US3896817A - Implantable nerve stimulator - Google Patents
Implantable nerve stimulator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3896817A US3896817A US277963A US27796372A US3896817A US 3896817 A US3896817 A US 3896817A US 277963 A US277963 A US 277963A US 27796372 A US27796372 A US 27796372A US 3896817 A US3896817 A US 3896817A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- signal
- amperage
- nerve
- pacer
- battery
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/3601—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation of respiratory organs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/372—Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
- A61N1/378—Electrical supply
Definitions
- An implantable stimulator for a nerve includes 3 voltage amplifier, a voltage regulator, a pulse generator, a pulse train generator, a pulse amplitude modulator, and at least one flexible conduit to a nerve, such stimulator being powered by the combination of a nucleonic heat generator, and a thermopile for converting thermal energy to electric energy.
- Each train of pulses is regulated so that the gradual variation in the amperage is from 25 per cent to 95 per cent more than the minimum amperage.
- a saw tooth pulse signal more closely simulates the biological stimulation of a nerve.
- the nerve stimulator is particularly effective as a nuclear-powered respiratory pacer for energizing a phrenic nerve for controlled breathing of a mammal.
- This invention relates to prosthetic electrical devices which can be placed within the body to provide electrical signals effectively stimulating a nerve.
- a nerve pacer comprises the combination of a nuclear battery, an electrical pulse train generator, and a modulator adapted to provide a signal having a maximum amperage at least 25 per cent greater but not more than 95 per cent greater than the minimum amperage of such signal, whereby the nerve is stimulated by a signal which varies in a manner achieving a desired biological effect.
- An implantable nerve stimulator features the combination of a nuclear battery and electronic circuitry providing signals consisting of a train of a controlled number of pulses of direct current.
- An implantable respiratory pacer having an output of a range of from about 1 to 5 milliwatts and powered by a nuclear battery stimulates one or more phrenic nerve to provide a controlled rate of breathing for the mammal.
- a respiratory pacer 10 features a nuclear battery 11.
- a radioisotope heat source 12 energizes a thermopile 13 to generate a voltage energizing the respiratory pacer.
- the battery voltage is modified by a voltage amplifier l4 and a constant voltage regulator 15.
- Electrical circuit means energized by the voltage from said regulator 15 energizes a pulse generator, the electrical circuitry for such pulse generator comprising an oscillator.
- a pulse train generator 17 assures the absence of current flow during significant intervals, with a train of pulses between intervals, for example, 18 intervals per minute, corresponding to a relaxed breathing rate.
- a signal amperage modulator 18 transforms each train of pulses into a saw tooth signal having an end peak from per cent to per cent to the initial portion of such signal, thus more nearly simulating the natural signal to a phrenic nerve.
- Conductors l9 and 20 transmit such saw tooth signal to left and/or right phrenic nerves.
- the electrical circuit means and nuclear battery are hermetically sealed in a casing 21.
- a pulse train generator to provide a signal consisting of a controlled series of direct current pulses is a novel feature of the present nerve stimulator.
- the step of modulating the amperage to provide a saw tooth signal having an end peak from 125 per cent to 195 per centof the initial portion of a signal is a novel and significant forward step of the present invention.
- Previous nervestimulators have generally lacked the novel adjustable 'means for allocating electrical energy amongst a plurality of conductors, so that the provision of the load isolation and distribution regulator should be given special consideration.
- This invention represents a medical break-through as the first device adapted for placement or implantation within the body and featuring the combination of nucleonic battery and a conduit stimulating the phrenic nerve.
- the unique'nuclear battery makes feasible the first respiratory pacer sufficiently durable and compact to be carried within the body after surgical implantation.
- the nerve stimulator serves to actuate the phrenic nerve to provide a respiratory pacer.
- a radioisotope provides a continuing radioactivity which is transformed into heat and the heat is transformed into a low voltage electric current.
- a voltage amplifier converts the DC voltage to a more useful direct current voltage which is maintained constant by a constant voltage regulator.
- a self-starting oscillator regulates the conversion of the constant direct current to a square wave series of direct current pulses having a frequency of about 90 pulses per second, each pulse having a duration of about 132 microseconds.
- a significant difference from a conventional cardiac pacer concerns a pulse train generator adapted to provide a train of pulses followed by an interval each signal being a train of pulses.
- a respiratory pacer about 18 signals per minute are appropriate, the interval between the signals being about 24 per cent greater than the signal duration.
