US4278887A - Fluid sample cell - Google Patents

Fluid sample cell Download PDF

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Publication number
US4278887A
US4278887A US06/118,563 US11856380A US4278887A US 4278887 A US4278887 A US 4278887A US 11856380 A US11856380 A US 11856380A US 4278887 A US4278887 A US 4278887A
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United States
Prior art keywords
sample
window
radiation
fluid sample
compartment
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US06/118,563
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English (en)
Inventor
Victor G. Lipshutz
Edward Stark
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
REVGROUP PANTRY MIRROR CORP A DE CORP
Alfa Laval AB
Original Assignee
Technicon Instruments Corp
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Application filed by Technicon Instruments Corp filed Critical Technicon Instruments Corp
Priority to US06/118,563 priority Critical patent/US4278887A/en
Priority to CA000362996A priority patent/CA1139589A/en
Priority to GB8035035A priority patent/GB2068578B/en
Priority to IT68834/80A priority patent/IT1129923B/it
Priority to FR8101677A priority patent/FR2475224B1/fr
Priority to DE19813103476 priority patent/DE3103476A1/de
Priority to JP1448781A priority patent/JPS56128444A/ja
Publication of US4278887A publication Critical patent/US4278887A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Assigned to REVGROUP PANTRY MIRROR CORP., A DE. CORP. reassignment REVGROUP PANTRY MIRROR CORP., A DE. CORP. MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). EFFECTIVE DATE; JULY 25, 1986 Assignors: TECHICON INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION
Assigned to ALFA-LAVAL AB, TUMBA, SWEDEN A SWEDISH CORPORATION reassignment ALFA-LAVAL AB, TUMBA, SWEDEN A SWEDISH CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: TECHNICON INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION
Assigned to ALFA-LAVAL AB, A SWEDISH CORP. reassignment ALFA-LAVAL AB, A SWEDISH CORP. PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 4951 FRAME 0555, CORECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT A SERIAL NUMBER ERRORNOUSLY RECORDED AS 470,357 ASSIGNOR HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT OF THE ENTIRE INTEREST Assignors: TECHNICON INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
    • G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
    • G01N21/0303—Optical path conditioning in cuvettes, e.g. windows; adapted optical elements or systems; path modifying or adjustment
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
    • G01N2201/06—Illumination; Optics
    • G01N2201/065—Integrating spheres

