US3915721A - Resistor for spark plug - Google Patents

Resistor for spark plug Download PDF

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Publication number
US3915721A
US3915721A US399275A US39927573A US3915721A US 3915721 A US3915721 A US 3915721A US 399275 A US399275 A US 399275A US 39927573 A US39927573 A US 39927573A US 3915721 A US3915721 A US 3915721A
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United States
Prior art keywords
resistor
resistance
oxide
glass
resistance material
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Expired - Lifetime
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US399275A
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English (en)
Inventor
Osami Kamigaito
Hideyuki Masaki
Masami Oki
Masatosi Suzuki
Yasuo Nakamura
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Denso Corp
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NipponDenso Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
    • H01T13/40—Sparking plugs structurally combined with other devices
    • H01T13/41—Sparking plugs structurally combined with other devices with interference suppressing or shielding means

Definitions

  • the resistor for spark plugs used in an internal combustion engine.
  • the resistor comprises a resistance material consisting of tantalum oxide, tin oxide and antimony oxide in proper proportion by weight.
  • the present invention relates to spark plugs which do not cause communication radio wave interference, and more particularly the present invention relates to a resistor of 3 to kiloohms used with internal combustion engine spark plugs of the type which are provided with a center electrode.
  • spark plugs heretofore used in internal combustion engines have been of the type which employ a low resistance center electrode.
  • a disadvantage of this type of spark plugs is that the radio waves generated upon the production of a spark at the spark plug in service gives rise to communication radio wave interference. With the recent development of communications, the consideration of remedial measures against radio wave interference has become increasingly important.
  • the insertion of a resistor in the electric circuit for the spark plug has been proposed as a means of suppressing the interference and various methods have been used for this purpose. These methods may be divided into two classes: one in which the resistor is inserted in the spark plug itself and the other in which the resistor is inserted in the high tension cable for the ignition circuit.
  • spark plugs of the type having a conducting seal composed of a conductive material bonded with a highly heat resisting glass material of low melting point have been extensively used.
  • Such a conducting glass seal is prepared by mixing a resistance material such as a powdered metal (e.g., copper, iron nickel or nickel-chromium type metal) or carbon or a powdered low resistance metal oxide (zinc oxide, barium borate, chrome dioxide, chrom trioxide, nickel oxide or the like) with a powdered low melting glass such as borosilicate type glass, heating the mixture up to a temperature higher than the softening temperature of the glass, and compressing and sealing it in place with the electrode, thus producing a resistor with this sealed glass member.
  • a resistance material such as a powdered metal (e.g., copper, iron nickel or nickel-chromium type metal) or carbon or a powdered low resistance metal oxide (zinc oxide, barium borate, chrome dioxide, chrom trioxide, nickel oxide or the like)
  • a powdered low melting glass such as borosilicate type glass
  • the specific resistances of spark plug resistors produced in this manner are all lower than 0.01 kfl-cm and'the insertion of such a low resistance resistor in the spark plug can provide only a resistance of lower than 0.1 kQ which practically has no noise suppressing effect.
  • the amount of glass in this resistor may be increased to produce a high resistance resistor for spark plugs
  • the specific resistances of resistors that may be produced by slightly changing the amount of glass are subject to extremely wide variations ranging from 0.01 to 1000 kQ-cm and thus their manufacture is impractical.
  • the resistance material disperses in the glass material and thus the resistor is structurally unstable and not well suited for practical use.
  • a resistor for spark plugs which is composed of a high resistance material having a novel composition and which has a high resistance of 3 to 20 kiloohms that is effective in suppressing noise.
  • the resistor for spark plugs according to the present invention has among its great advantages the fact that the specific resistance of the resistor is readily controlled by adjusting the amount of added tantalum oxide and thereforethe resistance value can be easily increased without resorting to any complicated procedure of increasing the amount of glass to obtain an increased resistance value.
  • the range of variations of the resistance value of the resistor is narrow and it has a structural stability with the required resistance value of 3 to 20 kiloohms. Further, a wider range of sintering temperatures usable in the manufacture of this resistor is a great convenience to the manufacture thereof.
  • FIGS. 1 to 6 are graphs for the experimental examples of this invention, in which:
  • FIG. 1 shows the relationship between the amount of antimony oxide in a resistor produced by combining tin oxide and antimony oxide together with a glass and the change in resistance before and after spark discharge;
  • FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the amount of antimony oxide in a resistance material consisting of tin oxide and antimony oxide and the specific resistance thereof;
  • FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the spark discharge period and the specific resistance of a resistor according to the present invention
  • FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the temperature and the specific resistance of the resistor of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the amount of tantalum oxide in resistance materials and the specific resistance and the resistance value of resistors
  • FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the amount of glass in the resistor and the specific resistance thereof
  • FIG. 7 is a sectional front view of a spark plug having sealed therein the resistor according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a sectional front view of another spark plug in which the resistor of this invention is provided in place in the form of a rod-shaped resistor.
  • a novel spark plug resistor provided in accordance with the present invention is produced by sintering (bonding), with a low melting glass, a resistance material having the composition: tantalum oxide 1-30 by weight, tin oxide 63-98 by weight and antimony oxide 0.7-9.9 by weight.
  • the tantalum oxide consists of tantalum pentoxide (Ta O tin oxide consists of tin monoxide (SnO) or tin dioxide (Sno antimony oxide consists of antimony trioxide (Sb O or antimony tetroxide (Sb O and the low melting glass consists of borosilicate type glass. While the resistance material is composed of these oxide of tantalum, tin and antimony in the previously mentioned composition ranges, this composition is determined on the following reasons.
  • the resistance material in order that this resistance material may ensure a stable performance of the spark plug, that is, the change of the rsistance value of the resistor due to the repeated ignition may be reduced, it is essential that the resistance material contains tin oxide and antimony oxide in proper proportions. Namely, the resistance material should comprise between 90-99 (by weight and this is the same with all other percentages) of tin oxide and between ll% of the antimony oxide. If the antimony oxide content is less than 1%, the aforesaid stable performance of the spark plug is deteriorated.
  • the proportion of tantalum oxide to be mixed is such that a total amount of tin oxide and antimony oxide is between 70-90 and the remaining tantalum oxide content is between 30-1 If the tantalum oxide content is less than 1 in the case of an ordinarily employed spark plug of practical size, it is difficult to obtain a resistor of over 3 kiloohms. On the other hand, if this content is higher than 30 it is difficult to obtain a resistor of less than 20 kiloohms. As will be seen from this fact, the preferred proportions of the constituents in the composition of the resistance material as a whole are ultimately determined, as mentioned previously, as follows: tantalum oxide 1-30 tin oxide 63-98 antimony oxide 0.7-9.9
  • the proportions of the resistance material and the low melting glass should preferably be such that the resistance material is in the range 40-90 and the glass is in the range 60-10
  • the amount of glass exceeds 60 the glass enters between the particles of the resistance material thus increasing the resistance value considerably, while even a slight change in the amount of glass results in a large variation of the resistance value and it is difficult to obtain a resistor with the desired resistance (FIG. 6).
  • the glass content should preferably be greater than in order to ensure the bonding of the resistance material.
  • the amount of the glass should preferably be in the range or above from the gastight point of view.
  • the resistor according to the present invention may be utilized by sealing it in the spark plug between its center electrode and central conductor as mentioned above, or alternately the resistor may be inserted in the spark plug in the form of a solid resistor or it may be placed in the high tension conductor cable for the ignition circuit outside of the spark plug.
  • a resistor 2 When the resistor is to be sealed in the spark plug, as shown in FIG. 7, a resistor 2 is compressed and sealed between a center electrode 3 inserted in the lower end of the bore formed in an insulator 4 and a central conductor I inserted above the center electrode 3, thereby joining them together.
  • the resistor serves not only to suppress communication radio wave interference, but also to provide the required electric conduction between the center electrode 3 and the central conductor 1 and hermetically seal them to the insulator.
  • numeral 5 designates a housing
  • numeral 6 a ground electrode.
  • the resistor according to this invention is inserted in the form of a rod-shaped solid resistor.
  • a center electrode 3 inserted in the lower end of the bore formed in an insulator 4' is enclosed by a conventional high-conductive substance 7 and a metal conductor 9 is fixedly placed above the substance 7;
  • a spring 8 and a resistor 2 according to this invention is placed between this spring 8 and a central conductor 1'.
  • the central conductor 1 is screwed into the bore of the insulator 4' to securely hold the resistor 2' in place.
  • the resistor 2 is not required to serve as a seal as in the spark plug shown in FIG. 7.
  • the resistor according to the present invention comprises a resistance material composed of the above-mentioned three constituents, i.e., tantalum oxide, tin oxide and antimony oxide and bonded with a low melting glass.
  • This resistor is produced according to the following procedure: tin oxide and antimony oxide are mixed and then heated to a high temperature to cause reaction between the two elements. The resultant reaction substance is added with tantalum oxide and reheated to an elevated temperature to cause reaction therebetween.
  • a low melting point glass such as borosilicate glass is added to the ternary resistance material in fine powder form and a small quantity of an adhesive substance such as polyvinyl alcohol is also added.
