US4604867A - Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle with intercooling - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle with intercooling Download PDF

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Publication number
US4604867A
US4604867A US06/705,906 US70590685A US4604867A US 4604867 A US4604867 A US 4604867A US 70590685 A US70590685 A US 70590685A US 4604867 A US4604867 A US 4604867A
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United States
Prior art keywords
fluid
working fluid
turbine
expanded
vapor
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US06/705,906
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English (en)
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Alexander I. Kalina
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Ak Texergy Co
Wasabi Energy Pty Ltd
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Individual
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Priority to US06/705,906 priority Critical patent/US4604867A/en
Priority to IL77859A priority patent/IL77859A/xx
Priority to CA000501717A priority patent/CA1245465A/en
Priority to AU53678/86A priority patent/AU581054B2/en
Priority to ZA861180A priority patent/ZA861180B/xx
Priority to IN106/MAS/86A priority patent/IN166956B/en
Priority to MX1643A priority patent/MX162770A/es
Priority to MA20862A priority patent/MA20637A1/fr
Priority to PH33446A priority patent/PH24282A/en
Priority to KR1019860001312A priority patent/KR910004380B1/ko
Priority to PL25812586A priority patent/PL258125A1/xx
Priority to PT82087A priority patent/PT82087B/pt
Priority to ES552363A priority patent/ES8704582A1/es
Priority to JP61041335A priority patent/JPH0654082B2/ja
Priority to BR8600796A priority patent/BR8600796A/pt
Priority to CN86101160A priority patent/CN86101160B/zh
Priority to EP86102489A priority patent/EP0193184B1/en
Priority to DE8686102489T priority patent/DE3660686D1/de
Priority to TR108/86A priority patent/TR22880A/tr
Priority to DE198686102489T priority patent/DE193184T1/de
Priority to DZ860038A priority patent/DZ899A1/fr
Priority to EG99/86A priority patent/EG17721A/xx
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US4604867A publication Critical patent/US4604867A/en
Priority to MYPI87001427A priority patent/MY100646A/en
Assigned to A.K. TEXERGY COMPANY reassignment A.K. TEXERGY COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: KALINA, ALEXANDER I., KALINA, IRINA B.
Assigned to A.K. TEXERGY COMPANY, THE reassignment A.K. TEXERGY COMPANY, THE RERECORD TO CORRECT THE PATENT NUMBER IN A DOCUMENT PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 6435 FRAME 0590. (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS) Assignors: KALINA, ALEXANDER I., KALINA, IRINA B.
Assigned to EXERGY, INC. reassignment EXERGY, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: A. K. TEXERGY COMPANY
Assigned to WASABI ENERGY, LTD. reassignment WASABI ENERGY, LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: EXERGY, INC.
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
    • F01K25/065—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids with an absorption fluid remaining at least partly in the liquid state, e.g. water for ammonia
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
    • F01K3/18—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters
    • F01K3/26—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters with heating by steam
    • F01K3/262—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters with heating by steam by means of heat exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K7/00—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating
    • F01K7/16—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines being only of turbine type
    • F01K7/22—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines being only of turbine type the turbines having inter-stage steam heating

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for transforming energy from a heat source into usable form using a working fluid that is expanded and regenerated. This invention further relates to a method and apparatus for improving the heat utilization efficiency of a thermodynamic cycle.
  • a working fluid such as water, ammonia or a freon is evaporated in an evaporator utilizing an available heat source.
  • the evaporated gaseous working fluid is expanded across a turbine to transform its energy into usable form.
  • the spent gaseous working fluid is then condensed in a condenser using an available cooling medium.
  • the pressure of the condensed working medium is increased by pumping, followed by evaporation and so on to continue the cycle.
  • the Exergy cycle utilizes a binary or multi-component working fluid.
  • This cycle operates generally on the principle that a binary working fluid is pumped as a liquid to a high working pressure and is heated to partially vaporize the working fluid. The fluid is then flashed to separate high and low boiling working fluids. The low boiling component is expanded through a turbine, to drive the turbine, while the high boiling component has heat recovered for use in heating the binary working fluid prior to evaporation. The high boiling component is then mixed with the spent low boiling working fluid to absorb the spent working fluid in a condenser in the presence of a cooking medium.
  • relatively lower temperature available heat is utilized to effect partial distillation of at least a portion of a multi-component fluid stream at an intermediate pressure to generate working fluid fractions of differing compositions.
  • the fractions are used to produce at least one main rich solution which is relatively enriched with respect to the lower boiling component, and to produce one lean solution which is relatively impoverished with respect to the lower boiling component.
  • the pressure of the main rich solution is increased; thereafter, it is evaporated to produce a charged gaseous main working fluid.
  • the main working fluid is expanded to a low pressure level to convert energy to usable form.
  • the spent low pressure level working fluid is condensed in a main absorption stage by dissolving with cooling in the lean solution to regenerate an initial working fluid for reuse.
