US3913667A - Heat exchanger - Google Patents

Heat exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
US3913667A
US3913667A US399513A US39951373A US3913667A US 3913667 A US3913667 A US 3913667A US 399513 A US399513 A US 399513A US 39951373 A US39951373 A US 39951373A US 3913667 A US3913667 A US 3913667A
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United States
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
wall members
fluid
envelope
sheets
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US399513A
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English (en)
Inventor
Jean-Luc Ch Meylan
William H Frost
John G Meier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Battelle Memorial Institute Inc
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Battelle Memorial Institute Inc
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F25/00—Component parts of trickle coolers
    • F28F25/02—Component parts of trickle coolers for distributing, circulating, and accumulating liquid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28C—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT WITHOUT CHEMICAL INTERACTION
    • F28C1/00—Direct-contact trickle coolers, e.g. cooling towers
    • F28C1/14—Direct-contact trickle coolers, e.g. cooling towers comprising also a non-direct contact heat exchange
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D3/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium flows in a continuous film, or trickles freely, over the conduits
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/70—Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S165/00—Heat exchange
    • Y10S165/90—Cooling towers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S261/00—Gas and liquid contact apparatus
    • Y10S261/11—Cooling towers

Definitions

  • a heat exchanger for the cooling of water by an airstream comprises a plurality of generally parallel hollow wall members forming vertical passages to be traversed by the cooling air, each wall member consisting of an envelope of thin plastic sheet material provided at the top with an inlet for hot water which is allowed to flow down on the inner shell surfaces in a continuous film of liquid.
  • the envelope opens at the bottom into a pool of water and is sealed against the atmosphere to enable the maintenance therein of air under pressure inflating it against a reinforcing external grid of tensioned cables or the like.
  • FIG. 1 A first figure.
  • Our present invention relates to a heat exchanger designed to establish thermal contact between two fluids of different temperatures, at least one of these fluids being a liquid.
  • it concerns a heat exchanger designed to cool large quantities of hot water, such as the effluents of electric power plants or nuclear reactors, by thermal contact with the atmospheric air.
  • An alternative way of dissipating waste heat is the utilization of atmospheric air as a coolant.
  • This may be conventionally accomplished with the aid of cooling towers of either wet or dry" type through which the air is forced to circulate by natural draft and/or with the aid of blowers:
  • a wet tower the hot waste water is dispersed into the rising air stream for vaporization thereby; this is a relatively efficient way of cooling, resulting in only a minor rise in air temperature, but has the drawback of introducing additional moisture into the atmosphere which may lead to the formation of rather dense localized fog that can interfere with nearby road or air traffic.
  • a dry tower the water circulates through finned tubes which must have a large effective surface area and which entail considerably higher costs than wet towers of equivalent capacity; also, the rise in air temperature is substantially higher in that instance.
  • the general object of our present invention is to provide an improved heat exchanger for the purpose set forth which avoids the disadvantage of earlier systems of this type.
  • a more particular object is to provide means in such a heat exchanger for intensifying the thermal contact between two fluids, such as water and air, while keeping them physically separated from each other.
  • Each wall member includes a generally horizontal elevated support and an envelope of plastic sheet material suspended therefrom, this envelope comprising a pair of confronting sheets separated by an airspace.
  • a channel on the elevated support receives the other (liquid) fluid, such as hot water, via a supply conduit and discharges it through gaps, leading to the aforementioned airspace, onto the inner surfaces of the sheets for distribution along upper edge portions thereof from which this fluid descends in a continuous film along the sheet surfaces into a collector at the bottom of the envelope.
  • the liquid of the film interacts thermally over virtually the entire envelope area with the externally circulating air or other fluid.
  • each envelope is closed against the atmosphere at its top and sides while dipping at its bottom into a pool of liquid held in a basin which constitutes the aforementioned collector, the liquid level in that basin reaching above the envelope bottom so as to merge with the internally descending liquid films and to complete the seal.
  • the interior of the envelope can then be inflated by air or some inert gas under pressure, preferably against an external reinforcing grid such as an orthogonal array of wires, cables or similar flexible elements under tension.
  • reinforcing grids may also be used as bracing points for spacers which extend between adjacent wall members to keep them separated by a predetermined distance.
  • a particularly advantageous system incorporating a heat exchanger of this description comprises an annular array of such wall members extending substantially radially with reference to a vertical axis. This arrangement ensures that the liquid descending on both inner sheet surfaces of each wall member is in contact with a thermally coacting external fluid such as an airstream traversing the intervening passages.
  • the array of wall members may form part of a cooling tower including a flue centered on the axis thereof, this flue opening at its base into the air passages between the wall members.
  • the gaps extending from the supply channel of each wall member toward the inner sheet surfaces of its envelope may be constituted by series of apertures or by throughgoing longitudinal slots. They may be at least partly blocked by strips or threads of capillary material, such as porous polymers or textiles fabrics, which help distribute the liquid over the upper sheet edges and thus over the entire inner sheet surfaces.
  • FIG. 1 is a transverse sectional elevation of part of a heat exchanger according to our invention, including a pair of spacedly juxtaposed wall members;
  • FIG. 2 is a fragmentary view of a wall member as shown in FIG. 1 but drawn to a relatively reduced scale;
  • FIG. 3 is a somewhat diagrammatic top view of an annular array of wall members, drawn to a still smaller scale, as seen on the line III III of FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 4 is a sectional elevational view of a cooling tower embodying our invention, taken on the line IV IV of FIG. 3;
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 are detail views showing modifications of the top of the wall members illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 we have shown part of a heat exchanger designed to facilitate thermal interaction be tween a flow of hot water and a stream of atmospheric air.
  • the heat exchanger comprises a multiplicity of wall members 12, only two of which have been shown in FIG. 1.
  • Each wall member 12 comprises an overhead support in the form of a rigid tube 2 which encloses a supply channel 2b for hot water introduced, for example, by a pump as illustrated in FIG. 4.