  • This mixture is then placed in the spark plug or alternately it is placed in a molding form, heated to an elevated temperature to soften the glass and then cooled to produce a resistor.
  • this resistor is to be placed in the spark plug, as in the case of a conventional sealed-resistor type spark plug, the abovementioned mixture is placed, as shown in FIG. 7, between the center electrode 3 and the central conductor 1 and a pressure is applied to the central conductor 1 to compress and seal the resistor in place at an elevated temperature, thereby producing the spark plug having the resistor 2 sealed between the central conductor 1 and the electrode 3.
  • the mixture when the abovementioned mixture is to be placed in the molding form, the mixture is inserted for example in a cylindrical molding form, heated and then cooled to produce a cylindrical resistor.
  • This resistor is inserted, as the resistor 2', between the conductor 9 electrically connected to the center electrode 3' and the central conductor l as shown in FIG. 8.
  • each of the resistors in the experimental examples was produced by mixing given amounts of the resistance material and the glass together, heating the mixture to soften the glass and then bonding the resistance material with the glass.
  • FIG. 1 shows the results of the tests on the changes in the resistance values of the resistors before and after the discharging of spark for a period of 250 hours.
  • the ordinate represents the rate of change of the resistance value
  • the abscissa represents the amount of the added antimony oxide in the binary resistance materials consisting of tin oxide and antimony oxide.
  • the antimony oxide content is less than 1 the change of the resistance value before and after the test is extremely great and the resultant resistor cannot be put in any practical use.
  • the antimony oxide content is over 1 the change of the resistance value is small and particularly the antimony oxide content of over 2 reduces the change of the resistance value to almost naught with resultant superior stability.
  • the antimony oxide content exceeds the resistance material will be increasingly melted into the glass and thus bubbles tend to remain in the glass, making it foarmy and thus unsuitable to any practical use.
  • FIG. 2 shows the specific resistance of the binary resistance material in which tin oxide was caused to react with antimony oxide.
  • the ordinate represents the specific resistance (kQ-cm) and the abscissa represents the amount of the added antimony oxide The ordinate is in the logarithmic scale and the abscissa is in the uniform scale.
  • the specific resistance of the resistor comprising the bindary system resistance material consisting of tin oxide and antimony oxide is in the very low range of less than 0.00007 kQ-cm when the amount of the added antimony oxide is less than 10
  • tantalum oxide is added as a third constituent to the above-described binary system resistance material, the specific resistance of the resultant material may be increased by about 10 10 times.
  • the stability of the ternary system resistance material comprising such tin oxide, antimony oxide and tantalum oxide will be described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • FIG. 3 shows the results of the tests conducted according to the load life testing method for automobile spark plugs with resistor defined in .IISD 5102 on the resistor composed of the ternary resistance material containing 90 tin oxide, 5 antimony oxide and 5 tantalum oxide and a borosilicate glass mixed with each other in equal proportions.
  • the specific resistance (kQ-cm) of the spark plug resistor was checked after the spark discharging over a predetermined period of time.
  • the ordinate represents the specific resistance
  • the abscissa represents the period of spark discharging.
  • the ordinate and abscissa are both in the logarithmic scales.
  • the specific resistance of the resistor shows almost no change with increase in the spark discharging period and proves that this spark plug resistor lends itself to be an excellent resistor.
  • FIG. 4 shows the results of the heat tests conducted on the resistors comprising the above-described ternary system resistance material according to the method of test for automobile spark plugs with resistor defined in JIS 5102.
  • the ordinate represents the specific resistance (kQ-cm) and the abscissa represents the temperature (C) of the resistor and the symbol R indicates the fact that the resistor is at the normal temperature and the specific resistance value indicates the one obtained when the resistor heated to 300C was cooled to the normal temperature.
  • the ordinate is in the logarithmic scale and the abscissa is in the uniform scale.
  • the ordinate represents the resistance value (kQ) of the resistor and the corresponding specific resistance (kQ-cm) and the abscissa represents the amount of tantalum oxide in the resistance material.
  • the lines a, b and c are for the compositions where the proportions of tin oxide and antimony oxide differ from one another.
  • Each of the lines represents the specific resistance and resistance value of a resistor in which the above two constituents in predetermined proportions and tantalum oxide are mixed with each other in varying proportions and then bonded with the low melting glass.
  • the line a shows the resistance value (and the specific resistance) of, the spark plug resistors obtained by using resistance materials comprising a binary system resistance material containing 99 tin oxide and l antimony oxide and tantalum oxide as a third constitution which are mixed in varying proportions, and mixing each of these resistance materials and the low melting points glass half and half.
