US3889219A - Solenoid actuator with magnetic latching - Google Patents

Solenoid actuator with magnetic latching Download PDF

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Publication number
US3889219A
US3889219A US412012A US41201273A US3889219A US 3889219 A US3889219 A US 3889219A US 412012 A US412012 A US 412012A US 41201273 A US41201273 A US 41201273A US 3889219 A US3889219 A US 3889219A
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United States
Prior art keywords
actuator
permanent magnet
armature
pole
magnet means
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Expired - Lifetime
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US412012A
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English (en)
Inventor
Donald Alexander Larner
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Fluid Devices Ltd
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Fluid Devices Ltd
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Priority to US05/552,724 priority Critical patent/US3977436A/en
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Publication of US3889219A publication Critical patent/US3889219A/en
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K31/00—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices
    • F16K31/02—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices electric; magnetic
    • F16K31/06—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices electric; magnetic using a magnet, e.g. diaphragm valves, cutting off by means of a liquid
    • F16K31/08—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices electric; magnetic using a magnet, e.g. diaphragm valves, cutting off by means of a liquid using a permanent magnet
    • F16K31/082—Actuating devices; Operating means; Releasing devices electric; magnetic using a magnet, e.g. diaphragm valves, cutting off by means of a liquid using a permanent magnet using a electromagnet and a permanent magnet
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K35/00—Means to prevent accidental or unauthorised actuation
    • F16K35/16—Means to prevent accidental or unauthorised actuation with locking member actuated by magnet