  • the tube 2 is suspended from a ceiling 23, which may form part of the base of a cooling tower 24 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, with the aid of two sets of vertical rods or cables 4a which are anchored under tension to respective sockets 5 rising from a foundation 3 on the bottom of a basin 16.
  • Elements 4a form part of a pair of reinforcing grids each comprising a set of cables 4b which are also held under tension with the aid of nonillustrated springs, weights, jacks or the like.
  • the grids 4a, 4b bear upon the outer surfaces of a pair of sheets 1 of plastic material forming part of a flat upright envelope which in FIGS. 1 and 2 is shown draped about the tube 2 and which is also closed at its narrow sides as indicated at 1a.
  • the open bottom of this envelope dips into a pool of water W in basin 16 whose level N is well above the lower edge lb of the envelope; thus, the interior of the envelope is completely sealed against the atmosphere.
  • This interior is filled by a volume of air under pressure which results in a depression of the water level N within the envelope with reference to the outer level N.
  • Tube 2 is formed with two longitudinal rows of apertures 2a which open onto the inner surfaces of sheets 1 so as to distribute the incoming hot water over the upper edge portions of these surfaces. The distribution may be facilitated by wicks 22 extending from the apertures 2a into contact with the sheets.
  • the water from channel 2b descends in a pair of continuous films 6 along the confronting inner sheet surfaces into, the pool W from which it is constantly removed at the same rate, e.g., by a pump 17 as shown in FIG. 4, to maintain the level N substantiallyconstant.
  • the water In running down the sheets 1, the water is in intense heat-exchanging contact with an external airstream traversing the passage 25 between adjoining wall members 12, the width of this passage being maintained by a set of spacing bars 7 (only one shown in FIG. 1) engaging the reinforcing grids 4a, 4b on the two wall members.
  • the spacing of the tensioned elements 4a, 4b of these grids is sufficient to give the air almost complete access to the outer sheet surfaces.
  • the continuous tube 2 may be replaced by a profile 2' of inverted-U shape separated by narrow slots 2a from a plate 2'c to define a supply channel 2'b.
  • a capillary liner 20 advantageously consisting of a porous polymer such as silicone sponge, surrounds the channel 2'b and overlies the slots 2a to help distribute the water over the inner surfaces of a pair of plastic sheets 1 so as to form again two continuous liquid films 6' descending along these surfaces.
  • the sheets 1' are not integral with each other but are interconnected in airtight fashion by the profile 2.
  • the narrow sides of the envelope are formed by webs la which should be rigid enough to support the plates 2c.
  • FIG. 6 we show another modification in which a U-shaped profile 2" constitutes a trough forming part of an upwardly open channel 2"b communicating via clearances 2"a with the inner surfaces of a pair of plastic sheets 1 these clearances being occupied by capillary layers 21 which may be of the same material (e.g., silicone sponge) as liner 20 in FIG. 2.
  • the water in channel 2"b, overflowing the trough 2 penetrates the layers 21 and descends along the inner surfaces of sheets 1 in a pair of continuous films 6".
  • the narrow sides of the envelope formed by sheets 1" are closed by,
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 are also sufficiently fluidtightto be filled with air or some neutral gas under pressure to inflate the sheets 1 or 1" againstexternal reinforcing grids which have not been illustrated in these Figures.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show the overall construction of a heat exchanger according to our invention as embodied in. 1 cooling tower 24.
  • This tower comprises a flue 10 centered on a vertical axis 0 which is also the center of an annular array of wall members 12 separated by passages 25 as described above. Air flows radially inwardly at the base of the tower, either exclusively on account 1 of the updraft created in the flue or with the assistance of nonillustrated blowers which could be disposed between two annular treatment zonesZ, and Z alongside a set of water separators 1 1.
  • Outer zone Z is peripher ally divided into a multiplicity of sectoral compartments, aligned with respective radial passages 25, by piers 26 supporting the roof 23 which isintegral with the wall of flue 10.
  • Hot water, arriving through an inlet 14, is delivered by pump 15 to a circular conduit or manifold 13 communicating with all the tubes 2 (or their equivalents as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6) of the multiplicity of wall members 12 which define the inner treatment zone Z
  • the passing airstream cools the incoming water descending,,as described above, within the envelopes of wall members 12 and collecting at the bottom thereof in the annular basin 16 for extraction by the pump 17.
  • the latter feeds another annular manifold 8 serving a multiplicity of outwardly radiating nozzles 9 which, within the compartments of zone 2,, disperse the water into the oncoming airstream.
  • the water particles collect in an annular trough 18 at the bottom of these compartments, the cooled effluent being discharged via a conduit 19. Some of these particles are entrained by the air flow and are removed therefrom by the separator 1 1 which directs them into the trough 18.
  • the air rising within flue 10 after lowering the temperature of the water has a humidity not much different from that of the ambient atmosphere.
  • hydrophilic compositions are available for the plastic sheet material of the envelopes 1, 1', 1
  • the thickness of these sheets may be a fraction of a millimeter, e.g., approximately 0.2 mm. 7
  • the width of the passages 25 may be a multiple of the width of the airspace within each envelope, i.e., the distance separating the confronting sheet, surfaces; the ratio of the widths may be on the order of 5:1. In practice, these widths may be on the order of centimeters, e.g., 5 cm for the passage 25 and 1 cm for the wall member 12.
  • the height of the latter member may be on the order of meters, e.g., up to about 10 m, with a flue 111 ranging in height between approximately and m.
  • collector means for said first fluid at the bottom of said envelope
  • circulation means for driving said second fluid through passages between said wall members in contact with the outer surfaces of their sheets for thermal interaction with the films on the inner surfaces thereof.
  • c gas Test Q re AT AT K a (Kcal/hr) m hr (C) ("c") (watts/m (watts/m water air water air water air C) C)air
  • the wall members 12 can be manufactured at a cost substantially lower-than that of finned tubes of like capacity as conventionally used in dry cooling towers.
  • the presence of the tensioned grids 4a, 4b allows the spacing of the sheets to be made substantially uniform throughout each wall member,
  • a heat exchanger for establishing thermal contact between a first and a second fluid of different temperatures, at least said first fluid being a liquid, comprising:
  • a plurality of spacedly juxtaposed hollow wall members each including a generally horizontal elevated support and an envelope of plastic sheet material suspended from said support, said envelope comprising a pair of confronting sheets separated by an airspace;
  • conduit means for said first fluid terminating in a under pressure maintaining their envelopes in an inflated state.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
US399513A 1972-09-22 1973-09-21 Heat exchanger Expired - Lifetime US3913667A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH1389972A CH557014A (fr) 1972-09-22 1972-09-22 Echangeur de chaleur.