  • the line b shows the resistance value (and the specific resistance) of the spark plug resistors obtained by using resistance materials comprising a binary system resistance material containing 95 tin oxide and 5 antimony oxide and tantalum oxide which are mixed with each other in varying proportions, and mixing each of these resistance materials and the low, melting glass half and half.
  • the line c shows the resistance value (and the specific resistance) of the spark plug resistors obtained by using resistance materials comprising a binary system resistance material containing 90 tin oxide and IO antimony oxide and tantalum oxide which are mixed with each other in varying proportions, and mixing each of these resistance materials and the low melting glass half and half.
  • the resistors used are of the rod-shaped type having the dimensions of 2.2 mm length and 3 mm diameter.
  • the resistance value of the resistor increases in proportion to an increase in the amount of tantalum oxide contained in the resistance material and this tendency remains the same independent of the proportions of tin oxide and antimony oxide in the resistance material. Further, the higher the tin oxide content is, the higher the resistance value will be. While the line a in FIG. represents the cases where the binary systems containing 99 tin oxide and l antimony oxide are mixed with tantalum oxide, they show the maximum value of tin oxide in the binary systems as mentioned earlier. In each of these cases, the tantalum oxide content in the resistance material should be in the range 1 or above in order that the resistance value of the resistor may become higher than 3 kiloohms.
  • the tantalum oxide content In the cases of the lines b and c where the tin oxide content is low, the tantalum oxide content of about 2.5 and above 4 respectively, produce the resistors of over 3 kiloohms.
  • the line c represents the cases where the amount of tin oxide in the binary systems is at the minimum value of 9 In each of these cases, the amount of tantalum oxide in the resistance material should be less than 30 in order that the resistance value of the resistor becomes lower than 20 kiloohms. Further, in the cases of the lines a and b where the tin oxide content is high, it is necessary that the tantalum oxide content be about 30 and less than 28 respectively.
  • the resistor having a resistance value of 3 to 20 kiloohms may be obtained. Further, as will be seen from FIG. 6 that will be explained later, this resistance value may also be varied somewhat by varying the amount of the low melting glass mixed with the resistance material.
  • EXAMPLE 1 In this example, 95 of tin dioxide and 5 of antimony trioxide were mixed and heated with each other in an alumina crucible at a temperature of 1 100C for 5 hours after which the mixture was cooled to the normal temperature. 85 of this product and 15 of tantalum pentoxide were intimately mixed and then reacted with each other at 1 100C for 5 hours. The resultant ternary resistance material in granular form was mixed with 50 of a powdered low melting glass containing borosilicate as its principal element and the mixture added with about 1 of an organic paste was milled. A given amount of this product was put, as
  • the resistance value of the resistor 2 produced in this way and located between the central conductor 1 and the center electrode 3 was 10 kiloohms at the normal temperature while it was 9 kiloohms when heated to 400C.
  • the gastight tests conducted on this spark plug resistor 2 revealed that it was superior showing no leakage even under the applied pressure of 30 kg/cm Tests conducted by installing this spark plug in an actual automobile engine showed that the amount of the noise produced was considerably low as compared with that produced by conventional spark plugs equipped with no resistor.
  • the above-described resistor comprised 50 of the resistance material containing 80.8 tin dioxide, 4.2 antimony trioxide and tantalum pentoxide and 50 of the glass.
  • a spark plug resistor according to the present invention is produced by sintering a resistance material containing 1-30 tantalum oxide, 63-98 tin deoxide and 0.7-9.9 antimony trioxide with a low melting glass, and thus it is possible to provide a spark plug resistor having a resistance value of 3 to kiloohms that is essential for the suppression of noises.
  • the specific resistance of the binary resistance material composed of tin dioxide and antimony oxide is increased from below 10 Q-cm up to l00l0,000 (ll-cm by a small addition of tantalum oxide as the third constituent and in this way the resistance value of the spark plug resistor can be increased without resorting to any complicated methods by which the amount of glass is increased to obtain an increased resistance value.
  • the specific resistance can be easily controlled by adjusting the amount of the added tantalum oxide.
  • a resistance material is produced by adding tantalum oxide as the third constituent to tin oxide and antimony oxide, there is a still further advantage in that when resistance material is mixed with a glass and heated to produce a sintered mass, the added tantalum oxides ensure a wider range of the sintering temperatures and hence a great convenience in the manufacture of the resistor.
  • a resistor having a resistance of 3-20 kiloohms for a spark plug comprising:
  • a resistance material 40 to 90% by weight of a resistance material, said resistance material being composed of tantalum oxide between lweight percent, tin oxide between 63-98 weight percent and antimony oxide between 07-99 weight percent, and a glass in an amount of 60 to 10% by weight for fixing said resistance material.
  • a resistor according to claim 1 wherein the glass is a borosilicate glass.
  • a resistor according to claim 1 wherein the glass oxide and antimony oxide. is between 20 and 60% by weight of the total of glass 5.
  • a resistor according to claim 1 wherein the resisand resistance material. tance material is 90% by weight tin oxide, 5% by weight 4.
  • mony oxide is l to by weight of the total of tin 5

