I have therefore greater control over the result. The additions should also include carbon, which may be present in one or more of the alloys or may be added by means of cast-iron, hematite pig metal, or other carbonaceous iron. The additions may be introduced either broken up or preferably heated, or, better still, in a melted state, and after their incorporation with the iron it is ready to be run into ingots or other desired forms.
As an example of manufacture, I add to, say, one thousand pounds of decarbonizediron twenty-five pounds of ferro-silicon containing ten per cent. of silicon, forty pounds of ferro chromium containing twenty-five per cent. of chromium, and ten pounds of ferroaluminium containing ten per cent. of aluminium, carbon being present to the amount of about one-quarter of one per cent. of the total addition, including the iron. The re sult would be a steel or iron alloy containing about one-quarter of one per centl ofcarbon, one-quarter'of one per cent. of silicon, one per cent. of chromium, and one-tenth of one per cent. of aluminium. I may also add, as another constituent, manganese in the formof spiegeleisenor ferro-manganesesay, ten pounds of ferro-manganese containing eighty per cent. of manganese-which would give to the product a percentage of eight-tenths of one per cent. of manganese. The proportions of the constituents desired in the final product being known and the proportions in which theyare presentin the additions being ascertained by Well-known chemical tests, the skilled steel-maker by a simple calculation will know in what relative amounts the additions should be made.
The range of proportions of the constituents which my improved steel or alloy should contain in order to gain the benefits of my invention are asfollows: carbon, from five one-hundredths of one per cent. upward; silicon, from five one-hundredths of one per cent. upward; chromium, from five one-hundredths of one per cent. upward; aluminium, from five one-hundredths of one per cent. upward; manganese, (when desired,) from five one-hundredths of one per cent. upward.
My improved steel is tough and possesses great tensile strength. -It is suitable for eastings or for steel that is to be forged, and its constituents should be varied according to the purpose for which the steel isintended to be used. The steel produced by the sample operation described above is dense, closegr'ained, tough, and easily capable of being forged and rolled. As the proportions of the additions are increased the steel becomes gradually harder and less malleable, and by bearing this in mind the operator may, within the limits of my invention, obtain products suitable for a great variety of usese. g., for car-wheel tires, steel shot and shell, castings of various kinds, &c. p
The effect of adding manganese in small proportions (from five one-hundredths of one per cent. upward) is to improve the malleability of the steel, and in higher proportion it supplements the action of the chromium and aluminium in imparting hardness to the product.
I claim 1. As a new article of manufacture, steel containing, in combination with iron, chromium, silicon,and aluminium, the iron being presentin greater proportion than the others of said elements, substantially as and for the purposes described.
2. As a new article of manufacture, steel containing, together With iron containing sulphur and phosphorus, substantially as described, chromium, silicon, and aluminium, the iron being present in greater proportion than the others of said elements, substantially as and for the purposes described.
3. As a new article of manufacture, steel containing, in combination With iron, chromium, silicon, and aluminium in the following proportions: of chromium more than'five one-hundredths of one per cent, of silicon more than five one-hundredths of one per cent, and of aluminium more than five onehundredths of one per cent, the iron being present in greater proportion than the others of said elements, substantially as described. Witness my hand this 15th day of Novem ber, 1890. R. A. HADFIELD.
In presence of THOMAS W. BAKEWELL,
E. M. DAWSON.
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US461333A true US461333A (en) | 1891-10-13 |
Family
ID=2530205
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US461333D Expired - Lifetime US461333A (en) | Robert a |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US461333A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20050060811A1 (en) * | 2000-09-07 | 2005-03-24 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Fabric care article and method for conserving energy |
-
0
- US US461333D patent/US461333A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20050060811A1 (en) * | 2000-09-07 | 2005-03-24 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Fabric care article and method for conserving energy |
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