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT It is known to use a radially-magnetised annular permanent magnet for magnetic latching in a moving armature electromagnetic actuator of the pulse-operated type. I provide a composite annular permanent magnet formed of at least two individual, preferably substantially sector-shaped, permanent magnets which are magnetised so as to have one pole face radially inwards of the other pole face.
  • the present invention relates to an electromagnetic actuator comprising a moving armature. at least one winding for electrical energisation and moving the armature. and an annular permanent magnet for providing magnetic latching.
  • the permanent magnet being magnetised so as to have one pole face radially inwards of the other pole face.
  • the annular magnet will normally extend over the path of movement of the centre of the armature. the armature being movable between two end positions.
  • the latching effect is particularly useful with pulse-operated type actuators.
  • FIG. 1 of British Pat. No. 1.089.596 discloses such an electromagnetic actuator.
  • a high coercivity magnet should he used for the an nular magnet as the annular magnet must resist the coercive effect of the actuator windings. and this magnet can for instance be made of ceramic material.
  • the magnet is difficult to fabricate and difficult to magnetise.
  • a central pole-piece (usually in the form of a mandrel) must be used to obtain the radial magnetising field required, and the field strength of the magnetising field must be very high.
  • the annular magnet could be made with an oversize bore, an annular iron packing piece being inserted into the bore to provide a central bore of suitably small size for the actuator.
  • accurate machining is required to avoid an air gap between the annular magnet and the iron packing piece; in addition, in order to obtain sufficient volume of permanently magnetised material, the annular magnet must be relatively long or of large diameter.
  • the permanent magnet could be used for a purpose other than that of providing latching, for instance as described in relation to FIG. 1 of German Pat. No. 2,013,051.
  • annular permanent magnet which is easy to fabricate and to magnetise without using an excessive amount of magnetised material.
  • the annular permanent magnet is a composite magnet formed of at least two individual magnets which are magnetised so as to have one pole face radially inwards of the other pole face.
  • the individual magnets can be for instance bar magnets arranged radially around the axis of movement of the armature.
  • the individual magnets are preferably substantially in the shape of sectors.
  • the magnetised sectors can be cheap to make and magnetise.
  • Each individual sector can be formed for instance by a sintering process. and the effective radial thickness of the composite magnet can be easily determined by grinding or otherwise machining the inner arcuate surface of each sector in a jig which locates on the outside diameter (or outer arcuatc surface) of the sector; the grinding can be performed using a formed peripheral grinding wheel with the sectors clamped in line. It is possible also to grind or otherwise machine the outside surfaces of the sectors if so desired. either as an alternative to machining the inside surfaces, or in 5 addition to such machining; machining the inside. however, can result in the removal of less material for the same effect.
  • the necessary magnetised volume can be obtained while keeping the composite magnet relatively short; for instance.
  • its length (axial thickness) can be Vs to V2 of its internal diameter, preferably about /2 of its internal diameter.
  • Its external diameter can be from IV. times to 4 times its internal diameter. and is preferably about double its in ternal diameter.
  • the pole-piece adjacent the radially inner surface can be as large as is desired. within normal practical limits.
  • the magnetisation of each individual permanent magnet can be parallel to the mean radius of the individual magnet. but it is possible to obtain more nearly radial magnetisation; near radial magnetisation is more desirable the smaller the number of individual magnets, but in general terms, the field of the composite magnet does not have to be strictly uniform as long as it is generally radial.
  • the individual magnets (preferably sectors) forming the composite magnet need not be in Contact with each other and can be separated by radial webs which hold the magnets in position.
  • the winding is or windings are wound on a bobbin which also mounts the magnets.
  • the bobbin can thus have two portions on which two respective windings are wound. the portions being spaced apart axially and interconnected by radially-extending webs; the magnets are positioned between the bobbin portions and retained by the webs.
  • An outer sleeve can surround the bobbin and hold the magnets in position.
  • the bobbin can be arranged such that it can be removed from the actuator by releasing a simple, releasable fixing means. such as a coaxial nut, for easy removal of the bobbin, winding(s) and magnets.
  • the winding(s) and the armature are coaxial with the path of movement of the armature and the individual permanent magnets are symmetrically arranged about the axis of the winding(s) and armature. This enables all the main parts (with the exception of the individual magnets and the separating webs) to be coaxial solids of rotation and enables the actuator to be cheap to manufacture.
  • the armature preferably moves in a space which is limited at each end by stationary ferromagnetic polepieces and whose sides are limited by a non-ferromagnetic tube interconnecting the pole-pieces, the composite annular magnet and the winding(s) being stationary and outside the tube.
  • a ferromagnetic tube (acting as a magnetic yoke) surrounding the winding(s) and the composite annular magnet. and the ends of the ferromagnetic tube being closed by ferromagnetic end pieces.
