US3905832A - Novel fuel cell structure - Google Patents

Novel fuel cell structure Download PDF

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Publication number
US3905832A
US3905832A US433446A US43344674A US3905832A US 3905832 A US3905832 A US 3905832A US 433446 A US433446 A US 433446A US 43344674 A US43344674 A US 43344674A US 3905832 A US3905832 A US 3905832A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
electrolyte
hydrophobic
matrix
electrode
fuel cell
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US433446A
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English (en)
Inventor
John C Trocciola
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Raytheon Technologies Corp
Original Assignee
United Aircraft Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by United Aircraft Corp filed Critical United Aircraft Corp
Priority to US433446A priority Critical patent/US3905832A/en
Priority to CA213,003A priority patent/CA1023431A/en
Priority to AU76489/74A priority patent/AU7648974A/en
Priority to DK674374A priority patent/DK139828C/da
Priority to CH2275A priority patent/CH583463A5/xx
Priority to DE2500304A priority patent/DE2500304C2/de
Priority to FR7500282A priority patent/FR2258009B1/fr
Priority to BR187/75A priority patent/BR7500187A/pt
Priority to SE7500242A priority patent/SE417470B/xx
Priority to JP50006192A priority patent/JPS5837669B2/ja
Priority to GB1507/75A priority patent/GB1491981A/en
Priority to NLAANVRAGE7500467,A priority patent/NL181697C/xx
Priority to IT19270/75A priority patent/IT1028368B/it
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3905832A publication Critical patent/US3905832A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/08—Fuel cells with aqueous electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electrochemical cells and more particularly, to an improvement in an electrochemical cell utilizing an electrolyte contained in or trapped in a matrix between the electrodes of a cell with the volume of the electrolyte in the matrix being controlled, thereby stabilizing cell performance.
  • the cell will be described with reference to a fuel cell for the direct generation of electricity using two nonconsumable electrodes.
  • similar considerations governing the use of the invention in such cells will apply to other electrochemical devices such as electrolyzers, enabling the use of the invention in such devices.
  • a fuel cell designates an electrochemical cell for the direct production of electrical energy from a fuel and oxidant. With such cells, chemical energy is converted directly to electrical energy, precluding the inefficiencies of the Carnot heat cycle.
  • a fuel cell in its most simplified design comprises a housing, an oxidant electrode, a fuel electrode, and an electrolyte. In operation, the fuel and oxidant contact a surface of their respective electrode where a process of adsorption and de-adsorption occurs, leaving the electrodes electrically charged, with the second surface of the electrode being in contact with the electrolyte.
  • ions are transferred through the electrolyte from the anode to the cathode, or from the cathode to the anode. Electrical current is withdrawn from the cell and passed through a suitable load where work is accomplished.
  • the electrolyte can be a solid, a molten paste, a free-flowing liquid, or a liquid trapped in a matrix, as a result of design considerations including compactness and the desire to have a limited number of controls and/or ancillary equipment, cells utilizing a liquid'electrolyte trapped in a hydrophilic matrix are preferred for many applications.
  • a problem of such cells is the change of electrolyte volume within the matrix as a result of water being formed during the operation of the cell by the interaction of the fuel and oxidant, or as a result of electrolyte loss through excessive heat-up of the cell during use, or use of dry reactants which absorb and consume the electrolyte during operation of the cell.
  • the excess electrolyte is carried by capillary action or the force created by internal vapor pressures within the cell into the electrodes, with resultant flooding of the electrodes.
  • the volume of the electrolyte is decreased, dry-out will occur at the electrolyte matrix/electrode interface. such flooding and/or dry-out adversely affect the electrochemical performance of the cell.
  • thick metal or carbon sinters have been utilized as an electrode substrate to compensate for the increase in volume of the electrolyte during the operation of the cell.
  • cells have been designed which have a reservoir behind one electrode of the fuel cell, with this reservoir being in electrolyte communication with the electrolyte matrix through projections or pins, or the like, in a special separator plate. In such embodiments, however, it has been necessary to utilize specially constructed reservoir plates which have increased the weight as well as the cost of the cell.
  • a matrixtype fuel cell having an electrolyte reservoir in communication with the electrolyte matrix without need of bulky or expensive ancillary components.
  • a matrix-type fuel cell is constructed which incorporates a reservoir behind at least one electrode,
  • the electrolyte matrix is in electrolyte communication with the reservoir, and electrolyte is free to move back and forth between the reservoir and cell electrolyte matrix, through non-hydrophobic areas substantlally uniformly spaced in the continuous hydrophobic surface of the electrode as the electrolyte volume changes.
  • the volume of electrolyte in the reservoir will increase; or if the electrolyte within the electrolyte cell matrix decreases as a result of excessive heat or excessive reactant flow, electrolyte will flow from the reservoir to the cell matrix increasing the electrolyte in the matrix.
  • the reservoir feeding electrolyte to the electrolyte matrix on demand, or withdrawing or removing electrolyte from the matrix as it is formed.
  • a hydrophilic electrode is blocked off or masked with a select pattern in order that the area under the pattern is not exposed.
  • the electrode is made hydrophobic in the exposed areas by applying an aqueous suspension of a hydrophobic polymer thereto. After applying the hydrophobic polymer, the masking is removed and a layer or buildup of hydrophilic material which will function as an electrolyte reservoir is applied to the unexposed, non-hydrophobic select areas.
  • This fabrication can be accomplished with silkscreening or paper-making techniques.
  • a hydrophobic electrode is fabricated and holes of a select pattern cut into the electrode. Thereafter, these holes are filled with a hydrophilic matrix-like material which extends beyond the surface of the holes above the hydrophobic electrode to provide a matrix reservoir.
  • holes are cut in the hydrophobic electrode in a suitable pattern, but the holes are not filled with the hydrophilic matrix material.
  • a hydrophilic matrix-like layer is positioned above the hydrophobic electrode so that the hydrophilic matrix material corresponds with the holes.
  • electrolyte flows between the electrolyte reservoir and electrolyte matrix through the holes in the electrode.
  • FIG. 1 is a broken-away, transverse sectional view showing an embodiment according to the present in vention