  • the overall boiling process in a thermodynamic cycle can be viewed for discussion purposes as consisting of three distinct parts: preheating, evaporation, and superheating.
  • preheating evaporation
  • superheating the matching of a heat source and the working fluid is reasonably adequate during preheating.
  • the quantity of heat in the temperature range suitable for superheating is generally much greater than necessary, while the quantity of heat in the temperature range suitable for evaporation is much smaller than necessary.
  • the inventor of the present invention has appreciated that a portion of the high temperature heat which would be suitable for high temperature superheating is used for evaporation in previously known processes. This causes very large temperature differences between the two streams, and as a result, irreversible losses of exergy.
  • thermodynamic cycle it is one feature of the present invention to provide a significant improvement in the efficiency of a thermodynamic cycle by permitting closer matching of the working fluid and the heat source enthalpy-temperature characteristics in the boiler. It is also a feature of the present invention to provide a system which both increases the efficiency of superheating while providing concommitant advantages during evaporation. Another feature of the present invention is to enable these advantages to be attained without necessarily adversely reducing the mass flow rate of the cycle.
  • a method of implementing a thermodynamic cycle includes the step of expanding a gaseous working fluid to transform its energy into a usable form.
  • the expanded gaseous working fluid is cooled and subsequently expanded to a spent low pressure level to transform its energy into a usable form.
  • the spent working fluid is condensed.
  • the condensed fluid is then evaporated using the heat transferred during the cooling of the expanded gaseous working fluid.
  • a method of implementing a thermodynamic cycle includes the step of superheating an evaporated working fluid.
  • the superheated fluid is expanded to transform its energy into usable form.
  • the expanded fluid is then reheated and subsequently further expanded to transform additional energy into a usable form.
  • the expanded, reheated fluid is cooled and again expanded, this time to a spent low pressure level to transform its energy into a usable form.
  • the spent working fluid is condensed and subsequently evaporated using heat transferred during cooling from the expanded, reheated fluid.
  • a method for implementing a thermodynamic cycle includes the step of preheating an initial working fluid to a temperature approaching its boiling temperature.
  • the preheated initial working fluid is split into first and second fluid streams.
  • the first fluid stream is evaporated using a first heat source while a second fluid stream is evaporated using a second heat source.
  • the first and second evaporated fluid streams are combined and subsequently superheated to produce a charged gaseous main working fluid.
  • the charged gaseous main working fluid is expanded to transform its energy into a usable form.
  • the expanded, charged main working fluid is reheated and again expanded.
  • the expanded, reheated, charged main working fluid is cooled to provide the heat source for evaporating the second fluid stream.
  • the cooled main working fluid is again expanded, this time to a spent low pressure level to transform its energy into a usable form.
  • the spent main working fluid is cooled and condensed to form the intial working fluid.
  • an apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle includes a turbine device.
  • the turbine device has first and second turbine sets each including at least one turbine stage.
  • Each of the turbine sets has a gas inlet and a gas outlet.
  • a turbine gas cooler is connected between the gas outlet of the first set and the gas inlet of the second set, such that most of the fluid passing through the turbine would pass through the turbine gas cooler and then back to said turbine device.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of one system for carrying out one embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of one exemplary embodiment of Applicant's previous invention, showing within dashed lines a schematic representation of one exemplary condensing subsystem for use in the system shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a graph of calculated temperature in degrees Fahrenheit versus boiler heat duty or enthalpy in BTU's per hour for the exemplary embodiment of Applicant's previous invention shown in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a graph of calculated temperature in degrees Fahrenheit versus boiler heat duty or enthalpy in BTU's per hour in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • a system 10 shown in FIG. 1, implements a thermodynamic cycle, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • the system 10 includes a boiler 102, in turn made up of a preheater 104, an evaporator 106, and a superheater 108.
  • the system 10 includes a turbine 120, a reheater 122, an intercooler 124, and a condensing subsystem 126.
  • the condenser 126 may be any type of known heat rejection device.
  • heat rejection occurs in a simple heat exchanger and thus, for Rankine applications, the condensing subsystem 126 may take the form of a heat exchanger or condenser.
  • the heat rejection system requires that gases leaving the turbine be mixed with a multi-component fluid stream, for example, comprised of water and ammonia, condensed and then distilled to produce the original state of the working fluid.
  • the distillation subsystem described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,563 may be utilized as the condensing subsystem 126.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,563 is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.
  • heat sources may be used to drive the cycle of this invention.
  • heat sources with temperatures as high as, say 1000° C. or more, down to low heat sources such as those obtained from ocean thermal gradients may be utilized.
  • Heat sources such as, for example, low grade primary fuel, waste heat, geothermal heat, solar heat or ocean thermal energy conversion systems may be implemented with the present invention.
  • any multi-component working fluid that comprises a lower boiling point fluid and a relatively higher boiling point fluid may be utilized.