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Non-Adjustable Resistors (AREA)
  • Spark Plugs (AREA)
US399275A 1972-09-22 1973-09-20 Resistor for spark plug Expired - Lifetime US3915721A (en)

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JP47095439A JPS529314B2 (US07709020-20100504-C00041.png) 1972-09-22 1972-09-22

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JP (1) JPS529314B2 (US07709020-20100504-C00041.png)
CA (1) CA1013938A (US07709020-20100504-C00041.png)
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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4065743A (en) * 1975-03-21 1977-12-27 Trw, Inc. Resistor material, resistor made therefrom and method of making the same
US4215020A (en) * 1978-04-03 1980-07-29 Trw Inc. Electrical resistor material, resistor made therefrom and method of making the same
US4293838A (en) * 1979-01-29 1981-10-06 Trw, Inc. Resistance material, resistor and method of making the same
US4655965A (en) * 1985-02-25 1987-04-07 Cts Corporation Base metal resistive paints
US6787068B1 (en) * 1999-10-08 2004-09-07 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Conductor composition
US20050093411A1 (en) * 2003-11-05 2005-05-05 Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. Spark plug having a multi-tiered center wire assembly
US20070293064A1 (en) * 2006-06-16 2007-12-20 Dennis Steinhardt Spark plug boot
US8013502B2 (en) 2007-05-17 2011-09-06 Federal-Mogul Corporation Small-diameter spark plug with resistive seal
CN110668808A (zh) * 2019-10-17 2020-01-10 新疆大学 电力系统输电用高非线性、低残压、大通流容量的SnO2压敏电阻及其制备方法
WO2020120121A1 (de) * 2018-12-13 2020-06-18 Robert Bosch Gmbh Zündkerzenwiderstandselement und zündkerze

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS586138Y2 (ja) * 1976-02-26 1983-02-02 株式会社富士通ゼネラル 偏向コイルの固定装置

Citations (8)

