US3903355A - Cooling arrangement for electrical transmission system - Google Patents

Cooling arrangement for electrical transmission system Download PDF

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Publication number
US3903355A
US3903355A US454237A US45423774A US3903355A US 3903355 A US3903355 A US 3903355A US 454237 A US454237 A US 454237A US 45423774 A US45423774 A US 45423774A US 3903355 A US3903355 A US 3903355A
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United States
Prior art keywords
cooling
cables
cable
location
flow
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US454237A
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English (en)
Inventor
Werner Rasquin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Felten and Guilleaume Kabelwerke GmbH
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Felten and Guilleaume Kabelwerke GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE19732327316 external-priority patent/DE2327316C3/de
Priority claimed from DE19732340328 external-priority patent/DE2340328A1/de
Priority claimed from DE19732346507 external-priority patent/DE2346507A1/de
Application filed by Felten and Guilleaume Kabelwerke GmbH filed Critical Felten and Guilleaume Kabelwerke GmbH
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3903355A publication Critical patent/US3903355A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/42—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form with arrangements for heat dissipation or conduction
    • H01B7/421—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form with arrangements for heat dissipation or conduction for heat dissipation
    • H01B7/423—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form with arrangements for heat dissipation or conduction for heat dissipation using a cooling fluid
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/17—Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
    • H01B7/29—Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to high voltage electrical transmission systems, particularly to three phase alternating current systems with associated cooling means.
  • return flow pipes may be made as separate pipes or tubes, or with three possibly conical isolated electrical conductors distributed in a known manner in the return flow pipes (see, for example, West German published Pat. application No. 1,067,099). In such an arrangement, should one con ductor or return flow pipe fail, then the entire cable system would become inoperative.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a novel and improved means for maintaining the system in operation should one of the conductors, or one of the cooling channels, fail.
  • the invention is embodied in an arrangement of four parallel cables, with a cooling fluid, such as oil or water, flowing in a cooling channel in the center of each cable.
  • a cooling fluid such as oil or water
  • At the beginning and end of the cables is a cooling station, with cooling means, connected to said cooling channels so as to receive and cool the cooling fluid therein.
  • the cooling fluid is then recirculated in the system in predetermined specified channels and directions.
  • Three of the four cables normally carry electric cur rent, such as in a three phase alternating current sys tem, and the fourth cable serves as a reserve. Should the conductor in one cable or one of the cooling channels fail, it would be possible to immediately switch over to the reserve cable, and thereby maintain continuous operation of the system.
  • the fourth cable serves the purpose of providing return flow of the cooling fluid, and also serves as a back-up conductor in case of malfunction of another cable.
  • Another feature of the invention is to obtain the maximum technical advantage at the least cost.
  • One method of achieving this goal is to utilize intermediate pumping means along the channel and cable, in addition to the pumping stations at the beginning and end of the cable. Activating the intermediate pumps for the cooling fluid will increase the throughput of the cooling channels. (i.e., increase the quantity of fluid flowing through the channel), and thereby increase the rate of heat dissipation in the cable. In this manner, one can have a higher maximum permissible power in the cable system than without the intermediate pumps.
  • a particular embodiment of the invention envisions that the distance between cooling stations is more than 10 kilometers, the inner diameter of the cooling fluid channel is from 40 to mm.
  • the number n of intermediate pumps to be located in the cable system between cooling stations may be calculated from the equation where:
  • FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of the cable system arrangement relative to the surface of the earth
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a single cable, showing the various component elements
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of the cable cooling and flow system arrangement
  • FIG. 4 is a graph relating pressure variables and temperature variables in the system to electrical power transmitted.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an electrical cable system for power transmission of high intensity. such as over 2 million voltamperes.
  • the figure shows the cable system 1 located beneath the surface of the earth there are four separate parallel cables in the system, three normally carrying current (such as in a threephase or three-wire system), and the fourth serving as a back-up or reserve cable.