  • FIG. 2 is a broken-away, sectional view through a second embodiment according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a transverse sectional view through a single fuel cell constructed in accordance with the design illustrated in FIG. 2.
  • the fuel cell comprises an anode 16 and cathode l4 separated by electrolyte matrix 12.
  • the anode 16 comprises catalytic layer 16.1 and a hydrophobic substrate layer 16.2.
  • Cathode 14 comprises hydrophobic layer 14.2 and catalyst layer 14.1.
  • the hydrophobic layer 16.2 of the anode has select areas 16.3 which are not hydrophobic, but are hydrophilic due to the construction of the electrode, using the technique noted above.
  • a matrix material 18 is positioned which functions as an electrolyte reservoir.
  • a separator 20 is positioned behind the reservoir to 'hold the reservoir material in operable position and to help retain the components of the cells in operable association.
  • electrolyte from matrix 12 is free to communicate with reservoir 18 through hydrophilic area 16.3 of anode 16; at all times maintaining a uniform electrolyte volume in matrix 12.
  • the hydrophobic anode 16 has holes 12.1 which are tilled with electrolyte matrix material 12 and this material extends behind the electrode in select areas to provide reservior means 12.2. As in FIG. 1, electrolyte in the matrix 12 is free to communicate with electrolyte in reservoir 12.2 through the select areas 12.1 in hydrophobic electrode 16.
  • FIG. 3 the embodiment of FIG. 2 is arranged in a fuel cell configuration.
  • both the anode and cathode are constructed so that the electrolyte matrix is in communication with an electrolyte reservoir through select areas of the electrode.
  • electrolyte matrix 12 is saturated with a 30 percent aqueous potassium hydroxide electrolyte, the volume being sufficient to only partially fill reservoir matrix 12.2.
  • a reactant gas in this instance hydrogen, is fed from a storage container to anode 16 through the gas inlet 22, with excess gas being removed through outlet 22.1.
  • An oxidant, in this instance oxygen is fed from a storage container to cathode 14 through inlet 24, with excess air and impurities being vented through exit 24.1.
  • the cell employs separator 20 as well as housing 30, the separator 20 can be, if desired, identical to or integral with the housing. In other words, there need not be a separate element.
  • the cell when operated at a constant current drain, will provide a substantially constant cell output. There is little fluctuation in the current characteristics of the cell since the total volume tolerance function is separated from the electrochemical function because of the use of the electrolyte reservoir.
  • the electrodes are lightweight, screen-type electrodes comprising the hydrophobic layer incontact with a catalytic layer which is a uniform admixture of catalytic metal such as platinum, with a hydrophobic polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • a catalytic layer which is a uniform admixture of catalytic metal such as platinum, with a hydrophobic polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • the ratio of platinum to polytetrafluoroethylene on a volume basis is 7 3, with the platinum loading on the electrode being approximately 10 mg/cm
  • the electrodes are approximately 8 mils in thickness.
  • the electrolyte matrix in a preferred embodiment is pressed asbestos and is approximately 20 mils thick.
  • the reservoir matrix is of lesser thickness than the electrolyte matrix and is approximately 12 mils thick.
  • the catalyst which can be utilized in the cells of the present invention can be any of the catalysts commonly employed in fuel cell-electrodes, it only being essential that they be electrochemically reactive with the fuel or oxidant employed.
  • the Group VIII metals of the Mendelyeevs Periodic Table are preferred, particularly the metals platinum, palladium, rhodium, and admixtures thereof.
  • the polymer utilized in the electrodes can also be those commonly employed in fabricating lightweight electrodes including, in addition to polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidenefluoride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinylfluoride, co-polymers thereof, and the like.
  • a fuel cell having a pair of opposed electrodes, an electrolyte matrix positioned between said pair of electrodes, at least one of said pair of electrodes having a hydrophobic surface having a predetermined surface area, a reactant chamber adjacent said one of said pair of electrodes and in fluid contact with said hydrophobic surface, and an electrolyte reservoir positioned behind said one electrode to extend into and partially occupy the space of said chamber, said reservoir and electrolyte matrix containing an aqueous electrolyte and being in electrolyte communication with each other through said one electrode at select areas only substantially uniformly distributed throughout said hydrophobic predetermined surface area, said select areas beingv non-hydrophobic and constituting a minor area in relation to said hydrophobic predetermined surface area of said one electrode, said electrolyte filling less than the entire volume of said reservoir whereby the electrolyte volume of said electrolyte matrix is maintained constant.
  • said electrolyte reservoir comprises an electrolyte-permeable matrix, with said matrix extending through said select nonhydrophobic areas contacting said electrolyte matrix.
  • hydrophobic material is polytetrafluoroethylene and the hydrophilic structure is carbon paper.
  • a fuel cell element comprising masking a hydrophilic substrate in select areas; rendering said hydrophilic substrate hydrophobic in the non-masked areas by applying a hydrophobic polymer thereto; removing said masking and applying a hydrophilic matrix material to said substrate to selectively correspond to the masked areas; applying a catalyst layer to said substrate at the surface opposite to that of said matrix material, and disposing said element in a fuel cell comprising an electrolyte matrix so that said catalyst layer of said element is in contact with said electrolyte matrix, and said electrolyte matrix is in communication with said hydrophilic material of said element through the non-masked areas of said substrate.
  • a fuel cell element comprising forming a lightweight electrode comprising a hydrophobic substrate and a catalyst layer at one surface of said substrate whereby said hydrophobic sub strate has holes therein in a select pattern; applying a hydrophilic material at the surface of said substrate opposite to that of said catalyst layer, said hydrophilic material extending through said holes in said select pattern and building up in the area adjacent said holes, and disposing said element in a fuel cell comprising an electrolyte matrix so that said catalyst layer of said element is in contact with said electrolyte matrix and said electrolyte matrix is in contact with said hydrophilic material of said element through said holes in said electrode.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
US433446A 1974-01-15 1974-01-15 Novel fuel cell structure Expired - Lifetime US3905832A (en)