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a new and improved fluid sample cell for spectroscopic analysis of a wide variety of different fluid samples.
  • sample cells are known for use in accordance with conventional transmission spectroscopy techniques for analyzing fluid samples to determine the concentration of radiation energy-absorbing sample constituents. Such analysis is based on the selective attenuation of radiation energy at different predetermined wavelengths passing through the sample in accordance with the absorption characteristics of the sample, the concentration of the radiation energy-absorbing constituents of the sample, and the radiation energy transmission path length through the sample.
  • Certain fluid samples for example, liquids, contain suspensions of fine particles which independently attenuate radiation energy transmitted therethrough by diffusely scattering the same.
  • a portion of the incident beam of light instead of being directly transmitted therethrough, will be diffusely scattered into forward- and back-scatter components of variable geometric distribution.
  • the spectral energy attenuation characteristics of true solutions is a logarithmic function of molecular concentration
  • the diffuse scattering of light by finely suspended particulate matter is a non-linear function of particle size and concentration as well as wavelength.
  • Such suspension therefore, will introduce an error in the analysis results, unless time-consuming and complex (and oftentimes inaccurate) corrections are made for the diffusely scattered radiation energy components.
  • a wide variety of fluid samples for example, heavy process food syrups, ice creams or the like, do not transmit sufficient radiation energy to be appropriately processed in accordance with conventional transmission spectroscopy techniques and, hence, require special sample processing, such as dilution, with attendant introduction of further possibility of error.
  • sample cells are known for use in the analysis of generally solid samples by conventional reflectance spectroscopy techniques.
  • solid samples generally reduced to a powdered or finely ground consistency, are illuminated by a source of spectral radiation and analyzed for their surface spectral reflectance properties.
  • Light striking and penetrating the sample surface is partially absorbed in accordance with the concentration of sample constituents and their spectral absorbance characteristics; also, such light is diffusely scattered in a similar manner as with turbid liquid samples, into forward and back-scatter components. It is the back-scatter component, selectively attenuated by sample spectral absorbance characteristics, which is measured in a reflectance instrument and used to determine constituent concentration.
  • sample cells would be generally inapplicable for use in the analysis of fluid samples, wherein the spectral reflective surface properties per se of the sample are not indicative of, for example, the concentration of a particular sample constituent.
  • Another object of this invention is the provision of a fluid sample cell which enables the precise, spectroscopic quantitative analysis of a very wide variety of fluid samples of markedly different turbidities.
  • Another object of this invention is the provision of a fluid sample cell which enables the precise, spectroscopic quantitative analysis of a wide variety of fluid samples which, because of their opaqueness, cannot be accurately measured by conventional transmission spectroscopy and which, because of their non-solid state, cannot be accurately measured by conventional reflectance spectroscopy.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a new and improved fluid sample cell which enables the precise quantitative analysis of both clear and turbid fluid samples by measurement of both the transmitted attenuated radiation due to sample absorbance and both the forward and backward diffusely scattered radiation due to sample turbidity, such that the measurement is independent of variations in turbidity, except for any spectrally absorptive effects of the particulate matter in the sample.
  • Another object of this invention is the provision of a sample cell which insures accurate fluid sample analysis despite the presence of some quantity of air bubbles in the sample.
  • a further object of this invention is the provision of a sample cell which is of relatively simple and inexpensive construction and which may be readily and conveniently disassembled for periodic cleaning.
  • a still further object of this invention is the provision of a sample cell, as above, which is particularly adaptable for use in automated, continuous-flow sample analysis systems.
  • the new and improved fluid sample cell of our invention comprises a sample compartment of precisely determined depth bounded by opposed surfaces of a transparent window and a diffuse reflector, for example, a diffuse mirror, without appreciable spectral-absorbant characteristics.
  • a diffuse reflector for example, a diffuse mirror
  • Access ports are provided to enable the flow of fluid samples into and out of the sample compartment.
  • the mirror surface is configured to maintain any air bubbles present in the fluid sample without the viewing area.
