US4149228A - Compact uniform light diffuser and attenuator - Google Patents
Compact uniform light diffuser and attenuator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4149228A US4149228A US05/818,263 US81826377A US4149228A US 4149228 A US4149228 A US 4149228A US 81826377 A US81826377 A US 81826377A US 4149228 A US4149228 A US 4149228A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- tubes
- tube
- diffuser according
- input face
- diffuser
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/02—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements
- G02B5/0205—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V5/00—Refractors for light sources
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
Definitions
- the usual method of providing a uniformly illuminated source of diffuser light is to place a condensing lens between a point light source and a diffusing screen.
- the condensing lens has to be a certain distance from the diffusing screen and the light bulb to work properly. If the light level at the diffusing screen is to be varied, it is necessary to use neutral density filters, a variable iris or a combination of the two.
- the resulting structure requires a great deal of space, is difficult to fabricate and is very expensive.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a light diffuser and attenuator which is light, compact, easy to fabricate, inexpensive, easy to maintain and which can be used to illuminate a standard resolution pattern.
- FIG. 1 shows the diffuser according to the present invention in combination with a sliding tube light attenuator
- FIG. 2 shows the same diffuser as in FIG. 1 in combination with a sliding and/or rotating tube attenuator.
- the diffuser is seen to comprise basically a cup shaped member 11 of light conducting plastic, e.g., Lucite, having a generally C-shaped cross-section.
- the cross-section is symmetrical about its axis 12.
- the image wall 13 of member 11 which is centered on the axis and extends in a flat circular configuration almost to the most remote dimension of the diffuser from the axis.
- the collector wall 14 is a toroidal continuation of the image wall and curves sharply away from the plane of the image wall until it approaches the axis of the diffuser at an angle of about 85°.
- a cylindrical input face 15 at a normal distance from the axis of about 3/8 inches its maximum distance from the axis being about 11/8 inches to form a conelike toroidal structure.
- Both walls are composed of a light conducting material such as Lucite and are preferably constructed in one place. The wall thickness is approximately 3/8 inches.
- the outer surface of the collector wall is covered with a light reflecting coating 16 such as a white gloss paint.
- the inner surface is covered by a similar coating 17 on both the collector and the image walls.
- the generally cylindrical input surface 15 of the collector wall is not coated, but is polished to improve light transmission. A transparent non-reflective coating (e.g., ⁇ 4) can be used on this surface, if greater efficiency is required.
- the inner surface of the image wall is additionally covered with a black felt 18 or similar material to block direct transmission of light into the wall through this surface.
- the outer surface 19 of this same wall is provided with a fine grain either by removing or etching transparent material therefrom.
- One method calling "hydrohoning” involves passing a liquid such as water containing #600 abrasive grit over the plastic surface. The grain must, of course, be much finer than the resolution of the pattern on the transparency 20 to be reviewed.
- the transparency 20 is mounted on the external face 19 of the image wall.
- the light source 21 is a low power bulb (2 volt - 0.06 amp) which is mounted on the end of a sliding hollow tube 22.
- This tube slides in a stationary close fitting outer tube 23 supported in fixed relationship to diffuser 11 by housing surfaces 24 (shown in outline only).
- Tube 23 is coaxial with the diffuser and terminates adjacent the nearest edge of input face 15 and the two are about the same diameter.
- the lead 24 (or leads if the housing is not used as a return conductor) may pass through a hollow anti-rotation stop pin 26 set in the wall of tube 22. This pin rides in a lead slot 27 in the outer tube 23. The lead circles the tube several times and threads through housing elements to batteries located in the housing. Slot 27 extends nearly to the ends of the tube 23 to maintain a small percentage of overlap.
- FIG. 2 shows a different arrangement of the elements in FIG. 1 to provide an attenuator that varies the light source from zero to maximum.
- the bulb projecting out the end of tube 32, it is located inside it.
- the moveable tube does not slide but rotates.
- one terminal of the bulb may be electrically attached to the inner tube 33, a washer shaped bulb support 40 and metal housing 24 forming a ground return.
- the bulb remains centered opposite the face 15.
- the end of tube 32 may be closed with an opaque end piece 34.
- the two tubes are provided with mating equal slots 33 separated by equal spacings. A large number of slots are used to spread the light more evenly around the circumference of the input face 15 and are slanted for the same purpose.
- a hollow pin 38 in the rotating tube and a slot 39 in the stationary tube or vice-versa permits leads 37 to enter the tube to support (in lieu of washer 34) and/or supply the bulb. It is preferred that the inner tube 32 rotate, but if it is pinned to the housng through a slot like slot 39, the outer tube can be the rotating member.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
Abstract
A compact uniform light diffuser and attenuator is supplied for use with h resolution transparencies and the like, particularly standard resolution patterns.