Priority Applications (13)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US433446A US3905832A (en) 1974-01-15 1974-01-15 Novel fuel cell structure
CA213,003A CA1023431A (en) 1974-01-15 1974-11-05 Constant volume electrolyte fuel cell structure
AU76489/74A AU7648974A (en) 1974-01-15 1974-12-16 Fuel cell structure
DK674374A DK139828C (da) 1974-01-15 1974-12-20 Brændselscelle og fremgangsmåde til fremstilling deraf.
CH2275A CH583463A5 (es) 1974-01-15 1975-01-06
FR7500282A FR2258009B1 (es) 1974-01-15 1975-01-07
DE2500304A DE2500304C2 (de) 1974-01-15 1975-01-07 Neue brennstoffzellenelektroden und verfahren zur herstellung derselben
BR187/75A BR7500187A (pt) 1974-01-15 1975-01-10 Aperfeicoamentos em celula de combustivel e em processo para sua fabricacao
SE7500242A SE417470B (sv) 1974-01-15 1975-01-10 Forfarande for framstellning av en brenslecell
JP50006192A JPS5837669B2 (ja) 1974-01-15 1975-01-13 燃料電池及びその製造法
GB1507/75A GB1491981A (en) 1974-01-15 1975-01-14 Fuel cells
NLAANVRAGE7500467,A NL181697C (nl) 1974-01-15 1975-01-15 Brandstofcel.
IT19270/75A IT1028368B (it) 1974-01-15 1975-01-15 Rila a combustibile e metodo per fabbricarla