  • the permanent magnets stationary, i.e., fixed. they are not subject to mechanical shock during the operation and there is thus considerably less tendency to demagnetise, or, if they are sintered, to break up.
  • the armature is preferably movable between two end positions, in each of which it abuts a third magnetic pole-piece and forms part ofa substantially closed magnetic circuit.
  • windings there are preferably two axially-spaced, coaxial windings with the composite annular magnet coaxially therebetween, the windings being dimensioned and electrically interconnected so that both are energised for change-over of the actuator and so that the induced fluxes in the composite annular magnet substantially cancel each other out, and this is most simply arranged by having the windings equi-spaced from the composite annular magnet and of the same size, and passing the same current through each winding. In this way, there can be little or no induced flux through the individual permanent magnets. and thus there is less tendency to de-energize the individual permanent magnets.
  • the actuator can in particular be used for actuating a valve such as a pilot valve, and the valve may be a valve as described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,760,843 filed Feb. l, 1972.
  • the actuator may be in the form of a bistable, electromagnetically-actuated valve comprising three pressure fluid connections and two valve orifices connected to two respective pressure fluid connections, the armature being movable between two end positions such that a first said pressure fluid connection is connected to the third said pressure fluid connection when the armature is at one end position, and the second said pressure fluid connection is connected to the third pressure fluid connection when the armature is at the other end position.
  • This bistable, electromagneticallyactuated valve provides a very simple bistable valve, particularly for pilot valve use, and although it is preferred that the annular permanent magnet is a composite annular permanent magnet, this need not necessarily be so.
  • the bistable valve has an enclosed space in which the armature moves, the third connection being permanently connected to the en closed space, the first and second valve orifices being at opposite ends of the enclosed space and the armature carrying, eg, rubber valve seats for closing the re spective valve orifices.
  • One of the end faces of the enclosed space may have a hole therein, a tube being mounted in the hole and spaced from at least one side thereof to leave a gap outside the tube, and the third pressure fluid connection being connected to the gap, the opening in the end of the tube providing a said valve orifice; the hole and tube are preferably coaxial with the enclosed space, the gap being an annular gap.
  • the armature may be connected by a mechanical linkage such as a push rod to a double-acting valve member.
  • the armature preferably has at least one radial slot in at least one of its end faces and at least one longitudinal slot down its peripheral surface, the longitudinal slot(s) intersecting the (respective) radial slot( s).
  • FIG. 1 is an elevation of a first actuator, partly in axial section along the line 1-] of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 2 is a horizontal section along the line ll-II of FIG. I, but on a smaller scale;
  • FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing, schematically, another method of operation of the actuator
  • FIG. 5 is an elevation of a second actuator, partly in axial section.
  • FIG. 6 is an isometric projection, on a larger scale, of the armature of the second actuator.
  • a steel enclosure formed of an outer sleeve or tubular part 8 and two end pieces 9. Contained therein is a coil bobbin 10 which carries two stationary electrical windings Ila and 11b contained in separate parts of the bobbin which are nevertheless united as a matter of constructional convenience by four webs or ribs 12. Sandwiched between the two parts of the bobbin and separated and held by the webs 12 are four stationary sectorshaped, ceramic, individual permanent magnets 13 which are magnetised along the N-S axes indicated in FIG. 2, thus generating a total magnetic field in a plane radial to the axis of the assembly. The magnets I3 are fabricated and magnetised as described above.
  • the coil assembly is easily removable for exchange or maintenance by unscrewing a retaining nut 17, and is also rotatable to any alternative position around the axis to achieve the most convenient position for the electrical connector I4.
  • Insulated cavities 18 formed in the connector I4 provide accommodation for electrical rectifiers, which are desirable as integral features where the actuator is to be employed in conjunction with an alternating electrical supply.
  • the permanent flux produced by the permanent magnets 13 circulates around the two main paths shown with double and single arrows; the air gap being closed, the reluctance of the path with double arrows in FIG. 3 is relatively low, and this is therefore the preferred path and most of the flux passes this way.
  • the flux following the path with single arrows is relatively weak because of the presence of an air gap I9.
  • the armature I is therefore firmly held against the upper pole-piece 2 by the resultant net attraction thereto.
  • FIG. I also shows a flux which follows a path with triple headed arrows, right around the actuator; this flux is induced when the windings Ila and llb are suitably energised with direct current. This opposes the doublearrowed holding flux, and complements the singlearrowed flux, thus eventually impclling the armature l downwards to the opposite pole-piece 3. It is believed that two equal and opposite fluxes are induced in the permanent magnets 13, giving no net induced flux. This not only avoids any tendency to demagnetise the permanent magnets 13, but also avoids consumption of extra power extra power would be needed to induce in the permanent magnets 13 a flux opposing their own flux. When the excitation is removed, the armature 1 remains in the lower position because the lower flux is now much stronger than that passing via the upper pole-piece 2.