- Each signal can be about 1.49 seconds and the interval between signals about 1.85 seconds.
- An important feature of the present invention is the provision of a modulator adapted to alter the train of pulses in a signal so that the peak amperage during a particular signal is at least 25 per cent greater than the minimum amperage during such signal.
- Various patterns of modulation of the signal are appropirate but particular advantages arise from the control of a saw tooth train having a relatively lower amperage at the beginning of the signal than at the end of the signal, with the amperage increasing during the continuation of the signal. It is sometimes desirable for a signal remote from this invention to have a saw tooth pattern involving an increase which is several hundred per cent over the minimum amperage but such a steep increase in amperage during the signal does not appear to closely simulate a neurological signal.
- the saw tooth increase modulates the signal so that the amperage of the terminal portion of the signal of the present invention is from about 125 per cent to about 195 per cent of the amperage of the initial signal, whereby the simulation of the natural neurological signal is more accurately achieved.
- a load isolation regulator is advantageously included in the respiratory pacer to permit adjustment of the intensity of the phrenic nerve signal for each of the two nerves; that is, the left phrenic nerve and the right phrenic nerve.
- a manually adjustable potentiometer can split the power between the two phrenic nerves.
- a conductor extends from the respiratory pacer to the phrenic nerve. Such conductor is advantageously detachably connected to the respiratory pacer.
- a preferred embodiment of the invention can be further clarified by description of a respiratory pacer.
- Nuclear Battery Plutonium 238 has a half life of 86.4 years, and has numerous advantages for a nuclear battery. About 2 watts of power are generated, theoretically, by the amount of plutonium employed in the battery, but much of the energy is dissipated.
- the electrical output of the battery is of the general magnitude of the range of 0.001 to 0.005 watt, or about I to milliwatts.
- the energy utilization efficiency of the battery and/or nerve stimulator is in the range from about 0.1 per cent to l per cent.
- a plutonium-type battery having a size of about 1 /2 inches diameter and l l/16 inch thick weighs about 92 grams.
- thermocouple The voltage resulting from a thermocouple is amplified by a DC voltage amplifier to provide the electric current suitable for the electronic circuitry.
- the oscillator modifies the current by a square wave series of pulses of direct current having a frequency of about 89 pulses per second. Each pulse has a width or duration of about 132 microseconds or 0.132 milliseconds.
- a pulse train generator transforms the pulses into signals at a range of about 18 signals per minute, the intervals between signals being about 24 per cent greater than the duration of the signals.
- the signal is about l.49 seconds and the interval between signals about 1.85 seconds.
- the maximum pulse amplitude is about 9.6 milliamps.
- the pulse amplitude modulation is about 54 per cent.
- the maximum amperage is within the range from per cent to per cent of the minimum amperage by reason of the control of the modulation of the signal.
- the respiratory pacer is hermetically sealed in a flat cylindrically shaped titanium can having a diameter of about 2% inches and about 1% inches thick. Such hermetic sealing protects the contents from adverse effects of liquids between organs within the body, whereby it may be implanted within a living body.
- the respiratory pacer weighs about 198 grams, thus being similar in weight and dimensions to a battery powered cardiac pacer having an output of about one-twentieth of the power of a phrenic nerve stimulator.
- a signal having a saw tooth shape can have a substantially uniform increase of amperage during the 1.49 seconds of the signal.
- the modulation circuitry is adapted to provide up to about 54 per cent modulation of the maximum signal and to achieve saw tooth wave signal.
- the maximum amperage of the signal should be at least 25 per cent greater than the minimum amperage of the signal, and should be less than 95 per cent of such minimum.
- electrical means converting electrical power from said battery to a series of signals having a frequency per minute corresponding approximately to the desired breathing rate, each signal comprising a plurality of direct current pulses, one output terminal being a connector and the other output terminal for said electrical means being the hereinafter recited casing adapted to contact liquids between organs within the body, some such liquids being where the pacer is implanted, said electrical means including means for modulating the amperage of a signal so that its maximum amperage is within the range from about 125 per cent to about 195 per cent of the minimum amperage of such signal;
- a casing containing said battery, electrical means, and said connector for said conductor, said casing hermetically sealing its contents from adverse effects attributable to said liquids, whereby the respiratory pacer may be implanted within a living body.