Publications (1)

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US3913667A true US3913667A (en) 1975-10-21

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ID=4396301

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US399513A Expired - Lifetime US3913667A (en) 1972-09-22 1973-09-21 Heat exchanger

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US (1) US3913667A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH557014A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2347883A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2200492B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1404414A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3995689A (en) * 1975-01-27 1976-12-07 The Marley Cooling Tower Company Air cooled atmospheric heat exchanger
US4106560A (en) * 1976-05-26 1978-08-15 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Falling-film heat exchanger
US4133377A (en) * 1976-02-12 1979-01-09 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Thin-film heat exchanger
US4216820A (en) * 1978-04-07 1980-08-12 The Boeing Company Condenser/evaporator heat exchanger and method of using the same
US4232734A (en) * 1977-06-03 1980-11-11 Buehler-Miag Gmbh Trickler heat-exchange apparatus
US4252752A (en) * 1978-10-23 1981-02-24 Hamon-Sobelco, S.A. Heat exchange unit in particular for an atmospheric heat exchanger
US4372897A (en) * 1981-04-16 1983-02-08 Tower Systems Inc. Dual sheet capillary heat exchanger
US4435339A (en) 1979-08-06 1984-03-06 Tower Systems, Inc. Falling film heat exchanger
US4452300A (en) * 1980-11-25 1984-06-05 Zeilon Sten Olof Method for the exchange of heat between liquid and air and an apparatus for carrying the method into effect
US4693302A (en) * 1984-12-28 1987-09-15 Leonard Oboler Heat exchanging apparatus for cooling and condensing by evaporation
WO2003019081A1 (de) * 2001-08-24 2003-03-06 Zae Bayern Bayrisches Zentrum Für Angewandte Energieforschung E.V. Stoff- und wärmeaustauscherfläche sowie stoff- und wärmeaustauschreaktor mit einer solchen stoff- und wärmeaustauscherfläche
US20050115099A1 (en) * 2003-09-12 2005-06-02 Mcd Technologies Incorporated Method and apparatus for evaporating liquid from a product
US11452974B2 (en) * 2020-06-19 2022-09-27 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Unit for passive transfer of CO2 from flue gas or ambient air