  • the axes of the four cables are situated at the corners of a square, one diagonal of which is parallel to the surface of the earth 5 and has a length 2a, as shown.
  • the reserve cable is the one furthest from the surface of the earth, since it would be used only rarely, it would be subject to the least deterioration over time.
  • the figure also shows the spacing a, of the cables 2 from the center of the square (not shown), and a schematic cross-section of each cable, with conductor 4, provided with a central channel 3 for cooling fluid.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the cross-section of a cable 2 in more detail.
  • a cylindrical tube 6 forming a channel 3 for passage of the cooling fluid, and a concentric conductor 4 of copper or aluminum piping or wire braid.
  • the tube 6 can be constructed of either metal or plastic.
  • a smooth conductive lining member 7 Outside of the conductor 4 is a smooth conductive lining member 7; and finally an insulator 8, composed of plastic or oil treated paper. Outside of the insulator 8 is an electrical shield 9, composed of a copper band, for example. This central portion 3, 6, 4, 7, 8, 9 rests inside of an enclosure defining an open space 23 between the central portion and the enclosure.
  • the enclosure of the cable is composed of a corrugated tube 10, preferably of aluminum, surrounded by a covering layer 11 of plastic material, and finally another outer sheathing 12 of plastic or other synthetic material.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of the cooling system arrangement.
  • the diagram shows the four cables 2, which, in one particular embodiment, have intermediate pumps 21 uniformly distributed over the length of the cable.
  • the length of the cable may be more than kilometers.
  • fluid monitoring means 20 to measure various parameters such as temperature and pressure of the fluid at least at one point of each cable, electrical insulating means 13; and three-phase electric grid wires R,S,I, connected to the electrical conductor 4 of the cable through switches 14.
  • the fluid channel tube 6 extends from the cable and is grounded at 16.
  • the channel preferably has a diameter of between 40 and 70 mm.
  • the cooling fluid circulates in the channel in the direction shown by the arrows 17, due to the action of the circulating pumps 18.
  • the fluid is pumped through two cables, through a first cooling means 5, then back through the other two cables, then through a second cooling means 5, and once again through the two original cables.
  • Valves l9 permit adjustment or cutoff of circulation in any of the channels.
  • the fluid monitoring devices are able to sense key parameters like temperature and pressure of the fluid in the channels. In the event of disturbance or malfunction of a particular cable and channel, these parameters would change, thereby alerting the operator of the system. The operator then may immediately switch the grid wire connections by changing switches 14 to another combination of cables. Furthermore, the operator may selectively close certain valves 19, to shut off the cooling fluid flow from the channel experiencing a malfunction.
  • the cooling fluid flow would be in one direction in two of the cables, and in the opposite direction in the other two cables.
  • the cooling fluid In the case of malfunction or disorder in one cable, the cooling fluid would be shut off in that one cable; the fluid would then flow in one direction in two cables, and in the opposite direction in the remaining cable.
  • This circulation distribution makes it possible to maintain the power level in the transmission system, although the cooling fluid throughput in the cooling channel system, with one channel inoperative, is necessarily lower.
  • Another feature of the invention is the'particular arrangment of the four cables.
  • the axes of the cables are located at the corners of a square; one diagonal of the square is parallel to the surface of the earth.
  • the three cables carrying current lie on the vertices of an isosceles triangle, and the single magnetic field associated with a single cable effectively neutralizes the other magnetic fields, at any given time.
  • the cable not carrying current does not sense any significant magnetic field.
  • the region of the transmission system has only a small, stable, net magnetic field, which is independent of which of the three cables are energized.
  • the three cables lying closest to the surface of the earth are preferably the ones used to carry current. In this way, should one of the cables require repair, they are relatively close to the surface, and can therefore, be more easily repaired or replaced.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating various relationships be tween key parameters of the system.
  • undisturbed operation is to be understood as the normal operation of the system with fluid flowing in two channels in one direction, and two channels in the other direction.
  • Disturbed operation is to be understood as the operation when one of the fluid channels is blocked, so that fluid flows in one channel in one direction, and in two channels in the opposite direction.
  • the temperature T, of the fluid entering the channel is 30C
  • the temperature T of the fluid leaving the channel is 85C
  • the corresponding pressure P, of the fluid entering the channel is 31 bar
  • the pressure P of the fluid leaving the channel is 1 bar. Therefore A7), 8530C 55C; and AP 3ll bar 30 bar.
  • the ratios of the l. differences A7 ⁇ , and AI, and pressure differences AP,, and AP, during undisturbed and disturbed operation are:
  • a three-phase power-transmission cable system comprising, in combination, a first set of three phase lines at a first location, and a second set of three phase lines at a second location remote from said first location; three cables and a fourth cable constituting a reserve cable, said three cables and said fourth cable adjoining each other and each spanning the distance from said first location to said second location and having respective first ends at said first location and respective second ends at said second location, each cable including an electrical conductor and an internal channel for the flow of a cooling medium in heat-exchanging relationship with the respective electrical conductor along the length of the respective cable from one to the other of said first and second locations; electrical switching means operative during normal operation for electrically connecting said conductors of said three cables at the first ends thereof to respective ones of the three phase lines of said first set and at the second ends thereof to respective ones of the three phase lines of said second set while leaving at least one end of the conductor of said reserve cable electrically unconnected to said phase lines, and operative in the event of failure of one of said three cables for connecting
  • said cooling means includes a first cooling station at said first location and a second cooling station at said second location, and connecting means connecting said first cooling station to the first ends of said three cables and of said reserve cable and connecting said second cooling station to the second ends of said three cables and of said reserve cable to establish at least one closed flow circuit for the flow of cooling medium through the internal channels of said three cables and of said reserve cable and through said first and second cooling stations.
  • said cooling means includes a first cooling station at said first location and a second cooling station at said second location, each of said cooling stations having respective inlet means for receipt of higher-temperature cooling medium and respective outlet means for the discharge of cooled and therefore lower-temperature cooling medium, and connecting means connecting the internal channels of two of said cables at the first ends thereof to the inlet means of the first cooling station and at the second ends thereof to the outlet means of the second cooling station, and connecting the internal channels of the remaining two of said cables at the first ends thereof to the outlet means of the first cooling station and at the second ends thereof to the inlet means of the second cooling station, and fluid impelling means for effecting flow of cooling fluid from the outlet means of said first cooling station to the inlet means of said second cooling station through the channels of two cables in one direction and for effecting flow of cooling fluid from the outlet means of the second cooling station to the inlet means of the first cooling station through the channels of the two remaining cables in the opposite direction.
  • cooling means includes means operative in the event of failure of one of said three cables and establishment of electrical connections between the phase lines associated with the failed cable and the respective ends of the conductor of said reserve cable for blocking flow of fluid through the internal channel of the failed cable so that cooling fluid flows in one direction through two of the three operating cables and in the opposite direction through the remaining one of the three operating cables.
  • each of said three cables and said reserve cable is a oneconductor cable the conductor of which is hollow, with the hollow interior of the conductor defining the respective internal channel.
  • said cooling means includes four intermediate pumps, each connected in the flow path of the internal cooling channel of a respective one of said cables intermediate the first and second ends thereof.
  • said cooling means includes four groups of intermediate pumps, the number of pumps being the same in each of said groups, and the pumps of each group being connected in the flow path of the internal cooling channel of a respective one of said cables intermediate the first and second ends of the respective cable and uniformly spaced along the length of the respective cable.
  • a combination comprising a plurality of cables each spanning the distance between a first location and a second location remote from the first location, each cable comprising an electrical conductor and an internal channel for the flow of a cooling medium; cooling means comprising at least discrete first and second units, said first unit being at said first location and communicating with the first ends of said internal channels and said second unit being at said second location and communicating with the second ends of said internal channels; and means for circulating cooling medium in said channels, such that the flow in one of said channels is counter to the flow in another of said channels, wherein the number of said cables is four, and said system is a three-phase alternating current system, wherein a combination of three of said cables carries electric current while the fourth cable serves as a reserve, wherein said cables are located beneath the surface of the earth, wherein each of said cables is located at one of the corners of a quare, and wherein a diagonal of said square in parallel to said surface of the earth.