  • the sample portion within the viewing area of the sample compartment is irradiated with radiation energy at a selected wavelength(s).
  • Each of these radiations will have undergone attenuation by the fluid sample in accordance with the spectral absorption characteristics of the sample constituents, concentration of sample constituents, and actual path length traversed through the sample, thus permitting a precise quantitative analysis of the sample.
  • FIG. 1 is a top view of a fluid sample cell constructed and operative in accordance with the teachings of our invention
  • FIG. 2 is a top view of the fluid sample cell of FIG. 1 with the cover removed for purposes of illustration;
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken generally vertically along line 3--3 in FIG. 1.
  • the fluid sample cell is indicated generally at 10 and comprises a generally cup-shaped body member 12 and an annular cover member 14.
  • the body member 12 and cover member 14 are complementally threaded, as indicated at 16 in FIG. 3.
  • a circular viewing aperture, as indicated at 18, is defined in cover member 14 and a circular access aperture, as indicated at 20, is formed as shown centrally of body member 12 at the bottom wall thereof.
  • a generally circular diffuse reflector or mirror 22 is fabricated from a ceramic or other suitable material of appropriate light dispersing characteristics to insure little, if any, spectral absorption by the mirror. Diffusing mirror 22 may, for example, exhibit the optical and physical characteristics of the ceramic spectral reflectance standard, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,047,032, assigned to a common assignee.
  • diffuse mirror 22 comprises a raised annular mounting ridge 24 which extends, as seen in FIG. 3, from the upper, reflecting surface 25 of the mirror.
  • diffuse mirror 22 comprises an annular groove 26 for the mounting of an O-ring seal or gasket 28; stepped, diametrically opposed access ports 30 and 32, as best seen in FIG. 3; and an annular access groove 34 which connects said access ports, as best seen in FIG. 2.
  • a generally circular, transparent window is indicated at 36 and overlies the diffuse mirror 22, as best seen in FIG. 3.
  • Diffuse mirror 22, O-ring 28 and window 36 are disposed, as shown in FIG. 3, within body member 12, and the cover member 14 is screwed tightly onto body member 12 to force the lower annular surface portion of the window 36 tightly against the upper surface of the raised annular mounting ridge 24.
  • the attendant compression of the O-ring 28 forms a fluid-tight flow cell sample compartment.
  • the raised annular ridge 24 precisely predetermines the length of the light path through sample compartment 38, as indicated at l in FIG. 3.
  • this path length l is made as short as possible to insure that the operating characteristics of cell 10 fall within the signal-to-noise ratio bounds of radiation-energy detecting and processing equipment, and to insure that the radiation energy reflected back from the diffuse mirror 22 of cell 10, as described hereinbelow, will always traverse a constant path length, subject to internal scattering effects.
  • Fluid inlet and outlet conduits 31 and 33 are connected to access ports 30 and 32, respectively, at the bottom of diffuse mirror 22, as seen in FIG. 3, to flow successive fluid samples into and from the sample compartment 38.
  • access groove 34 is located without the viewing area defined by aperture 18 in cover 14, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, any air bubbles in the fluid sample will not interfere with the accuracy of the analysis.
  • a source of radiation of appropriate wavelength(s), for example in the near infrared region, is indicated schematically at 40.
  • an optical integrating sphere 42 and radiation detectors, indicated schematically at 44 and 46, respectively, are disposed to receive diffused radiation redirected from the fluid sample cell 10, when irradiated by radiation source 40.
  • a signal processor 57 converts the signal output of the radiation detectors 44 and 46 to a reflectance value, which is used to compute the concentration or magnitude of the constituent or property of the sample, and a display device 58 communicates this output information.
  • sample cell 10 would, for example, involve the operative incorporation thereof in an infrared automated sample analysis system of the type disclosed in co-pending application for the United States Patent Application Ser. No. 15,017 filed Feb. 26, 1979 by J. F. X. Judge, et al., and assigned to a common assignee.
  • fluid sample compartment 38 of the sample cell 10 is filled along access port 30 with a fluid sample 50, to be spectroscopically, quantitatively analyzed with regard to a particular constituent thereof, for example, ice cream to be analyzed for fat content taking the form of fine globules in a generally aqueous solution.
  • Radiation of appropriate wavelength for example a narrow band within the range of 1.4 to 2.5 microns, is directed from radiation source 40 through an opening 43 in integrating sphere 42, through viewing aperture 18 and normal to the surface of mirror 22.
  • Sample cell 10 exhibits the characteristics of a diffuse source of radiation, which is proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation from source 40, the diffuse reflectance characteristics of the fluid sample 50 and the spectral absorption characteristics of the fluid sample 50.