- an implantable nerve stimulator comprising at least one conductor transmitting signals toward a nerve, the improvement which includes:
- hermetic sealing means for said casing adapted to protect the contents of the casing from adverse effects attributable to liquids between organs;
- electrical circuit means converting electrical power from said battery to signals consisting of a controlled train of direct current pulses transmitted by said conductor, said circuit means including means for modulating the amperage of a signal so that its maximum amperage is within the range from about per cent to about per cent of the minimum amperage of such signal.
- the nerve stimulator of claim 2 in which the train of pulses constituting said signal has'a sawtooth pattern with maximum amperage at about the terminal portion of the signal and a minimum amperage at about the initial portion of the signal.
- the nerve stimulator of claim 2 in which there are a plurality of conductors and manually adjustable distribution means allocating the signal energy flowing respectively toward the right phrenic nerve and the left phrenic nerve.
- a nuclear powered respiratory pacer in accordance with claim 2 in which the output flowing toward at least one phrenic nerve is within the range from about 1 to about 5 milliwatts.
- a nuclear powered respiratory pacer in accordance with claim 5 in which the nuclear battery weighs about 92 grams and contains plutonium 23 8 as the radioisotope heat source.
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP8644973A JPS4992885A (en) | 1972-08-04 | 1973-08-02 | |
BE1005277A BE803162A (en) | 1972-08-04 | 1973-08-03 | IMPLANTABLE NERVE STIMULATOR |
FR7328542A FR2194456B1 (en) | 1972-08-04 | 1973-08-03 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB3715171A GB1410761A (en) | 1971-08-06 | 1971-08-06 | Implantable respiratory pacer |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3896817A true US3896817A (en) | 1975-07-29 |
Family
ID=10394170
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US277963A Expired - Lifetime US3896817A (en) | 1971-08-06 | 1972-08-04 | Implantable nerve stimulator |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3896817A (en) |
GB (1) | GB1410761A (en) |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4662884A (en) * | 1984-04-25 | 1987-05-05 | University Of Utah Research Foundation | Prostheses and methods for promoting nerve regeneration |
US4778467A (en) * | 1984-04-25 | 1988-10-18 | The University Of Utah | Prostheses and methods for promoting nerve regeneration and for inhibiting the formation of neuromas |
US4934368A (en) * | 1988-01-21 | 1990-06-19 | Myo/Kinetics Systems, Inc. | Multi-electrode neurological stimulation apparatus |
US5038781A (en) * | 1988-01-21 | 1991-08-13 | Hassan Hamedi | Multi-electrode neurological stimulation apparatus |
US5678535A (en) * | 1995-04-21 | 1997-10-21 | Dimarco; Anthony Fortunato | Method and apparatus for electrical stimulation of the respiratory muscles to achieve artificial ventilation in a patient |
WO1998042405A1 (en) | 1997-03-27 | 1998-10-01 | Hashem Sultan | Voice activated locomotor device and method of use |
WO2001041868A1 (en) * | 1999-12-09 | 2001-06-14 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Method and apparatus for diaphragmatic pacing |
US20030105499A1 (en) * | 1998-02-27 | 2003-06-05 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Rate adaptive cardiac rhythm management device using transthoracic impedance |
US6961623B2 (en) * | 2002-10-17 | 2005-11-01 | Rehabtronics Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling a device or process with vibrations generated by tooth clicks |
US20060111755A1 (en) * | 2003-05-16 | 2006-05-25 | Stone Robert T | Method and system to control respiration by means of neuro-electrical coded signals |
US20060122661A1 (en) * | 2004-12-03 | 2006-06-08 | Mandell Lee J | Diaphragmatic pacing with activity monitor adjustment |
US8050764B2 (en) | 2003-10-29 | 2011-11-01 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Cross-checking of transthoracic impedance and acceleration signals |
US8209011B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2012-06-26 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Automatically configurable minute ventilation sensor |
US8306621B2 (en) | 2003-07-02 | 2012-11-06 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Cardiac cycle synchronized sampling of impedance signal |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2566276B1 (en) * | 1984-06-21 | 1988-07-08 | Medtronic Bv | DIAPHRAGMATIC STIMULATION METHOD AND APPARATUS |
US5036848A (en) * | 1989-10-16 | 1991-08-06 | Brunswick Biomedical Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling breathing employing internal and external electrodes |