Description
The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and licensed by the U.S. Government for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon.
The usual method of providing a uniformly illuminated source of diffuser light is to place a condensing lens between a point light source and a diffusing screen. The condensing lens has to be a certain distance from the diffusing screen and the light bulb to work properly. If the light level at the diffusing screen is to be varied, it is necessary to use neutral density filters, a variable iris or a combination of the two. The resulting structure requires a great deal of space, is difficult to fabricate and is very expensive.
An object of the present invention is to provide a light diffuser and attenuator which is light, compact, easy to fabricate, inexpensive, easy to maintain and which can be used to illuminate a standard resolution pattern.
The invention is best understood with reference to the attached drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 shows the diffuser according to the present invention in combination with a sliding tube light attenuator; and
FIG. 2 shows the same diffuser as in FIG. 1 in combination with a sliding and/or rotating tube attenuator.
Referring specifically to FIG. 1, the diffuser is seen to comprise basically a cup shaped member 11 of light conducting plastic, e.g., Lucite, having a generally C-shaped cross-section. The cross-section is symmetrical about its axis 12. The image wall 13 of member 11 which is centered on the axis and extends in a flat circular configuration almost to the most remote dimension of the diffuser from the axis. The collector wall 14 is a toroidal continuation of the image wall and curves sharply away from the plane of the image wall until it approaches the axis of the diffuser at an angle of about 85°. It terminates in a cylindrical input face 15 at a normal distance from the axis of about 3/8 inches its maximum distance from the axis being about 11/8 inches to form a conelike toroidal structure. Both walls are composed of a light conducting material such as Lucite and are preferably constructed in one place. The wall thickness is approximately 3/8 inches. The outer surface of the collector wall is covered with a light reflecting coating 16 such as a white gloss paint. The inner surface is covered by a similar coating 17 on both the collector and the image walls. The generally cylindrical input surface 15 of the collector wall is not coated, but is polished to improve light transmission. A transparent non-reflective coating (e.g., λ4) can be used on this surface, if greater efficiency is required. The inner surface of the image wall is additionally covered with a black felt 18 or similar material to block direct transmission of light into the wall through this surface. The outer surface 19 of this same wall is provided with a fine grain either by removing or etching transparent material therefrom. One method calling "hydrohoning" involves passing a liquid such as water containing #600 abrasive grit over the plastic surface. The grain must, of course, be much finer than the resolution of the pattern on the transparency 20 to be reviewed. The transparency 20 is mounted on the external face 19 of the image wall.
The light source 21 is a low power bulb (2 volt - 0.06 amp) which is mounted on the end of a sliding hollow tube 22. This tube slides in a stationary close fitting outer tube 23 supported in fixed relationship to diffuser 11 by housing surfaces 24 (shown in outline only). Tube 23 is coaxial with the diffuser and terminates adjacent the nearest edge of input face 15 and the two are about the same diameter. As the tube 22 is drawn into tube 23 the light entering the surface 15 is attenuated from a maximum which occurs with the bulb centered opposite that surface. The lead 24 (or leads if the housing is not used as a return conductor) may pass through a hollow anti-rotation stop pin 26 set in the wall of tube 22. This pin rides in a lead slot 27 in the outer tube 23. The lead circles the tube several times and threads through housing elements to batteries located in the housing. Slot 27 extends nearly to the ends of the tube 23 to maintain a small percentage of overlap.
FIG. 2 shows a different arrangement of the elements in FIG. 1 to provide an attenuator that varies the light source from zero to maximum. Instead of the bulb projecting out the end of tube 32, it is located inside it. In this embodiment the moveable tube does not slide but rotates. To support the bulb and facilitate electrical connections, one terminal of the bulb may be electrically attached to the inner tube 33, a washer shaped bulb support 40 and metal housing 24 forming a ground return. The bulb remains centered opposite the face 15. If desired, the end of tube 32 may be closed with an opaque end piece 34. The two tubes are provided with mating equal slots 33 separated by equal spacings. A large number of slots are used to spread the light more evenly around the circumference of the input face 15 and are slanted for the same purpose. A hollow pin 38 in the rotating tube and a slot 39 in the stationary tube or vice-versa permits leads 37 to enter the tube to support (in lieu of washer 34) and/or supply the bulb. It is preferred that the inner tube 32 rotate, but if it is pinned to the housng through a slot like slot 39, the outer tube can be the rotating member.
The details of the transparency pattern 20 are given in Table 1. With such a pattern the diffuser makes an ideal structure for the target of the image intensifier test device disclosed in copending Patent Application Ser. No. 818,264 (EPA 1691) filed on even date herewith; wherein a more detailed disclosure of housing elements, like elements 24 in FIG. 1, can be seen.
Many variations of the structures disclosed herein will be immediately obvious to those skilled in the art, but the invention is to be limited only as defined in the claims which follow.