  • the actuator described above requires a very low wattage.
  • the power level to switch was I watt while the attaching force (force holding the armature l to the respective stationary pole-piece 2 or 3) was 800 grammes.
  • the actuator is formed as a bistable pilot valve. and the enclosed space within the tube 6 has respective pole-pieces 31 and 32, which are formed with respective valve orifices.
  • the pole-piece 31 has a valve orifice 33 formed by a bore in a central projection in the pole-piece 31, the bore communicating with a first fluid pressure connection 34.
  • the pole-piece 32 has an axial bore containing a coaxial tube 35.
  • the tube is preferably formed of a ferromagnetic material, but need not be.
  • the lower end portion 36 of the tube 35 is of larger diameter than the remainder, and makes an interference fit in the hole in the pole-piece 32, the tube 35 being held in position by any suitable adhesive.
  • the top end of the tube forms a valve orifice, and this valve orifice is connected to a second pressure fluid connection 37 by way of the interior of the tube 35 and a transverse bore 38.
  • a second pressure fluid connection 37 by way of the interior of the tube 35 and a transverse bore 38.
  • annular duct 39 which communicates with a third pressure fluid connection 40 by way of a transverse bore 41.
  • the armature 42 has a stepped, central bore containing moulded-in rubber 43 providing a valve seat at each end of the armature 42.
  • the armature 42 has any suitable number of radial slots 44 in its end faces and longitudinal slots 45 along its peripheral surface, the longitudinal slots intersecting respective radial slots. In this way, good communication is provided between the annular duct 39 and the enclosed space in which the armature 42 moves, which is particularly important when the armature 42 is in its lower end position.
  • An electromagnetic actuator comprising:
  • a pair of spaced pole-pieces defining said first and second axial positions to which said armature is displaceable, each of said pair of spaced polepieces being disposed at one of said first and second axially spaced positions to limit the axial displacement of said armature, said armature and one of said pair of spaced pole-pieces forming a low reluctance magnetic path at each of said first and second axi ally spaced positions;
  • winding means for developing, when energized, lines offlux in said axial direction for displacing said air mature between said first and second axially spaced positions;
  • each' of said plurality of permanent magnet means being disposed in a plane which is transverse to said axial direction and exhibiting a magnetic polarity which is transverse to said axial direction, and each of said plurality of permanent magnet means being separated from an adjacent one of said plurality of permanent magnet means by a plane along said axial direction and extending radially outward there from.
  • each of said plurality of permanent magnet means is magnetised parallel to the mean radius of said magnet.
  • An actuator as claimed in claim 1 further comprising radial webs separating and holding in position each of said plurality of permanent magnet means.
  • An actuator as claimed in claim 1 and comprising a bobbin upon which is wound said winding means and which mounts said plurality of permanent magnet means forming said annular array.
  • said bobbin comprises two portions, each portion having an individual winding of said winding means wound thereon, said portions being spaced apart axially and interconnected by radially-extending webs, and individual ones of said plurality of permanent magnet means being disposed between said bobbin portions and retained in position by said webs.
  • An actuator as claimed in claim 4 additionally comprising simple, releasable fixing means for removably securing said bobbin on said actuatorv 7.
  • An actuator as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a non-ferromagnetic tube disposed intermediate said spaced pole-pieces, said spaced pole-pieces being formed of ferromagnetic material, closing the ends of the tube and defining therein an enclosed space, said armature being disposed in said space and movable between the two end positions whereat said armature abuts a respective one of said pole-pieces and forms part of a substantially closed magnetic circuit, said plurality of permanent magnet means and said winding means being stationary and disposed outside said tube; and a ferromagnetic outer tube surrounding said winding means and said plurality of permanent magnet means, said ferromagnetic pole-pieces additionally closing the ends of said ferromagnetic outer tube.
  • said winding means includes two separate windings, said windings being axially spaced in a symetrical manner about said annular array formed by said plurality of permanent magnetic means and mounted in a coaxial relationship therewith, the actuator further comprising means for applying current to said windings for the passage of equal currents through each said winding, whereby induced in said plurality of permanent magnet means due to said windings substantially cancel.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Magnetically Actuated Valves (AREA)
  • Electromagnets (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
US412012A 1972-11-02 1973-11-01 Solenoid actuator with magnetic latching Expired - Lifetime US3889219A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/552,724 US3977436A (en) 1972-11-02 1975-02-24 Bi-stable valve apparatus