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  • Gas Or Oil Filled Cable Accessories (AREA)
  • Insulated Conductors (AREA)
US454237A 1973-05-29 1974-03-22 Cooling arrangement for electrical transmission system Expired - Lifetime US3903355A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19732327316 DE2327316C3 (de) 1973-05-29 Drehstromkabelsystem für wassergekühlte Hochleistungskabel
DE19732340328 DE2340328A1 (de) 1973-08-09 1973-08-09 Drehstromkabelsystem aus mit einem kuehlmittel gekuehlten hochleistungskabeln
DE19732346507 DE2346507A1 (de) 1973-09-15 1973-09-15 Drehstromkabelsystem aus gekuehlten hochleistungskabeln

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US3903355A true US3903355A (en) 1975-09-02

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US454237A Expired - Lifetime US3903355A (en) 1973-05-29 1974-03-22 Cooling arrangement for electrical transmission system

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US (1) US3903355A (it)
JP (1) JPS5021283A (it)
FR (1) FR2232113B1 (it)
GB (1) GB1451274A (it)
IT (1) IT1005238B (it)
NL (1) NL7400560A (it)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4086425A (en) * 1976-04-14 1978-04-25 Felten & Guilleaume Carlswerk Ag Three-phase cable system with compensation of longitudinal voltages induced in accompanying return-flow pipes for cooling water
EP0745999A2 (de) * 1995-05-30 1996-12-04 Felten & Guilleaume Energietechnik AG Elektrisches, erdverlegtes Leitungssystem
EP1026703A2 (en) * 1999-02-03 2000-08-09 ABB Industry Oy Liquid cooled conductor
EP1667172A1 (en) * 2003-09-19 2006-06-07 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Super-conductive cable operation method and super-conductive cable system
CN104282382A (zh) * 2013-07-05 2015-01-14 上海市高桥电缆厂有限公司 真空蒸发内冷式单芯电缆循环系统
US20220315238A1 (en) * 2021-03-31 2022-10-06 Airbus Sas Cooling an electrical energy distribution network

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US873216A (en) * 1906-08-29 1907-12-10 Standard Underground Cable Company Electric cable.
US2969415A (en) * 1957-05-31 1961-01-24 Vickers Electrical Co Ltd Electric cable terminations
US3105883A (en) * 1962-08-29 1963-10-01 American Telephone & Telegraph Pressure transducer testing circuit
US3187080A (en) * 1962-04-30 1965-06-01 Pirelli General Cable Works Temperature indicating means for electric cables and different sections thereof
US3292016A (en) * 1962-09-22 1966-12-13 Siemens Ag Superconducting three-phase current cable
US3485930A (en) * 1966-12-16 1969-12-23 Pirelli Cooling of oil-filled electrical power cables
US3800062A (en) * 1971-07-24 1974-03-26 Kanto Tar Prod Co Ltd Cooling method for transmission cables

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3463869A (en) * 1966-07-13 1969-08-26 Air Prod & Chem Refrigerated underground transmission line and process

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US873216A (en) * 1906-08-29 1907-12-10 Standard Underground Cable Company Electric cable.
US2969415A (en) * 1957-05-31 1961-01-24 Vickers Electrical Co Ltd Electric cable terminations
US3187080A (en) * 1962-04-30 1965-06-01 Pirelli General Cable Works Temperature indicating means for electric cables and different sections thereof
US3105883A (en) * 1962-08-29 1963-10-01 American Telephone & Telegraph Pressure transducer testing circuit
US3292016A (en) * 1962-09-22 1966-12-13 Siemens Ag Superconducting three-phase current cable
US3485930A (en) * 1966-12-16 1969-12-23 Pirelli Cooling of oil-filled electrical power cables
US3800062A (en) * 1971-07-24 1974-03-26 Kanto Tar Prod Co Ltd Cooling method for transmission cables

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4086425A (en) * 1976-04-14 1978-04-25 Felten & Guilleaume Carlswerk Ag Three-phase cable system with compensation of longitudinal voltages induced in accompanying return-flow pipes for cooling water
EP0745999A2 (de) * 1995-05-30 1996-12-04 Felten & Guilleaume Energietechnik AG Elektrisches, erdverlegtes Leitungssystem
EP0745999A3 (de) * 1995-05-30 1997-12-17 Felten & Guilleaume Energietechnik AG Elektrisches, erdverlegtes Leitungssystem
EP1026703A2 (en) * 1999-02-03 2000-08-09 ABB Industry Oy Liquid cooled conductor
EP1026703A3 (en) * 1999-02-03 2001-02-21 ABB Industry Oy Liquid cooled conductor
EP1667172A1 (en) * 2003-09-19 2006-06-07 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Super-conductive cable operation method and super-conductive cable system
US20060180328A1 (en) * 2003-09-19 2006-08-17 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Super-conductive cable operation method and super-conductive cable system
EP1667172A4 (en) * 2003-09-19 2008-07-30 Sumitomo Electric Industries SUPERCONDUCTIVE CABLE OPERATION PROCESS AND SUPERIORITY CABLE SYSTEM
US7614243B2 (en) 2003-09-19 2009-11-10 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Super-conductive cable operation method and super-conductive cable system
CN104282382A (zh) * 2013-07-05 2015-01-14 上海市高桥电缆厂有限公司 真空蒸发内冷式单芯电缆循环系统
US20220315238A1 (en) * 2021-03-31 2022-10-06 Airbus Sas Cooling an electrical energy distribution network

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS5021283A (it) 1975-03-06
GB1451274A (en) 1976-09-29
FR2232113A1 (it) 1974-12-27
NL7400560A (it) 1974-12-03
IT1005238B (it) 1976-08-20
FR2232113B1 (it) 1979-10-12

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