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US433446A US3905832A (en) 1974-01-15 1974-01-15 Novel fuel cell structure

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US3905832A true US3905832A (en) 1975-09-16

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US433446A Expired - Lifetime US3905832A (en) 1974-01-15 1974-01-15 Novel fuel cell structure

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US (1) US3905832A (es)
JP (1) JPS5837669B2 (es)
AU (1) AU7648974A (es)
BR (1) BR7500187A (es)
CA (1) CA1023431A (es)
CH (1) CH583463A5 (es)
DE (1) DE2500304C2 (es)
DK (1) DK139828C (es)
FR (1) FR2258009B1 (es)
GB (1) GB1491981A (es)
IT (1) IT1028368B (es)
NL (1) NL181697C (es)
SE (1) SE417470B (es)

Cited By (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4035551A (en) * 1976-09-01 1977-07-12 United Technologies Corporation Electrolyte reservoir for a fuel cell
US4038463A (en) * 1976-09-01 1977-07-26 United Technologies Corporation Electrode reservoir for a fuel cell
US4064322A (en) * 1976-09-01 1977-12-20 United Technologies Corporation Electrolyte reservoir for a fuel cell
FR2400778A1 (fr) * 1977-08-15 1979-03-16 United Technologies Corp Structure d'une pile a combustible
US4181776A (en) * 1975-06-18 1980-01-01 Ab Olle Lindstrom Chemoelectric cell
US4219611A (en) * 1979-07-30 1980-08-26 United Technologies Corporation Fuel cell electrolyte reservoir layer and method for making
US4271003A (en) * 1975-06-18 1981-06-02 Ab Olle Lindstrom Chemoelectric cell
US4366211A (en) * 1981-09-21 1982-12-28 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Control of electrolyte fill to fuel cell stack
EP0077111A1 (en) 1981-09-21 1983-04-20 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Low hydrostatic head electrolyte addition to fuel cell stacks
US4463068A (en) * 1982-09-30 1984-07-31 Engelhard Corporation Fuel cell and system for supplying electrolyte thereto with wick feed
US4467019A (en) * 1982-09-30 1984-08-21 Engelhard Corporation Fuel cell with electrolyte feed system
EP0122150A2 (en) 1983-04-11 1984-10-17 Engelhard Corporation Integral gas seal for fuel cell gas distribution assemblies and method of fabrication
US4652502A (en) * 1985-12-30 1987-03-24 International Fuel Cells, Inc. Porous plate for an electrochemical cell and method for making the porous plate
US4670300A (en) * 1985-07-03 1987-06-02 International Fuel Cells Corporation Carbon-graphite component for an electrochemical cell and method for making the component
US4738872A (en) * 1985-07-02 1988-04-19 International Fuel Cells Carbon-graphite component for an electrochemical cell and method for making the component
US4855194A (en) * 1988-02-05 1989-08-08 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Fuel cell having electrolyte inventory control volume
US4913706A (en) * 1988-09-19 1990-04-03 International Fuel Cells Corporation Method for making a seal structure for an electrochemical cell assembly
US5292600A (en) * 1992-08-13 1994-03-08 H-Power Corp. Hydrogen power cell
US5952119A (en) * 1997-02-24 1999-09-14 Regents Of The University Of California Fuel cell membrane humidification
US5998058A (en) * 1998-04-29 1999-12-07 International Fuel Cells Corporation Porous support layer for an electrochemical cell
WO2002027826A1 (en) * 2000-09-28 2002-04-04 Graftech Inc. Fuel cell electrode assembly with selective catalyst loading
US20030186107A1 (en) * 2002-03-04 2003-10-02 Maston Valerie A. High performance fuel cells
US20070141450A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 General Electric Company Rechargeable fuel cell with double cathode
US20070141440A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 General Electric Company Cylindrical structure fuel cell
US20070141473A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 General Electric Company Integrated membrane electrode assembly and method related thereto
US20070141431A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 General Electric Company Fuel cell closed structure
US20070141462A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 General Electric Company Method and apparatus for reducing water loss
US20070141464A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 Qunjian Huang Porous metal hydride electrode
US20070141456A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 General Electric Company Bipolar membrane
US20070141432A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 General Electric Company Third electrode frame structure and method related thereto
US20070141430A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 Qunjian Huang Gas scrubber and method related thereto
US20080145721A1 (en) * 2006-12-14 2008-06-19 General Electric Company Fuel cell apparatus and associated method
US11444298B2 (en) 2019-07-18 2022-09-13 Hyaxiom, Inc. Electrolyte shunt migration management in a fuel cell stack