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB5062472A GB1419262A (en) 1972-11-02 1972-11-02 Electromagnetic actuator

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US05/552,724 Division US3977436A (en) 1972-11-02 1975-02-24 Bi-stable valve apparatus

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3889219A true US3889219A (en) 1975-06-10

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US412012A Expired - Lifetime US3889219A (en) 1972-11-02 1973-11-01 Solenoid actuator with magnetic latching

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US3889219A (fr)
JP (2) JPS4995177A (fr)
DE (1) DE2354827A1 (fr)
FR (2) FR2205647B1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1419262A (fr)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3970980A (en) * 1975-05-15 1976-07-20 Victor Nelson Rotary actuator having stationary armature and rotary field
US4533890A (en) * 1984-12-24 1985-08-06 General Motors Corporation Permanent magnet bistable solenoid actuator
US4868695A (en) * 1988-03-30 1989-09-19 Magnetic Peripherals Inc. Head/arm lock mechanism for a disk drive
DE4403420A1 (de) * 1994-02-04 1995-08-10 Fluid Systems Partners S A Lineare elektromagnetische Antriebsvorrichtung für Steuerelemente
EP0916881A1 (fr) * 1997-11-18 1999-05-19 Nass Magnet GmbH Valve électromagnétique
US6020804A (en) * 1995-05-31 2000-02-01 Sonceboz S.A. Electromagnetic actuator magnetically locked into two or more stable positions
US6164322A (en) * 1999-01-15 2000-12-26 Saturn Electronic & Engineering, Inc. Pressure relief latching solenoid valve
EP0952506A3 (fr) * 1998-04-21 2001-01-10 Saturn Electronics & Engineering, Inc. Vanne électromagnétique proportionnelle à force de commande variable pourvu d'un aimant permanent segmenté
US20050189825A1 (en) * 2004-01-29 2005-09-01 Philipp Brodt Bistable rotary solenoid
WO2013130428A1 (fr) * 2012-02-29 2013-09-06 Vernay Laboratories, Inc. Ensemble induit de commande de fluide élastomère magnéto-rhéologique
US11120962B2 (en) * 2015-08-28 2021-09-14 Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh Load transfer switch for an on-load tap changer and continuous main switch and disconnecting switch for same
US20220290773A1 (en) * 2021-03-11 2022-09-15 Marotta Controls, Inc. Solenoid Valve With Permanent Magnets

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4044324A (en) * 1976-04-30 1977-08-23 Ledex, Inc. Coil compressed plunger cavity components for a wet type solenoid
JPS5357366A (en) * 1976-11-04 1978-05-24 Hitachi Ltd Electromagnetic brake
FR2427536A1 (fr) * 1978-05-30 1979-12-28 Thomson Csf Electrovanne bistable comportant un aimant permanent
DE3136734A1 (de) * 1981-09-16 1983-03-31 Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Magnetventil
US4539862A (en) * 1981-12-04 1985-09-10 The Cessna Aircraft Company Detent hold and release mechanism
DE3207912A1 (de) * 1982-03-05 1983-09-15 Bosch Gmbh Robert Magnetischer linearantrieb
EP0101527B1 (fr) * 1982-08-20 1986-05-28 Bürkert GmbH Soupape magnétique à impulsion avec verrouillage magnétique permanent sans changement d'aimantation
US4510403A (en) * 1984-02-13 1985-04-09 Pneumo Corporation Limited angle torque motor with magnetic centering and stops
FR2566089B1 (fr) * 1984-06-19 1986-12-19 Sfim Dispositif de commutation bistable, notamment pour un circuit d'alimentation en oxygene a bord d'un aeronef et procede de mise en oeuvre
JPH0313668Y2 (fr) * 1985-01-07 1991-03-28
DE10203262A1 (de) * 2002-01-29 2003-07-31 Heinz Leiber Elektromagnetische Stelleinrichtung
DE102004056236B4 (de) * 2004-11-22 2011-06-16 Kendrion Magnettechnik Gmbh Bistabiler Umkehrhubmagnet
EP4044204A1 (fr) * 2021-02-15 2022-08-17 HUSCO Automotive Holdings LLC Solénoïde multi-stable dotée d'une pièce à pôle intermédiaire