US10699820B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2020-06-30 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Three dimensional radioisotope battery and methods of making the same |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2711729A (en) * | 1951-06-13 | 1955-06-28 | Fastel Corp Inc | Apparatus for the stimulation of respiration and electrorespirator |
US3077884A (en) * | 1957-06-13 | 1963-02-19 | Batrow Lab Inc | Electro-physiotherapy apparatus |
US3486506A (en) * | 1965-10-13 | 1969-12-30 | Philips Corp | Heart-actuated,spring driven cardiac stimulator |
US3600586A (en) * | 1967-11-09 | 1971-08-17 | Commissuriat A L En Atomique | {60 -ray heat source, suitable for use in a cardiac pacemaker |
US3649367A (en) * | 1966-06-02 | 1972-03-14 | Nuclear Materials & Equipment | Electrical generator |
-
1971
- 1971-08-06 GB GB3715171A patent/GB1410761A/en not_active Expired
-
1972
- 1972-08-04 US US277963A patent/US3896817A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2711729A (en) * | 1951-06-13 | 1955-06-28 | Fastel Corp Inc | Apparatus for the stimulation of respiration and electrorespirator |
US3077884A (en) * | 1957-06-13 | 1963-02-19 | Batrow Lab Inc | Electro-physiotherapy apparatus |
US3486506A (en) * | 1965-10-13 | 1969-12-30 | Philips Corp | Heart-actuated,spring driven cardiac stimulator |
US3649367A (en) * | 1966-06-02 | 1972-03-14 | Nuclear Materials & Equipment | Electrical generator |
US3600586A (en) * | 1967-11-09 | 1971-08-17 | Commissuriat A L En Atomique | {60 -ray heat source, suitable for use in a cardiac pacemaker |
Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4662884A (en) * | 1984-04-25 | 1987-05-05 | University Of Utah Research Foundation | Prostheses and methods for promoting nerve regeneration |
US4778467A (en) * | 1984-04-25 | 1988-10-18 | The University Of Utah | Prostheses and methods for promoting nerve regeneration and for inhibiting the formation of neuromas |
US4934368A (en) * | 1988-01-21 | 1990-06-19 | Myo/Kinetics Systems, Inc. | Multi-electrode neurological stimulation apparatus |
US5038781A (en) * | 1988-01-21 | 1991-08-13 | Hassan Hamedi | Multi-electrode neurological stimulation apparatus |
US5678535A (en) * | 1995-04-21 | 1997-10-21 | Dimarco; Anthony Fortunato | Method and apparatus for electrical stimulation of the respiratory muscles to achieve artificial ventilation in a patient |
US5911218A (en) * | 1995-04-21 | 1999-06-15 | Dimarco; Anthony Fortunato | Method and apparatus for electrical stimulation of the respiratory muscles to achieve artificial ventilation in a patient |
WO1998042405A1 (en) | 1997-03-27 | 1998-10-01 | Hashem Sultan | Voice activated locomotor device and method of use |
US20030105499A1 (en) * | 1998-02-27 | 2003-06-05 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Rate adaptive cardiac rhythm management device using transthoracic impedance |
WO2001041868A1 (en) * | 1999-12-09 | 2001-06-14 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Method and apparatus for diaphragmatic pacing |
US6415183B1 (en) | 1999-12-09 | 2002-07-02 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Method and apparatus for diaphragmatic pacing |
US6961623B2 (en) * | 2002-10-17 | 2005-11-01 | Rehabtronics Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling a device or process with vibrations generated by tooth clicks |
US8209011B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2012-06-26 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Automatically configurable minute ventilation sensor |
US8423142B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2013-04-16 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Cross-checking of transthoracic impedance and acceleration signals |
US20060111755A1 (en) * | 2003-05-16 | 2006-05-25 | Stone Robert T | Method and system to control respiration by means of neuro-electrical coded signals |
US8306621B2 (en) | 2003-07-02 | 2012-11-06 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Cardiac cycle synchronized sampling of impedance signal |
US8442633B2 (en) | 2003-07-02 | 2013-05-14 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Cardiac cycle synchronized sampling of impedance signal |
US8688214B2 (en) | 2003-07-02 | 2014-04-01 | Cardiac Pacemakers. Inc. | Cardiac cycle synchronized sampling of impedance signal |
US8880171B2 (en) | 2003-07-02 | 2014-11-04 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Cardiac cycle synchronized sampling of impedance signal |
US8050764B2 (en) | 2003-10-29 | 2011-11-01 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Cross-checking of transthoracic impedance and acceleration signals |
US20060122661A1 (en) * | 2004-12-03 | 2006-06-08 | Mandell Lee J | Diaphragmatic pacing with activity monitor adjustment |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB1410761A (en) | 1975-10-22 |
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