  • spectral absorption characteristics would be present only if sample 50 is sufficiently transmissive of radiation, so as to allow the same to be reflected back from mirror 22 into the integrating sphere 42. More specifically, and depending upon the optical transmission and/or diffuse reflectance characteristics of the fluid sample 50, radiation from source 40 incident, as illustrated by beams 51, upon the sample cell through viewing aperture 18 in cover member 14 will be:
  • the major portion of the radiation energy emitted from the irradiated sample cell 10 would be constituted primarily by radiation energy diffused and reflected by mirror 22, as illustrated by beam 56.
  • the major portion of the radiation energy emitted from the irradiated sample cell 10 would be constituted primarily by radiation energy diffused and scattered from within sample 50, as illustrated by beam 54.
  • the radiant energy emitted from the irradiated cell would be comprised of diffused radiant energy diffused and reflected by mirror 22 and scattered within sample 50.
  • Sequential irradiation as above of the fluid sample 50 with radiation at a predetermined number of different predetermined wavelengths is conducted in accordance with the spectral absorbance characteristics of the sample and of the particular sample property or constituent(s) of interest, and in accordance with the overall diffusivity of the sample.
  • Each radiation wavelength is selected to provide an optimum measurement of the absorption and/or diffusivity of the sample in accordance with spectral absorption characteristics of the sample with respect to the particular constituent to be analyzed.
  • the levels of the reflected radiation, as detected by radiation detectors 44 and 46 are utilized to compute the concentration of the particular sample constituent of interest in manner, for example, as fully disclosed in said co-pending application for U.S. patent Ser. No. 15,017.
  • sample analysis procedure as described, would be repeated on the newly introduced sample.
  • a suitable quantity of wash liquid is passed through sample compartment 38 before loading of the next sample so as to prevent inter-sample contamination, in accord with conventional continuous-flow analytical systems, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,134,263, assigned to a common assignee.
  • the incident radiation returned and detected, as described, by the optical integrating sphere 42 and radiation dectors 44 and 46 is composed of a purely transmitted component, which is attenuated in precise proportion to the spectral absorbance characteristics of the sample, as would occur in a conventional transmission instrument and both forward- and backward-scattered components, which are also attenuated in precise proportion to the spectral absorbance characteristics of the sample, but which are not normally measured in conventional transmission instruments with any degree of precision.
  • the forward-scatter component is not normally measured in conventional reflectance instruments.
  • the resulting measurement of the spectral absorbance characteristics of the sample is made substantially without regard to whether the fluid sample of interest is optically transmitting, optically diffuse, or exhibits any possible combination of those optical characteristics.
  • precise quantitative analysis of fluid samples is achieved substantially without regard to variations in sample turbidity, whereby a particularly wide range of fluid samples of markedly different turbidities may be precisely quantitatively analyzed in the same sample cell.
  • fluid sample in this disclosure is by no means intended as limitative to freely flowing liquid or gaseous samples, but rather, encompasses a wide range of samples including semi-solids in the nature of extremely viscous syrups and limited to the capability of such samples to be flowed into and out of the sample compartment 38 of the fluid sample cell 10.
  • the construction and assembly, as described, of the sample cell 10 greatly facilitates periodic cleaning thereof, as may be required, to remove residues from the sample compartment 38. More specifically, cover member 14 would be removed by unscrewing from body member 12, to allow full access to sample compartment 38 and diffuse mirror 22 for complete cell cleaning.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Optical Measuring Cells (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
US06/118,563 1980-02-04 1980-02-04 Fluid sample cell Expired - Lifetime US4278887A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/118,563 US4278887A (en) 1980-02-04 1980-02-04 Fluid sample cell
CA000362996A CA1139589A (en) 1980-02-04 1980-10-22 Fluid sample cell
GB8035035A GB2068578B (en) 1980-02-04 1980-10-31 Fluid sample cell and spectroscopic apparatus
IT68834/80A IT1129923B (it) 1980-02-04 1980-12-01 Cella per campioni di fluidi particolarmente per spettroscopia
FR8101677A FR2475224B1 (fr) 1980-02-04 1981-01-29 Cuve, appareil et procede pour l'analyse spectroscopique d'echantillons fluides
DE19813103476 DE3103476A1 (de) 1980-02-04 1981-02-03 "kuevette"
JP1448781A JPS56128444A (en) 1980-02-04 1981-02-04 Spectroanalyzing method and apparatus and fluid sample chamber