  • the working fluid employed may be an ammonia-water mixture, two or more hydrocarbons, two or more freons, mixtures of hydrocarbons and freons or the like.
  • the fluid may be mixtures of any number of compounds with favorable thermodynamic characteristics and solubility.
  • a conventional single component working fluid such as water, ammonia, or freon may be utilized.
  • a completely condensed working fluid passes through a preheater 104 where it is heated to a temperature a few degrees below its boiling temperature. This preheating is provided by the cooling of all streams of a heat source indicated in dashed lines through the preheater 104.
  • the working fluid which exits the preheater 104 is divided at point 128 into two separate streams.
  • the first stream is heated in the evaporator 106 by the countercurrent heating fluid flow indicated in dashed lines through the evaporator 106 and communicating with the heating fluid flow through the preheater 104.
  • the second fluid stream passing through the intercooler 124 is heated by the fluid flow proceeding along line 130. Both the first and second streams are completely evaporated and initially superheated.
  • Each of the streams has approximately the same pressure and temperature but the streams may have different flow rates.
  • the fluid streams from the evaporator 106 and intercooler 124 are then recombined at point 132.
  • the combined stream of working fluid is sent into the superheater 108 where it is finally superheated by heat exchange with only part of the heat source stream indicated by dashed lines extending through the superheater 108.
  • the heat source stream extending from point 25 to point 26 passes first through the superheater 108, then through the evaporator 106 and finally through the preheater 104.
  • the enthalpy-temperature characteristics of the illustrated heating fluid stream, indicated by the line A in FIG. 4, is linear.
  • the turbine set 134 includes one or more stages 136 and, in the illustrated embodiment, the first turbine set 134 includes three stages 136. In the first turbine set 134 the working fluid expands to a first intermediate pressure thereby converting thermal energy into mechanical energy.
  • the whole working fluid stream from the first turbine set 134 is reheated in the reheater 122.
  • the reheater 122 is a conventional superheater or heat exchanger. With this reheating process the remaining portion of the heat source stream, split at point 138 from the flow from point 25 to point 26, is utilized. Having been reheated to a high temperature, the stream of working fluid leaves the reheater 122 and travels to the second turbine set 140. At the same time the heating fluid flow from point 51 to point 53 is returned to the main heating fluid flow at point 142 to contribute to the processes in the evaporator 106 and preheater 104.
  • the second turbine set 140 may include a number of stages 136. In the illustrated embodiment, the second turbine set 140 is shown as having four stages, however, the number of stages in each of the turbine sets described herein may be varied widely depending on particular circumstances.
  • the working fluid in the second turbine set 140 is expanded from the first intermediate pressure to a second intermediate pressure, thus generating power.
  • the total stream of working fluid is then sent to the intercooler 124 where it is cooled, providing the heat necessary for the evaporation of the second working fluid stream.
  • the intercooler 124 may be a simple heat exchanger.
  • the fluid stream travels along the line 130 to the last turbine set 144.
  • the last turbine set 144 is illustrated as having only a single stage 136. However, the number of stages in the last turbine set 144 may be subject to considerable variation depending on specific circumstances.
  • the working fluid expands to the final spent fluid pressure level thus producing additional power.
  • the fluid stream is passed through the condensing subsystem 126 where it is condensed, pumped to a higher pressure and sent to the preheater 104 to continue the cycle.
  • a Kalina cycle condensing subsystem 126' may be used as the condensing subsystem 126 in the system shown in FIG. 1.
  • the initial composite stream is at a spent low pressure level.
  • lt is pumped by means of a pump 151 to an intermediate pressure level where its pressure parameters will be as at point 2 following the pump 151.
  • the initial composite stream at an intermediate pressure is heated consecutively in the heat exchanger 154, in the recuperator 156 and in the main heat exchanger 158.
  • the initial composite stream is heated in the heat exchanger 154, in the recuperator 156 and in the main heat exchanger 158 by heat exchange with the spent composite working fluid from the turbine 120'.
  • the turbine 120 may be used in place of the turbine 120'.
  • the initial composite stream is heated by the condensation stream as will be hereinafter described.
  • the recuperator 156 the initial composite stream is further heated by the condensation stream and by heat exchange with lean and rich working fluid fractions as will be hereinafter described.
  • the heating in the main heat exchanger 158 is performed only by the heat of the flow from the turbine outlet and, as such, is essentially compensation for under recuperation.
  • the initial composite stream has been subjected to distillation at the intermediate pressure in the distillation system comprising the heat exchangers 154 and 158 and the recuperator 156.
  • auxiliary heating means from any suitable or available heat source may be employed in any one of the heat exchangers 154 or 158 or in the recuperator 156.
  • the initial composite stream has been partially evaporated in the distillation system and is sent to the gravity separator stage 160.
  • the enriched vapor faction which has been generated in the distillation system, and which is enriched with the low boiling component, namely ammonia, is separated from the remainder of the initial composite stream to produce an enriched vapor fraction at point 6 and a stripped liquid fraction at point 7 from which the enriched vapor fraction has been stripped.