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2557774C3 (de) * 1975-12-20 1983-12-15 O & K Orenstein & Koppel AG, 4600 Dortmund Vorrichtung zum Zuführen von Kühlwasser auf die Außenfläche eines Kühlermantels für Zementkühler oder dgl.

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3371709A (en) * 1965-06-15 1968-03-05 Rosenblad Corp Falling film plate heat exchanger
US3374994A (en) * 1963-03-04 1968-03-26 Ici Ltd Packing units for gas-liquid contact apparatus
US3412778A (en) * 1966-10-24 1968-11-26 Mojonnier Bros Co Liquid distributor for tubular internal falling film evaporator
US3811661A (en) * 1972-05-22 1974-05-21 J Procter Humidifying apparatus

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE599504C (de) * 1933-04-07 1934-07-04 Franz Van Bremen Oberflaechenkondensator mit einer Niederschlagsflaeche aus einem System nebeneinanderliegender langovaler Hohlkoerper
US2877995A (en) * 1955-06-29 1959-03-17 E C Schleyer Pump Company Inc Cooling tower
DE1299666B (de) * 1961-02-28 1969-07-24 Zemanek Jan Aus Kunststoff-Folie bestehender Rieseleinbau fuer Kontaktwaermetauscher

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3374994A (en) * 1963-03-04 1968-03-26 Ici Ltd Packing units for gas-liquid contact apparatus
US3371709A (en) * 1965-06-15 1968-03-05 Rosenblad Corp Falling film plate heat exchanger
US3412778A (en) * 1966-10-24 1968-11-26 Mojonnier Bros Co Liquid distributor for tubular internal falling film evaporator
US3811661A (en) * 1972-05-22 1974-05-21 J Procter Humidifying apparatus

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3995689A (en) * 1975-01-27 1976-12-07 The Marley Cooling Tower Company Air cooled atmospheric heat exchanger
US4119140A (en) * 1975-01-27 1978-10-10 The Marley Cooling Tower Company Air cooled atmospheric heat exchanger
US4133377A (en) * 1976-02-12 1979-01-09 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Thin-film heat exchanger
US4106560A (en) * 1976-05-26 1978-08-15 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Falling-film heat exchanger
US4232734A (en) * 1977-06-03 1980-11-11 Buehler-Miag Gmbh Trickler heat-exchange apparatus
US4216820A (en) * 1978-04-07 1980-08-12 The Boeing Company Condenser/evaporator heat exchanger and method of using the same
US4252752A (en) * 1978-10-23 1981-02-24 Hamon-Sobelco, S.A. Heat exchange unit in particular for an atmospheric heat exchanger
US4435339A (en) 1979-08-06 1984-03-06 Tower Systems, Inc. Falling film heat exchanger
US4452300A (en) * 1980-11-25 1984-06-05 Zeilon Sten Olof Method for the exchange of heat between liquid and air and an apparatus for carrying the method into effect
US4372897A (en) * 1981-04-16 1983-02-08 Tower Systems Inc. Dual sheet capillary heat exchanger
US4693302A (en) * 1984-12-28 1987-09-15 Leonard Oboler Heat exchanging apparatus for cooling and condensing by evaporation
WO2003019081A1 (de) * 2001-08-24 2003-03-06 Zae Bayern Bayrisches Zentrum Für Angewandte Energieforschung E.V. Stoff- und wärmeaustauscherfläche sowie stoff- und wärmeaustauschreaktor mit einer solchen stoff- und wärmeaustauscherfläche
US20050115099A1 (en) * 2003-09-12 2005-06-02 Mcd Technologies Incorporated Method and apparatus for evaporating liquid from a product
US6990748B2 (en) 2003-09-12 2006-01-31 Karin M. Bolland Method and apparatus for evaporating liquid from a product
US11452974B2 (en) * 2020-06-19 2022-09-27 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Unit for passive transfer of CO2 from flue gas or ambient air

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2200492A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-04-19
CH557014A (fr) 1974-12-13
GB1404414A (en) 1975-08-28
FR2200492B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1978-01-13
DE2347883A1 (de) 1974-03-28

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