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/118,563 US4278887A (en) 1980-02-04 1980-02-04 Fluid sample cell

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US4278887A true US4278887A (en) 1981-07-14

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US (1) US4278887A (ja)
JP (1) JPS56128444A (ja)
CA (1) CA1139589A (ja)
DE (1) DE3103476A1 (ja)
FR (1) FR2475224B1 (ja)
GB (1) GB2068578B (ja)
IT (1) IT1129923B (ja)

Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0117674A2 (en) * 1983-02-28 1984-09-05 TECHNICON INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION (a New York corporation) Radiation energy integrating sphere
US4501970A (en) * 1982-10-12 1985-02-26 Dynatech Laboratories Incorporated Fluorometer
US4507556A (en) * 1982-12-08 1985-03-26 St. Regis Paper Company Apparatus and method for determining pulp stock consistency
EP0163847A2 (de) * 1984-04-14 1985-12-11 Firma Carl Zeiss Interferenz-Refraktometer
US4566791A (en) * 1983-10-31 1986-01-28 Pacific Scientific Company Fluid sample cell comprising Fresnel sectors
US4580901A (en) * 1983-10-31 1986-04-08 Pacific Scientific Company Fluid sample cell
US5164597A (en) * 1989-09-29 1992-11-17 University Of Kentucky Research Foundation Method and apparatus for detecting microorganisms within a liquid product in a sealed vial
US5170286A (en) * 1991-02-19 1992-12-08 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Rapid exchange imaging chamber for stop-flow microscopy
US5517315A (en) * 1993-10-29 1996-05-14 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Reflectometer employing an integrating sphere and lens-mirror concentrator
EP0834729A2 (en) * 1996-09-26 1998-04-08 Becton, Dickinson and Company DNA microwell device and method
US5963318A (en) * 1998-08-07 1999-10-05 Bio-Tek Holdings, Inc. Method of and apparatus for performing fixed pathlength vertical photometry
WO2000071994A1 (de) * 1999-05-19 2000-11-30 Merck Patent Gmbh Messung von trübungen mittels reflektometrie
US20020149773A1 (en) * 2001-03-19 2002-10-17 Martino Anthony Joseph Method and apparatus for measuring the color properties of fluids
US20030118485A1 (en) * 1999-11-10 2003-06-26 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Flow cell for synthesis of arrays of DNA probes and the like
US6657718B1 (en) * 1998-02-27 2003-12-02 Bran + Luebbe Gmbh Measuring cell for liquids
WO2004080581A2 (en) * 2003-03-07 2004-09-23 The Sherwin-Williams Company Apparatus and method for changing the color of a flow of fluid
US20040249583A1 (en) * 1996-03-28 2004-12-09 Evren Eryurek Pressure transmitter with diagnostics
US20050211902A1 (en) * 2004-03-26 2005-09-29 Barry Raymond J Optical density sensor
DE102007045449A1 (de) 2007-09-24 2009-04-09 Sartorius Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Kalibration eines Sensors mittels einer Trocknugswaage
US20140374576A2 (en) * 2009-09-23 2014-12-25 The University Court Of The University Of St Andrews Imaging device and method
US9442065B2 (en) 2014-09-29 2016-09-13 Zyomed Corp. Systems and methods for synthesis of zyotons for use in collision computing for noninvasive blood glucose and other measurements
US9554738B1 (en) 2016-03-30 2017-01-31 Zyomed Corp. Spectroscopic tomography systems and methods for noninvasive detection and measurement of analytes using collision computing
US20170205386A1 (en) * 2016-01-20 2017-07-20 Rense 't Hooft Flow cell as well as a system and a method for analysing a fluid
CN108333147A (zh) * 2017-12-14 2018-07-27 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 近背向散射光学测量系统
US20180238845A1 (en) * 2017-02-23 2018-08-23 Phoseon Technology, Inc. Integrated illumination-detection flow cell for liquid chromatography
CN109386276A (zh) * 2017-08-09 2019-02-26 中国石油化工股份有限公司 可视化渗流实验的装置及方法
CN111413280A (zh) * 2020-04-10 2020-07-14 杭州领辰智能科技有限公司 一种承压式光电感应的传感器
WO2021019228A1 (en) * 2019-07-29 2021-02-04 Imperial College Innovations Limited Method and apparatus for monitoring production of a material in a liquid dispersion in real time

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US4575240A (en) * 1983-06-10 1986-03-11 Corning Glass Works Visible sample chamber for fluid analysis
JPS63181944U (ja) * 1987-05-15 1988-11-24
JPH02143162A (ja) * 1988-11-24 1990-06-01 Takashi Mori バイオ実験装置
DE4008486A1 (de) * 1990-03-16 1991-09-19 Bellino Metallwerke Feuchtigkeitssensor zum ermitteln eines geringfuegigen wassergehaltes, vorzugsweise im ppm-bereich, in einem kaeltemittel
JP6765722B2 (ja) * 2017-09-15 2020-10-07 スガ試験機株式会社 光学特性測定器
CN108776105B (zh) * 2018-08-14 2024-04-12 成都曙光光纤网络有限责任公司 反射光谱检测装置及样品成分检测装置
CN109406428A (zh) * 2018-12-07 2019-03-01 浙江大学昆山创新中心 一种基于积分球多次反射的气体检测装置