  • stripped liquid fraction from point 7 is divided into first and second stripped liquid fraction streams having parameters as at points 8 and 10 respectively.
  • the enriched fraction at point 6 is enriched with the lower boiling component, namely ammonia, relatively to a lean working fluid fraction as discussed below.
  • the first enriched vapor fraction stream from point 6 is mixed with the first stripped liquid fraction stream at point 8 to provide a rich working fluid fraction at point 9.
  • the rich working fluid fraction is enriched relatively to the composite working fluid (as hereinafter discussed) with the lower boiling component comprising ammonia.
  • the lean working fluid fraction is impoverished relatively to the composite working fluid (as hereinafter discussed) with respect to the lower boiling component.
  • the second stripped liquid fraction at point 10 comprises the remaining part of the initial composite stream and is used to constitute the condensation stream.
  • the rich working fluid fraction at point 9 is partially condensed in the recuperator 156 to point 11. Thereafter the rich working fluid fraction is further cooled and condensed in the preheater 162 (from point 11 to 13), and is finally condensed in the absorption stage 152 by means of heat exchange with a cooling water supply through points 23 to 24.
  • the rich working fluid fraction is pumped to a charged high pressure level by means of the pump 166. Thereafter it passes through the preheater 162 to arrive at point 22. From point 22 it may continue through the system shown in FIG. 1.
  • the composite working fluid at point 38 exiting from the turbine 120 has such a low pressure that it cannot be condensed at this pressure and at the available ambient temperature.
  • the spent composite working fluid flows through the main heat exchanger 158, through the recuperator 156 and through the heat exchanger 154. Here it is partially condensed and the released heat is used to preheat the incoming flow as previously discussed.
  • the spent composite working fluid at point 17 is then mixed with the condensation stream at point 19.
  • the condensation stream has been throttled from point 20 to reduce its presure to the low presure level of the spent composite working fluid at point 17.
  • the resultant mixture is then fed from point 18 through the absorption stage 152 where the spent composite working fluid is absorbed in the condensation stream to regenerate the initial composite stream at point 1.
  • intercooling process accomplished by the intercooler 124 reduces the output of the last turbine stage per pound of working fluid.
  • intercooling also enables reheating without sacrificing the quantity of working fluid per pound.
  • the use of intercooling achieves significant advantages.
  • the heat returned by the intercooler 124 to the evaporation process is advantageously approximately equal the heat consumed in the reheater 122. This assures that the weight flow rate of the working fluid is restored. Then it is not necessary to decrease the mass flow rate of the working fluid to accommodate the higher temperature reheating process.
  • the parameters of flow at points 40, 41, 42 and 43 are design variables and can be chosen in a way to obtain the maximum advantage from the system 10.
  • One skilled in the art will be able to select the design variables to maximize performance under the various circumstances that may be encountered.
  • intercooling in combination with reheating.
  • this combination results in significant advantages, many advantages can be achieved with intercooling without reheating.
  • intercooling may be utilized without reheating whenever the fluid exiting from the final turbine stage is superheated.
  • FIG. 3 a boiler heat duty cycle for a thermodynamic cycle is illustrated for a system of the type shown in FIG. 2, pursuant to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,563, previously incorporated herein.
  • the heat source is indicated by the line A while the working fluid is indicated by the line B.
  • the enthalpy-temperature characteristics of the working fluid during preheating are represented by the curve portion B1.
  • evaporation is indicated by the portion B2
  • superheating is indicated by the portion B3.
  • the pinch point is located in the region of the intersection of the portions B1 and B2.
  • the extent of the gap between the curves A and B represents irreversible inefficiencies in the system which are sought to be minimized by the present invention.
  • excessive heat is available, while during evaporation insufficient heat is available.
  • FIG. 4 calculated temperature versus enthalpy or heat duty in a boiler is shown for an illustrative embodiment of the present invention.
  • the working fluid is represented by curve C while the heat source fluid is represented by the curve A.
  • the points on the graph correspond to points on FIG. 1. Instead of having three approximately linear regions, the graph shows that the working fluid has approximately four linear regions with the present invention.
  • preheating is occuring in the manner generally identical to that occuring with Applicant's previous invention, represented by portion B1 in FIG. 3.
  • Evaporation is represented by the curve portion between the points 44, 46 and 48, 49 and the saturated liquid point is indicated as "SL" while the saturated vapor point is indicated as "SV".
  • the curve portion between points 48, 49 and 30, 41 represents superheating with reheating following efficient evaporation. It can be seen that the curve portion between points 40 and 30, 41 closely follows the heat source line A and therefore results in close temperature matching. In general, the overall configuration of the curve, particularly, the portion between points SV and 30, 41 more closely approximates the heat source line A than was previously possible so that greater efficiencies may be realized with the present invention.