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US2152655A (en) * 1939-04-04 Spark plug insulator
US2853392A (en) * 1954-08-26 1958-09-23 Rca Corp Ceramic dielectric materials
US2864773A (en) * 1954-01-26 1958-12-16 Gen Motors Corp Semi-conductor composition
US2885521A (en) * 1957-02-11 1959-05-05 Horizons Inc Non-linear electric resistor
US3062668A (en) * 1960-03-30 1962-11-06 Itt Dielectric materials and processes of manufacturing same
US3235655A (en) * 1962-12-31 1966-02-15 Gen Motors Corp Resistor composition and devices embodying same
US3658583A (en) * 1969-10-11 1972-04-25 Ngk Insulators Ltd Method for producing semi-conducting glaze compositions for electric insulators
US3660124A (en) * 1968-06-25 1972-05-02 Tdk Electronics Co Ltd Ceramic dielectric compositions comprising calcium, lanthanum and lead titanates

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2152655A (en) * 1939-04-04 Spark plug insulator
US2864773A (en) * 1954-01-26 1958-12-16 Gen Motors Corp Semi-conductor composition
US2853392A (en) * 1954-08-26 1958-09-23 Rca Corp Ceramic dielectric materials
US2885521A (en) * 1957-02-11 1959-05-05 Horizons Inc Non-linear electric resistor
US3062668A (en) * 1960-03-30 1962-11-06 Itt Dielectric materials and processes of manufacturing same
US3235655A (en) * 1962-12-31 1966-02-15 Gen Motors Corp Resistor composition and devices embodying same
US3660124A (en) * 1968-06-25 1972-05-02 Tdk Electronics Co Ltd Ceramic dielectric compositions comprising calcium, lanthanum and lead titanates
US3658583A (en) * 1969-10-11 1972-04-25 Ngk Insulators Ltd Method for producing semi-conducting glaze compositions for electric insulators

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4065743A (en) * 1975-03-21 1977-12-27 Trw, Inc. Resistor material, resistor made therefrom and method of making the same
US4215020A (en) * 1978-04-03 1980-07-29 Trw Inc. Electrical resistor material, resistor made therefrom and method of making the same
US4293838A (en) * 1979-01-29 1981-10-06 Trw, Inc. Resistance material, resistor and method of making the same
US4655965A (en) * 1985-02-25 1987-04-07 Cts Corporation Base metal resistive paints
US6787068B1 (en) * 1999-10-08 2004-09-07 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Conductor composition
US7059926B2 (en) 2003-11-05 2006-06-13 Federal Mogul World Wide, Inc. Method of making a spark plug having a multi-tiered center wire assembly
US7019448B2 (en) * 2003-11-05 2006-03-28 Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. Spark plug having a multi-tiered center wire assembly
US20060099872A1 (en) * 2003-11-05 2006-05-11 Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. Method of making a spark plug having a multi-tiered center wire assembly
US20050093411A1 (en) * 2003-11-05 2005-05-05 Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. Spark plug having a multi-tiered center wire assembly
US20070293064A1 (en) * 2006-06-16 2007-12-20 Dennis Steinhardt Spark plug boot
US7455537B2 (en) 2006-06-16 2008-11-25 Briggs & Stratton Corporation Spark plug boot
US8013502B2 (en) 2007-05-17 2011-09-06 Federal-Mogul Corporation Small-diameter spark plug with resistive seal
US8272909B2 (en) 2007-05-17 2012-09-25 Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. Method of assembling a small-diameter spark plug with resistive seal
EP2763249A1 (en) 2007-05-17 2014-08-06 Federal-Mogul Ignition Company Small-diameter spark plug with resistive seal
WO2020120121A1 (de) * 2018-12-13 2020-06-18 Robert Bosch Gmbh Zündkerzenwiderstandselement und zündkerze
CN113169525A (zh) * 2018-12-13 2021-07-23 罗伯特·博世有限公司 火花塞电阻元件及火花塞
CN110668808A (zh) * 2019-10-17 2020-01-10 新疆大学 电力系统输电用高非线性、低残压、大通流容量的SnO2压敏电阻及其制备方法
CN110668808B (zh) * 2019-10-17 2022-07-22 新疆大学 电力系统输电用高非线性、低残压、大通流容量的SnO2压敏电阻的制备方法

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GB1424390A (en) 1976-02-11
CA1013938A (en) 1977-07-19
JPS529314B2 (US07709020-20100504-C00041.png) 1977-03-15
JPS4951426A (US07709020-20100504-C00041.png) 1974-05-18

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