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4345008A (en) * 1980-12-24 1982-08-17 United Technologies Corporation Apparatus for reducing electrolyte loss from an electrochemical cell
EP0107396B1 (en) * 1982-09-30 1988-08-03 Engelhard Corporation System for supplying electrolyte to fuel cells
JPH0756807B2 (ja) * 1986-02-03 1995-06-14 株式会社東芝 燃料電池
JPH0311556A (ja) * 1989-06-07 1991-01-18 Fuji Electric Co Ltd 燃料電池の電解質リザーバ構造

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US3442712A (en) * 1966-07-13 1969-05-06 United Aircraft Corp Fuel cell with absorbent means for removing or supplying electrolyte
US3748179A (en) * 1971-03-16 1973-07-24 United Aircraft Corp Matrix type fuel cell with circulated electrolyte
US3779811A (en) * 1971-03-16 1973-12-18 United Aircraft Corp Matrix-type fuel cell

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US3481737A (en) * 1966-06-29 1969-12-02 Leesona Corp Matrix construction for fuel cells
US3519486A (en) * 1966-10-06 1970-07-07 United Aircraft Corp Control of electrolyte in a fuel cell

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3442712A (en) * 1966-07-13 1969-05-06 United Aircraft Corp Fuel cell with absorbent means for removing or supplying electrolyte
US3748179A (en) * 1971-03-16 1973-07-24 United Aircraft Corp Matrix type fuel cell with circulated electrolyte
US3779811A (en) * 1971-03-16 1973-12-18 United Aircraft Corp Matrix-type fuel cell