  • the first set of calculations is related to an illustrative power cycle in accordance with the system shown in FIG. 2.
  • the working fluid is a water-ammonia mixture with a concentration of 72.5 weight percent of ammonia (weight of ammonia to total weight).
  • the parameters for the theoretical calculations which were performed utilizing standard ammonia-water enthalpy/concentration diagrams are set forth in Table 1 below. In this table the points set forth in the first column correspond to points set forth in FIG. 2.
  • the above cycle had an output of 2595.78 KWe with a cycle efficiency of 31.78%.
  • This cycle would have an output of 2,800.96 kWe with a cycle efficiency of 34.59%.
  • the improvement ratio is 1.079.
  • the additional power gained is 204 kWe (7.9%).
  • the weight flow rate is increased 1.386% and the exergy losses are reduced by 6.514%.
  • a Rankine cycle using pure water as a working fluid with a single pressure in the boiler equal to 711.165 psia, has a calculated total net output of 1,800 kWe, with a cycle efficiency of 22.04%.
  • this Rankine cycle system is modified to include reheating and intercooling, the modified cycle achieves a calculated output of 2,207 kWe, with a cycle efficiency of 27.02%.
  • the improvement ratio is 1.226, and the additional power gained is 407 kWe.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
US06/705,906 1985-02-26 1985-02-26 Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle with intercooling Expired - Lifetime US4604867A (en)

Priority Applications (23)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/705,906 US4604867A (en) 1985-02-26 1985-02-26 Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle with intercooling
IL77859A IL77859A (en) 1985-02-26 1986-02-11 Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle with intercooling
CA000501717A CA1245465A (en) 1985-02-26 1986-02-12 Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle with intercooling
AU53678/86A AU581054B2 (en) 1985-02-26 1986-02-14 Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle with intercooling
ZA861180A ZA861180B (en) 1985-02-26 1986-02-17 Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle with intercooling
IN106/MAS/86A IN166956B (tr) 1985-02-26 1986-02-17
MA20862A MA20637A1 (fr) 1985-02-26 1986-02-24 Methode et appareil de mise en oeuvre d'un cycle thermodynamique avec refroidissement intermediaire
PH33446A PH24282A (en) 1985-02-26 1986-02-24 Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle with intercooling
MX1643A MX162770A (es) 1985-02-26 1986-02-24 Aparato y metodo para realizar un ciclo termodinamico
BR8600796A BR8600796A (pt) 1985-02-26 1986-02-25 Processo e aparelho para implementar um ciclo termodinamico com refrigeracao intermediaria
PL25812586A PL258125A1 (en) 1985-02-26 1986-02-25 Method of realizing a thermodynamic cycle and system therefor
PT82087A PT82087B (pt) 1985-02-26 1986-02-25 Metodo e dispositivo para realizar um ciclo termodinamico com arrefecimento intermedio
ES552363A ES8704582A1 (es) 1985-02-26 1986-02-25 Un metodo para desarrollar un ciclo termodinamico
JP61041335A JPH0654082B2 (ja) 1985-02-26 1986-02-25 熱力学サイクルの遂行方法及びその装置
KR1019860001312A KR910004380B1 (ko) 1985-02-26 1986-02-25 중간 냉각으로 열역학 사이클을 충족시키기 위한 방법과 장치
CN86101160A CN86101160B (zh) 1985-02-26 1986-02-26 通过中间冷却实现热力循环的方法和装置
EP86102489A EP0193184B1 (en) 1985-02-26 1986-02-26 Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle with intercooling
DE8686102489T DE3660686D1 (en) 1985-02-26 1986-02-26 Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle with intercooling
TR108/86A TR22880A (tr) 1985-02-26 1986-02-26 Dahilen sogutma ile bir termodinamik siklin meydana getirilmesi icin usul ve cihaz
DE198686102489T DE193184T1 (de) 1985-02-26 1986-02-26 Verfahren und vorrichtung fuer die durchfuehrung eines thermodynamischen zyklus mit interner kuehlung.
DZ860038A DZ899A1 (fr) 1985-02-26 1986-02-26 Méthode et appareil de mise en oeuvre d'un cycle thermodynamique avec refroidissement intermédiaire.