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3040217A (en) * 1959-08-10 1962-06-19 Clary Corp Electromagnetic actuator
US3381181A (en) * 1966-06-27 1968-04-30 Sperry Rand Corp Electromagnetic device
US3420492A (en) * 1965-10-06 1969-01-07 Itt Bistable valve mechanism or the like
US3460081A (en) * 1967-05-31 1969-08-05 Marotta Valve Corp Electromagnetic actuator with permanent magnets
US3814376A (en) * 1972-08-09 1974-06-04 Parker Hannifin Corp Solenoid operated valve with magnetic latch

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3022450A (en) * 1958-09-15 1962-02-20 Bendix Corp Dual position latching solenoid
US3203447A (en) * 1963-10-09 1965-08-31 Skinner Prec Ind Inc Magnetically operated valve

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3040217A (en) * 1959-08-10 1962-06-19 Clary Corp Electromagnetic actuator
US3420492A (en) * 1965-10-06 1969-01-07 Itt Bistable valve mechanism or the like
US3381181A (en) * 1966-06-27 1968-04-30 Sperry Rand Corp Electromagnetic device
US3460081A (en) * 1967-05-31 1969-08-05 Marotta Valve Corp Electromagnetic actuator with permanent magnets
US3814376A (en) * 1972-08-09 1974-06-04 Parker Hannifin Corp Solenoid operated valve with magnetic latch

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3970980A (en) * 1975-05-15 1976-07-20 Victor Nelson Rotary actuator having stationary armature and rotary field
US4533890A (en) * 1984-12-24 1985-08-06 General Motors Corporation Permanent magnet bistable solenoid actuator
US4868695A (en) * 1988-03-30 1989-09-19 Magnetic Peripherals Inc. Head/arm lock mechanism for a disk drive
DE4403420A1 (de) * 1994-02-04 1995-08-10 Fluid Systems Partners S A Lineare elektromagnetische Antriebsvorrichtung für Steuerelemente
US6020804A (en) * 1995-05-31 2000-02-01 Sonceboz S.A. Electromagnetic actuator magnetically locked into two or more stable positions
EP0916881A1 (fr) * 1997-11-18 1999-05-19 Nass Magnet GmbH Valve électromagnétique
EP0952506A3 (fr) * 1998-04-21 2001-01-10 Saturn Electronics & Engineering, Inc. Vanne électromagnétique proportionnelle à force de commande variable pourvu d'un aimant permanent segmenté
US6164322A (en) * 1999-01-15 2000-12-26 Saturn Electronic & Engineering, Inc. Pressure relief latching solenoid valve
US20050189825A1 (en) * 2004-01-29 2005-09-01 Philipp Brodt Bistable rotary solenoid
WO2013130428A1 (fr) * 2012-02-29 2013-09-06 Vernay Laboratories, Inc. Ensemble induit de commande de fluide élastomère magnéto-rhéologique
US9897225B2 (en) 2012-02-29 2018-02-20 Vernay Laboratories, Inc. Magneto-rheological elastomeric fluid control armature assembly
US11120962B2 (en) * 2015-08-28 2021-09-14 Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh Load transfer switch for an on-load tap changer and continuous main switch and disconnecting switch for same
US20220290773A1 (en) * 2021-03-11 2022-09-15 Marotta Controls, Inc. Solenoid Valve With Permanent Magnets
US11698143B2 (en) * 2021-03-11 2023-07-11 Marotta Controls, Inc. Solenoid valve with permanent magnets

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2205647A1 (fr) 1974-05-31
JPS4995177A (fr) 1974-09-10
JPS5779371A (en) 1982-05-18
FR2205645A1 (fr) 1974-05-31
FR2205645B1 (fr) 1980-04-18
FR2205647B1 (fr) 1976-11-19
GB1419262A (en) 1975-12-24
DE2354827A1 (de) 1974-05-16

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