TABLE 1
__________________________________________________________________________
USAF RESOLUTION CHART DATA
USAF 1951
Part No. 040970-482
__________________________________________________________________________
The need to assign numerical dimensions and tollerances to the
performance of optical systems and photographic processes has resulted in
the
general acceptance of the USAF 1951 resolving power test target. The
basic
pattern dimensions employed in the test target are defined in MIL 150-A,
paragraph 5.1.1.7.
The standard USAF 1951 target consists of a series of patterns
decreasing
in size in a geometric progression as the sixth root of 2. The number of
lines
per millimeter doubles with every sixth target element. The
width-of-line/
width-of-space ratio is a nominal 1:1 and the line length to line width
ratio
is 5:1. -
Resolution targets are available in negative form (clear bars and
opaque
background) and positive form (opaque bars and clear background).
The target contrast is normally specified as either high, medium, or low
with contrast defined as the density difference between the line and the
background.
INTERVAL
.
a line or a space
UNIT .
a line and the adjacent space
PATTERN
.
three lines and two included spaces
ELEMENT
.
consists of two patterns at right angles to each other, and
separated by one unit width
RESOLUTION RANGE BY GROUP AND ELEMENT
Groups
ELEMENTS
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 0.250
0.500
1.00
2.00
4.00
8.00
16.0
32.0
64.0
128
2 0.281
0.561
1.12
2.24
4.49
8.98
17.9
35.9
71.8
143
3 0.315
0.629
1.26
2.52
5.04
10.1
20.1
40.3
80.6
161
4 0.354
0.707
1.41
2.83
5.66
11.3
22.6
45.3
90.5
181
5 0.397
0.794
1.59
3.17
6.35
12.7
25.4
50.8
101
203
6 0.445
0.891
1.78
3.56
7.13
14.3
28.5
57.0
114
228
__________________________________________________________________________
Claims (10)
1. A compact light diffuser comprising:
a cup shaped toroidal member of C-shaped axial cross-section, made from light conducting plastic, having an axis of revolution, a flat circular image wall centered normal to said axis and a smoothly curved collector wall extending said image wall and terminating in a right circularly cylindrical input face coaxial with said axis;
a coating of glossy white paint covering the inner surface said member to the edge of said input face and the outer surface of said collector wall; and
the outer surface of said image wall having a light scattering translucent surface.
2. A diffuser according to claim 1 wherein:
said walls have a uniform thickness.
3. A diffuser according to claim 1 wherein:
a layer of opaque light absorbing material covers the portion of said coating on said image wall.
4. A diffuser according to claim 1 wherein:
a light source is mounted on said axis adjacent said input face and interconnected with said cup-shaped member of means of housing members.
5. A diffuser according to claim 4 wherein said housing members include:
a pair of generally equal length close fitting overlapping tubes coaxial with said axis;
a first support means to rigidly interconnect a first of said tubes with respect to said diffuser; and
a second support means to locate said light source a fixed distance from the end of the second of said tubes.
6. A diffuser according to claim 5 wherein:
said second tube is slideable within said first tube;
said first tube has approximately the same diameter as said input face and and abuts thereto; and
said light source is located at the approximate center of the space defined by said input face, when said tubes are fully overlapped.
7. A diffuser according to claim 5 wherein:
said second tube fully overlaps said first tube and is rotatable relative thereto,
the illuminated end of each tube overlaps said input face, each said illuminated end contains a plurality of equal shutter slots with equal spacing extending around the entire circumference thereof; and
said light source is located at the center of the space with said input face.
8. A diffuser according to claim 6 wherein:
one of said tubes contains an aperture for a lead to said source;
stop means interconnect said tubes to prevent relative rotation and limit the relative axial positions of the tubes to maintain at least a small percentage of overlap; and
the remaining tube contains an axial lead slot which continuously overlaps said aperture at all relative overlapping positions of the tubes.
9. The diffuser according to claim 7 wherein:
one of said tubes contains a lead aperture for the lead from said light source;
stop means are provided to prevent relative axial movements and to limit the relative rotation between the tubes to the angle defined by the circumferential arc subtending one shutter slot; and
the remaining tube contains a circumferential slot having which overlaps the lead aperture at all angular positions of the tubes.