EG99/86A EG17721A (en) 1985-02-26 1986-03-02 Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle with intercooling
MYPI87001427A MY100646A (en) 1985-02-26 1987-08-24 Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle with intercooling

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US06/705,906 US4604867A (en) 1985-02-26 1985-02-26 Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle with intercooling

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US4604867A true US4604867A (en) 1986-08-12

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US6964168B1 (en) 2003-07-09 2005-11-15 Tas Ltd. Advanced heat recovery and energy conversion systems for power generation and pollution emissions reduction, and methods of using same
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US20070245733A1 (en) * 2005-10-05 2007-10-25 Tas Ltd. Power recovery and energy conversion systems and methods of using same
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US20080011457A1 (en) * 2004-05-07 2008-01-17 Mirolli Mark D Method and apparatus for acquiring heat from multiple heat sources
US20080016866A1 (en) * 2005-01-11 2008-01-24 Peter Mohr Multi-chamber heat accumulator for storing heat energy and for generating electrical energy
US20080053095A1 (en) * 2006-08-31 2008-03-06 Kalex, Llc Power system and apparatus utilizing intermediate temperature waste heat
CN100385093C (zh) * 2003-05-09 2008-04-30 循环工程公司 从多个热源获取热量的方法和设备
EP1936129A2 (en) 1998-02-05 2008-06-25 Exergy, Inc. Method and apparatus of converting heat to useful energy
US20080254399A1 (en) * 2003-10-21 2008-10-16 Petroleum Analyzer Company, Lp Combustion apparatus and method for making and using same
CN100445518C (zh) * 2004-07-30 2008-12-24 西门子公司 将热量从热源传递至一热力循环的方法和装置，热力循环采用一包括至少两种非等温蒸发及非等温冷凝物质的工质
US20100083662A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Kalex Llc Method and apparatus for the utilization of waste heat from gaseous heat sources carrying substantial quantities of dust
US20100205962A1 (en) * 2008-10-27 2010-08-19 Kalex, Llc Systems, methods and apparatuses for converting thermal energy into mechanical and electrical power
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US8176738B2 (en) 2008-11-20 2012-05-15 Kalex Llc Method and system for converting waste heat from cement plant into a usable form of energy
US20120167568A1 (en) * 2009-09-23 2012-07-05 Carsten Graeber Steam power plant
US8474263B2 (en) 2010-04-21 2013-07-02 Kalex, Llc Heat conversion system simultaneously utilizing two separate heat source stream and method for making and using same
US20140109573A1 (en) * 2012-10-18 2014-04-24 Kalex, Llc Power systems utilizing two or more heat source streams and methods for making and using same
US8833077B2 (en) 2012-05-18 2014-09-16 Kalex, Llc Systems and methods for low temperature heat sources with relatively high temperature cooling media
CN106870020A (zh) * 2017-02-13 2017-06-20 浙江中控太阳能技术有限公司 一种发电系统
CN107120869A (zh) * 2017-06-21 2017-09-01 北京华清微拓节能技术股份公司 基于吸收式换热的石化厂低温余热回收利用系统及方法
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AU592694B2 (en) * 1987-02-17 1990-01-18 Alexander I. Kalina Direct fired power cycle
US4732005A (en) * 1987-02-17 1988-03-22 Kalina Alexander Ifaevich Direct fired power cycle
US4982568A (en) * 1989-01-11 1991-01-08 Kalina Alexander Ifaevich Method and apparatus for converting heat from geothermal fluid to electric power
US5029444A (en) * 1990-08-15 1991-07-09 Kalina Alexander Ifaevich Method and apparatus for converting low temperature heat to electric power
US5095708A (en) * 1991-03-28 1992-03-17 Kalina Alexander Ifaevich Method and apparatus for converting thermal energy into electric power
US5440882A (en) * 1993-11-03 1995-08-15 Exergy, Inc. Method and apparatus for converting heat from geothermal liquid and geothermal steam to electric power
EP0694678A1 (en) 1994-07-29 1996-01-31 Exergy, Inc. System and apparatus for conversion of thermal energy into mechanical and electrical power
US5572871A (en) * 1994-07-29 1996-11-12 Exergy, Inc. System and apparatus for conversion of thermal energy into mechanical and electrical power
US5555731A (en) * 1995-02-28 1996-09-17 Rosenblatt; Joel H. Preheated injection turbine system
US5649426A (en) * 1995-04-27 1997-07-22 Exergy, Inc. Method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle
US5588298A (en) * 1995-10-20 1996-12-31 Exergy, Inc. Supplying heat to an externally fired power system
EP0769654A1 (en) 1995-10-20 1997-04-23 Exergy, Inc. Supplying heat to an externally fired power system
EP0790391A2 (en) 1996-02-09 1997-08-20 Exergy, Inc. Converting heat into useful energy