Cited By (40)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4181776A (en) * 1975-06-18 1980-01-01 Ab Olle Lindstrom Chemoelectric cell
US4271003A (en) * 1975-06-18 1981-06-02 Ab Olle Lindstrom Chemoelectric cell
US4035551A (en) * 1976-09-01 1977-07-12 United Technologies Corporation Electrolyte reservoir for a fuel cell
US4038463A (en) * 1976-09-01 1977-07-26 United Technologies Corporation Electrode reservoir for a fuel cell
US4064322A (en) * 1976-09-01 1977-12-20 United Technologies Corporation Electrolyte reservoir for a fuel cell
JPS5330747A (en) * 1976-09-01 1978-03-23 United Technologies Corp Fuel cell
JPS5858785B2 (ja) * 1976-09-01 1983-12-27 ユナイテッド・テクノロジ−ズ・コ−ポレイション 燃料電池
FR2400778A1 (fr) * 1977-08-15 1979-03-16 United Technologies Corp Structure d'une pile a combustible
US4219611A (en) * 1979-07-30 1980-08-26 United Technologies Corporation Fuel cell electrolyte reservoir layer and method for making
EP0077111A1 (en) 1981-09-21 1983-04-20 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Low hydrostatic head electrolyte addition to fuel cell stacks
EP0075380A1 (en) * 1981-09-21 1983-03-30 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Fuel cell system utilizing liquid electrolyte
US4383009A (en) * 1981-09-21 1983-05-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Low hydrostatic head electrolyte addition to fuel cell stacks
US4366211A (en) * 1981-09-21 1982-12-28 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Control of electrolyte fill to fuel cell stack
US4463068A (en) * 1982-09-30 1984-07-31 Engelhard Corporation Fuel cell and system for supplying electrolyte thereto with wick feed
US4467019A (en) * 1982-09-30 1984-08-21 Engelhard Corporation Fuel cell with electrolyte feed system
EP0122150A2 (en) 1983-04-11 1984-10-17 Engelhard Corporation Integral gas seal for fuel cell gas distribution assemblies and method of fabrication
US4738872A (en) * 1985-07-02 1988-04-19 International Fuel Cells Carbon-graphite component for an electrochemical cell and method for making the component
US4670300A (en) * 1985-07-03 1987-06-02 International Fuel Cells Corporation Carbon-graphite component for an electrochemical cell and method for making the component
US4652502A (en) * 1985-12-30 1987-03-24 International Fuel Cells, Inc. Porous plate for an electrochemical cell and method for making the porous plate
DE3638856A1 (de) * 1985-12-30 1987-07-02 Int Fuel Cells Corp Poroese platte fuer eine elektrochemische zelle und verfahren zu deren herstellung
US4855194A (en) * 1988-02-05 1989-08-08 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Fuel cell having electrolyte inventory control volume
US4913706A (en) * 1988-09-19 1990-04-03 International Fuel Cells Corporation Method for making a seal structure for an electrochemical cell assembly
US5292600A (en) * 1992-08-13 1994-03-08 H-Power Corp. Hydrogen power cell
US5952119A (en) * 1997-02-24 1999-09-14 Regents Of The University Of California Fuel cell membrane humidification
US5998058A (en) * 1998-04-29 1999-12-07 International Fuel Cells Corporation Porous support layer for an electrochemical cell
WO2002027826A1 (en) * 2000-09-28 2002-04-04 Graftech Inc. Fuel cell electrode assembly with selective catalyst loading
US6479182B1 (en) * 2000-09-28 2002-11-12 Graftech Inc. Fuel cell electrode assembly with selective catalyst loading
US20030186107A1 (en) * 2002-03-04 2003-10-02 Maston Valerie A. High performance fuel cells
US20070141440A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 General Electric Company Cylindrical structure fuel cell
US20070141450A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 General Electric Company Rechargeable fuel cell with double cathode
US20070141473A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 General Electric Company Integrated membrane electrode assembly and method related thereto
US20070141431A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 General Electric Company Fuel cell closed structure
US20070141462A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 General Electric Company Method and apparatus for reducing water loss
US20070141464A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 Qunjian Huang Porous metal hydride electrode
US20070141456A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 General Electric Company Bipolar membrane
US20070141432A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 General Electric Company Third electrode frame structure and method related thereto
US20070141430A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-21 Qunjian Huang Gas scrubber and method related thereto
US7887944B2 (en) 2005-12-21 2011-02-15 General Electric Company Integrated membrane electrode assembly and method related thereto
US20080145721A1 (en) * 2006-12-14 2008-06-19 General Electric Company Fuel cell apparatus and associated method
US11444298B2 (en) 2019-07-18 2022-09-13 Hyaxiom, Inc. Electrolyte shunt migration management in a fuel cell stack

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1491981A (en) 1977-11-16
FR2258009A1 (es) 1975-08-08
DK139828B (da) 1979-04-23
FR2258009B1 (es) 1980-01-11
SE417470B (sv) 1981-03-16
NL181697C (nl) 1987-10-01
IT1028368B (it) 1979-01-30
AU7648974A (en) 1976-06-17
CH583463A5 (es) 1976-12-31
DE2500304C2 (de) 1984-05-03
DK674374A (da) 1975-09-08
DK139828C (da) 1979-10-01
JPS5837669B2 (ja) 1983-08-17
NL7500467A (nl) 1975-07-17
JPS50101836A (es) 1975-08-12
SE7500242L (sv) 1975-07-16
DE2500304A1 (de) 1975-07-17
CA1023431A (en) 1977-12-27
BR7500187A (pt) 1975-11-04

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