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US3886364A (en) * 1973-06-19 1975-05-27 Union Carbide Corp High pressure infrared cell

Cited By (54)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4501970A (en) * 1982-10-12 1985-02-26 Dynatech Laboratories Incorporated Fluorometer
US4507556A (en) * 1982-12-08 1985-03-26 St. Regis Paper Company Apparatus and method for determining pulp stock consistency
EP0117674A2 (en) * 1983-02-28 1984-09-05 TECHNICON INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION (a New York corporation) Radiation energy integrating sphere
EP0117674A3 (en) * 1983-02-28 1984-10-03 Technicon Instruments Corporation Radiation energy integrating sphere
US4658131A (en) * 1983-02-28 1987-04-14 Technicon Instruments Corporation Integrating sphere utilizing a positive power lens
US4566791A (en) * 1983-10-31 1986-01-28 Pacific Scientific Company Fluid sample cell comprising Fresnel sectors
US4580901A (en) * 1983-10-31 1986-04-08 Pacific Scientific Company Fluid sample cell
EP0163847A2 (de) * 1984-04-14 1985-12-11 Firma Carl Zeiss Interferenz-Refraktometer
EP0163847A3 (en) * 1984-04-14 1986-08-13 Firma Carl Zeiss Interferential refractometer
US5164597A (en) * 1989-09-29 1992-11-17 University Of Kentucky Research Foundation Method and apparatus for detecting microorganisms within a liquid product in a sealed vial
US5170286A (en) * 1991-02-19 1992-12-08 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Rapid exchange imaging chamber for stop-flow microscopy
US5517315A (en) * 1993-10-29 1996-05-14 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Reflectometer employing an integrating sphere and lens-mirror concentrator
US20040249583A1 (en) * 1996-03-28 2004-12-09 Evren Eryurek Pressure transmitter with diagnostics
EP0834729A3 (en) * 1996-09-26 1998-10-21 Becton, Dickinson and Company DNA microwell device and method
EP0834729A2 (en) * 1996-09-26 1998-04-08 Becton, Dickinson and Company DNA microwell device and method
US6657718B1 (en) * 1998-02-27 2003-12-02 Bran + Luebbe Gmbh Measuring cell for liquids
US5963318A (en) * 1998-08-07 1999-10-05 Bio-Tek Holdings, Inc. Method of and apparatus for performing fixed pathlength vertical photometry
US6864985B1 (en) 1999-05-19 2005-03-08 Merck Patent Gmbh Measuring turbidities by reflectometry
WO2000071994A1 (de) * 1999-05-19 2000-11-30 Merck Patent Gmbh Messung von trübungen mittels reflektometrie
US20030118485A1 (en) * 1999-11-10 2003-06-26 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Flow cell for synthesis of arrays of DNA probes and the like
US20020149773A1 (en) * 2001-03-19 2002-10-17 Martino Anthony Joseph Method and apparatus for measuring the color properties of fluids
US6888636B2 (en) * 2001-03-19 2005-05-03 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Method and apparatus for measuring the color properties of fluids
US20050163663A1 (en) * 2001-03-19 2005-07-28 Martino Anthony J. Method and apparatus for measuring the color properties of fluids
US7911615B2 (en) * 2001-03-19 2011-03-22 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Method and apparatus for measuring the color properties of fluids
US7339674B2 (en) 2003-03-07 2008-03-04 The Sherwin-Williams Company Apparatus and method for changing the color of a flow of fluid
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FR2475224A1 (fr) 1981-08-07
DE3103476C2 (ja) 1992-01-30
CA1139589A (en) 1983-01-18
IT1129923B (it) 1986-06-11
FR2475224B1 (fr) 1985-06-07
GB2068578B (en) 1983-11-09
JPS56128444A (en) 1981-10-07
IT8068834A0 (it) 1980-12-01
GB2068578A (en) 1981-08-12
JPH0141934B2 (ja) 1989-09-08

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