US5822990A (en) * 1996-02-09 1998-10-20 Exergy, Inc. Converting heat into useful energy using separate closed loops
US5950433A (en) * 1996-10-09 1999-09-14 Exergy, Inc. Method and system of converting thermal energy into a useful form
US6694740B2 (en) 1997-04-02 2004-02-24 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Method and system for a thermodynamic process for producing usable energy
US5842345A (en) * 1997-09-29 1998-12-01 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Heat recovery and power generation from industrial process streams
US5953918A (en) * 1998-02-05 1999-09-21 Exergy, Inc. Method and apparatus of converting heat to useful energy
EP1070830A1 (en) 1998-02-05 2001-01-24 Exergy, Inc. Method and apparatus of converting heat to useful energy
EP1936129A2 (en) 1998-02-05 2008-06-25 Exergy, Inc. Method and apparatus of converting heat to useful energy
EP0949406A2 (en) 1998-04-08 1999-10-13 General Electric Company Method of heating gas turbine fuel in a combined cycle power plant using multi-component flow mixtures
US6065280A (en) * 1998-04-08 2000-05-23 General Electric Co. Method of heating gas turbine fuel in a combined cycle power plant using multi-component flow mixtures
EP0972922A2 (en) 1998-07-13 2000-01-19 General Electric Company Modified bottoming cycle for cooling inlet air to a gas turbine combined cycle plant
US6173563B1 (en) 1998-07-13 2001-01-16 General Electric Company Modified bottoming cycle for cooling inlet air to a gas turbine combined cycle plant
US6216436B1 (en) 1998-10-15 2001-04-17 General Electric Co. Integrated gasification combined cycle power plant with kalina bottoming cycle
US6082110A (en) * 1999-06-29 2000-07-04 Rosenblatt; Joel H. Auto-reheat turbine system
LT4813B (lt) 1999-08-04 2001-07-25 Exergy,Inc Šilumos pavertimo naudinga energija būdas ir įrenginys
KR20020089536A (ko) * 2001-05-23 2002-11-29 한상국 과팽창 엔진
WO2004009964A1 (en) 2002-07-22 2004-01-29 Douglas Wilbert Paul Smith Method of converting energy
US6829895B2 (en) 2002-09-12 2004-12-14 Kalex, Llc Geothermal system
WO2004027325A2 (en) 2002-09-23 2004-04-01 Kalex, Llc Low temperature geothermal system
US6820421B2 (en) 2002-09-23 2004-11-23 Kalex, Llc Low temperature geothermal system
US6735948B1 (en) 2002-12-16 2004-05-18 Icalox, Inc. Dual pressure geothermal system
US6923000B2 (en) 2002-12-16 2005-08-02 Kalex Llc Dual pressure geothermal system
US20050050891A1 (en) * 2002-12-16 2005-03-10 Kalex, Llc, A California Limited Liability Corporation Dual pressure geothermal system
US6910334B2 (en) 2003-02-03 2005-06-28 Kalex, Llc Power cycle and system for utilizing moderate and low temperature heat sources
US20040182084A1 (en) * 2003-02-03 2004-09-23 Kalina Alexander I. Power cycle and system for utilizing moderate and low temperature heat sources
US20040148935A1 (en) * 2003-02-03 2004-08-05 Kalex, Inc. Power cycle and system for utilizing moderate and low temperature heat sources
US6941757B2 (en) * 2003-02-03 2005-09-13 Kalex, Llc Power cycle and system for utilizing moderate and low temperature heat sources
US6769256B1 (en) 2003-02-03 2004-08-03 Kalex, Inc. Power cycle and system for utilizing moderate and low temperature heat sources
US7305829B2 (en) * 2003-05-09 2007-12-11 Recurrent Engineering, Llc Method and apparatus for acquiring heat from multiple heat sources
US20050066660A1 (en) * 2003-05-09 2005-03-31 Mirolli Mark D. Method and apparatus for acquiring heat from multiple heat sources
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WO2004102082A3 (en) * 2003-05-09 2005-04-14 Amp Capital Partners Method and apparatus for acquiring heat from multiple heat sources
CN101148999B (zh) * 2003-05-09 2011-01-26 循环工程公司 从多个热源获取热量的方法和设备
CN100385093C (zh) * 2003-05-09 2008-04-30 循环工程公司 从多个热源获取热量的方法和设备
US6964168B1 (en) 2003-07-09 2005-11-15 Tas Ltd. Advanced heat recovery and energy conversion systems for power generation and pollution emissions reduction, and methods of using same
US20050061654A1 (en) * 2003-09-23 2005-03-24 Kalex, Llc. Process and system for the condensation of multi-component working fluids
US7264654B2 (en) 2003-09-23 2007-09-04 Kalex, Llc Process and system for the condensation of multi-component working fluids
US20050066661A1 (en) * 2003-09-29 2005-03-31 Kalina Alexander I. Process and apparatus for boiling and vaporizing multi-component fluids
US7065967B2 (en) 2003-09-29 2006-06-27 Kalex Llc Process and apparatus for boiling and vaporizing multi-component fluids
US20080254399A1 (en) * 2003-10-21 2008-10-16 Petroleum Analyzer Company, Lp Combustion apparatus and method for making and using same