10. The diffuser according to claim 1 wherein:
a standard resolution trasparency is attached to said image wall on said outer surface.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/818,263 US4149228A (en) | 1977-07-22 | 1977-07-22 | Compact uniform light diffuser and attenuator |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/818,263 US4149228A (en) | 1977-07-22 | 1977-07-22 | Compact uniform light diffuser and attenuator |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US4149228A true US4149228A (en) | 1979-04-10 |
Family
ID=25225094
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/818,263 Expired - Lifetime US4149228A (en) | 1977-07-22 | 1977-07-22 | Compact uniform light diffuser and attenuator |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4149228A (en) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0109686A2 (en) * | 1982-11-22 | 1984-05-30 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd. | Color sensor |
| EP0161718A2 (en) * | 1981-09-16 | 1985-11-21 | Dysan Corporation | Improved removable disk cartridge |
| US20050188608A1 (en) * | 2001-10-10 | 2005-09-01 | Dunlop Donald D. | Process for drying coal |
| US20060096167A1 (en) * | 2001-10-10 | 2006-05-11 | Dunlop Donald D | Process for in-situ passivation of partially-dried coal |
| US20090285727A1 (en) * | 2006-11-14 | 2009-11-19 | Uri Levy | Illumination unit for liquid disinfection systems |
| US20100258508A1 (en) * | 2006-11-14 | 2010-10-14 | Uri Levy | Method and apparatus for liquid disinfection using light transparent conduit |
| US20100263269A1 (en) * | 2001-10-10 | 2010-10-21 | River Basin Energy, Inc. | Process for Drying Coal |
| US20100264329A1 (en) * | 2006-11-14 | 2010-10-21 | Zohar Vardiel | Method and apparatus for liquid disinfection using light transparent conduit |
| US8956426B2 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2015-02-17 | River Basin Energy, Inc. | Method of drying biomass |
| US9057037B2 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2015-06-16 | River Basin Energy, Inc. | Post torrefaction biomass pelletization |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3848122A (en) * | 1973-09-13 | 1974-11-12 | Itek Corp | Adjustable light diffuser for an optical projection system |
-
1977
- 1977-07-22 US US05/818,263 patent/US4149228A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3848122A (en) * | 1973-09-13 | 1974-11-12 | Itek Corp | Adjustable light diffuser for an optical projection system |
Cited By (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0161718A2 (en) * | 1981-09-16 | 1985-11-21 | Dysan Corporation | Improved removable disk cartridge |
| EP0161718A3 (en) * | 1981-09-16 | 1986-01-08 | Dysan Corporation | Improved removable disk cartridge |
| EP0109686A2 (en) * | 1982-11-22 | 1984-05-30 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd. | Color sensor |
| EP0109686A3 (en) * | 1982-11-22 | 1985-12-11 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd. | Color sensor |
| US20100263269A1 (en) * | 2001-10-10 | 2010-10-21 | River Basin Energy, Inc. | Process for Drying Coal |
| US20050188608A1 (en) * | 2001-10-10 | 2005-09-01 | Dunlop Donald D. | Process for drying coal |
| US7537622B2 (en) | 2001-10-10 | 2009-05-26 | Fmi Newcoal, Inc. | Process for drying coal |
| US8197561B2 (en) | 2001-10-10 | 2012-06-12 | River Basin Energy, Inc. | Process for drying coal |
| US7695535B2 (en) | 2001-10-10 | 2010-04-13 | River Basin Energy, Inc. | Process for in-situ passivation of partially-dried coal |
| US20060096167A1 (en) * | 2001-10-10 | 2006-05-11 | Dunlop Donald D | Process for in-situ passivation of partially-dried coal |
| US20100258508A1 (en) * | 2006-11-14 | 2010-10-14 | Uri Levy | Method and apparatus for liquid disinfection using light transparent conduit |
| US20100264329A1 (en) * | 2006-11-14 | 2010-10-21 | Zohar Vardiel | Method and apparatus for liquid disinfection using light transparent conduit |
| US20090285727A1 (en) * | 2006-11-14 | 2009-11-19 | Uri Levy | Illumination unit for liquid disinfection systems |
| US8414779B2 (en) | 2006-11-14 | 2013-04-09 | Atlantium Technologies Ltd. | Method and apparatus for liquid disinfection using light transparent conduit |
| US9320818B2 (en) | 2006-11-14 | 2016-04-26 | Atlantium Technologies Ltd | Method and apparatus for liquid disinfection using light transparent conduit |
| US10427954B2 (en) | 2006-11-14 | 2019-10-01 | Atlantium Technologies Ltd | Method and apparatus for liquid disinfection using light transparent conduit |
| US10494273B2 (en) | 2006-11-14 | 2019-12-03 | Atlantium Technologies Ltd | Method and apparatus for liquid disinfection using light transparent conduit |
| WO2011038089A1 (en) | 2009-09-24 | 2011-03-31 | River Basin Energy, Inc. | Process for drying coal |
| US8956426B2 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2015-02-17 | River Basin Energy, Inc. | Method of drying biomass |
| US9057037B2 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2015-06-16 | River Basin Energy, Inc. | Post torrefaction biomass pelletization |
| US9988588B2 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2018-06-05 | River Basin Energy, Inc. | Post torrefaction biomass pelletization |
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