US8117844B2 (en) 2004-05-07 2012-02-21 Recurrent Engineering, Llc Method and apparatus for acquiring heat from multiple heat sources
US20080011457A1 (en) * 2004-05-07 2008-01-17 Mirolli Mark D Method and apparatus for acquiring heat from multiple heat sources
US20060010870A1 (en) * 2004-07-19 2006-01-19 Pelletier Richard I Efficient conversion of heat to useful energy
US7516619B2 (en) * 2004-07-19 2009-04-14 Recurrent Engineering, Llc Efficient conversion of heat to useful energy
CN101018930B (zh) * 2004-07-19 2014-08-13 再生工程有限责任公司 热量向有用能量的有效转化
CN100445518C (zh) * 2004-07-30 2008-12-24 西门子公司 将热量从热源传递至一热力循环的方法和装置，热力循环采用一包括至少两种非等温蒸发及非等温冷凝物质的工质
US20080016866A1 (en) * 2005-01-11 2008-01-24 Peter Mohr Multi-chamber heat accumulator for storing heat energy and for generating electrical energy
US7891187B2 (en) 2005-01-11 2011-02-22 Peter Mohr Multi-chamber heat accumulator for storing heat energy and for generating electrical energy
US8375719B2 (en) 2005-05-12 2013-02-19 Recurrent Engineering, Llc Gland leakage seal system
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US20070245731A1 (en) * 2005-10-05 2007-10-25 Tas Ltd. Advanced power recovery and energy conversion systems and methods of using same
US20070245733A1 (en) * 2005-10-05 2007-10-25 Tas Ltd. Power recovery and energy conversion systems and methods of using same
US7827791B2 (en) 2005-10-05 2010-11-09 Tas, Ltd. Advanced power recovery and energy conversion systems and methods of using same
US7287381B1 (en) 2005-10-05 2007-10-30 Modular Energy Solutions, Ltd. Power recovery and energy conversion systems and methods of using same
US7841179B2 (en) * 2006-08-31 2010-11-30 Kalex, Llc Power system and apparatus utilizing intermediate temperature waste heat
US20080053095A1 (en) * 2006-08-31 2008-03-06 Kalex, Llc Power system and apparatus utilizing intermediate temperature waste heat
US8087248B2 (en) 2008-10-06 2012-01-03 Kalex, Llc Method and apparatus for the utilization of waste heat from gaseous heat sources carrying substantial quantities of dust
US20100083662A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Kalex Llc Method and apparatus for the utilization of waste heat from gaseous heat sources carrying substantial quantities of dust
US20100205962A1 (en) * 2008-10-27 2010-08-19 Kalex, Llc Systems, methods and apparatuses for converting thermal energy into mechanical and electrical power
US8695344B2 (en) 2008-10-27 2014-04-15 Kalex, Llc Systems, methods and apparatuses for converting thermal energy into mechanical and electrical power
US8176738B2 (en) 2008-11-20 2012-05-15 Kalex Llc Method and system for converting waste heat from cement plant into a usable form of energy
US20120167568A1 (en) * 2009-09-23 2012-07-05 Carsten Graeber Steam power plant
US8474263B2 (en) 2010-04-21 2013-07-02 Kalex, Llc Heat conversion system simultaneously utilizing two separate heat source stream and method for making and using same
WO2012027688A1 (en) * 2010-08-26 2012-03-01 Modine Manufacturing Company Waste heat recovery system and method of operating the same
US9267414B2 (en) 2010-08-26 2016-02-23 Modine Manufacturing Company Waste heat recovery system and method of operating the same
US8833077B2 (en) 2012-05-18 2014-09-16 Kalex, Llc Systems and methods for low temperature heat sources with relatively high temperature cooling media
US20140109573A1 (en) * 2012-10-18 2014-04-24 Kalex, Llc Power systems utilizing two or more heat source streams and methods for making and using same
US9638175B2 (en) * 2012-10-18 2017-05-02 Alexander I. Kalina Power systems utilizing two or more heat source streams and methods for making and using same
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CN107120869A (zh) * 2017-06-21 2017-09-01 北京华清微拓节能技术股份公司 基于吸收式换热的石化厂低温余热回收利用系统及方法
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PT82087B (pt) 1992-05-29
IL77859A (en) 1992-05-25
ZA861180B (en) 1986-11-26
AU5367886A (en) 1986-09-04
DE193184T1 (de) 1987-01-15
KR910004380B1 (ko) 1991-06-26
ES552363A0 (es) 1987-04-01
EG17721A (en) 1990-10-30
IN166956B (tr) 1990-08-11
EP0193184A1 (en) 1986-09-03
MY100646A (en) 1990-12-29
CN86101160B (zh) 1988-10-12
PL258125A1 (en) 1987-02-09
TR22880A (tr) 1988-09-28
DE3660686D1 (en) 1988-10-13
EP0193184B1 (en) 1988-09-07
BR8600796A (pt) 1986-11-04
CN86101160A (zh) 1986-08-27
ES8704582A1 (es) 1987-04-01
JPS61200313A (ja) 1986-09-04
PH24282A (en) 1990-05-29
KR860006613A (ko) 1986-09-13
JPH0654082B2 (ja) 1994-07-20
MX162770A (es) 1991-06-26
MA20637A1 (fr) 1986-10-01
PT82087A (en) 1986-03-01
CA1245465A (en) 1988-11-29
AU581054B2 (en) 1989-02-09
DZ899A1 (fr) 2004-09-13

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